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Wariantywność formalna w żywiołowej adaptacji anglicyzmów w językach czeskim, polskim i słowackim

Author(s): Zbigniew Greń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The paper aims to describe how three West-Slavic languages (Czech, Polish and Slovak) adapt contemporary English loans. The analysed material comes from electronic corpora of the above-mentioned languages, predominately from newspapers. I was primarily concerned with the phonetic and orthographic levels because these are the levels which are the most distinctive for standard language users. The results of the formal analysis show that the same process of spontaneous adaptation may be found in all three languages. The difference, however, lies in the details: in each of the languages, there are some words which are more (or less) adapted than others. This results in several formal variants occurring in each of the analysed languages, and some of these variants being only partly adapted.

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Dzieje i znaczenia współczesne słów własny i właśnie w świetle ich powiązań etymologicznych

Author(s): Renata Grzegorczykowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents the history and the current state of the Polish words własny and właśnie. They originate from the Proto-Slavic *vold-ti ‘to reign, to rule’ and *voldtь (>*volstь) ‘power’, as continuants of the PIE etymon *u̯al- ‘strong, to prevail’. The original meaning of the adjective własny ‘to surrender, to yield to power’, ‘being subjected to sb’s rule’ evolved towards possessivity (‘possessed by sb’): własny komuś ‘belonging to this person’. After a Middle-Polish period of semantic instability, the adjective acquired a stable meaning ‘belonging to a given subject’, ‘connected with a given subject’ (only occasionally – with an object designated by other nominal phrase). e.g. X ma własny dom (‘X has got their own house’), X ma własny pomysł (‘X has got their own ideas’). In this respect, własny resembles the pronoun swój, although the two lexical items are by no means identical. Właśniein turn, originally a gradable (właśniej) adverb meaning ‘exactly, precisely’ (e.g. właśnie mówiąc ‘precisely speaking’), after a Middle-Polish period of inconsistency, has evolved into an epistemic confirmatory particle meaning ‘indeed’, ‘really’, ‘truly’, cf. e.g. a quote from Stanisław Wyspiański’s “Wesele”: A to Polska właśnie (‘And this is what Poland is’).

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Anny Wierzbickiej key words a kulturemy: porównywanie języków – porównywanie kultur?

Author(s): Alicja Nagórko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article presents issues related to the perception of Anna Wierzbicka’s semantic theory; in particular, it refers to its criticism by Daniel Weiss. For Wierzbicka, language is the key to ethnic culture, which, despite the negative reactions of some Western linguists, seems indisputable and is widely accepted by researchers of the so-called linguistic worldview. In this article, instead of key words, a less ambiguous term cultureme is proposed, and the way of the analysis is illustrated by two Polish culturemes: schabowy (a rough equivalent of ‘porc chop’) and cham (a rough equivalent of ‘boor’).

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Różne oblicza prawdy. O historycznych źródłach metatekstowych użyć prawdy

Author(s): Magdalena Pastuch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The author focuses on metatextual uses of the word prawda. She assumes that this kind of occurrences is rooted in the object language, and for this reason she presents the initial uses of prawda in a metatextual meaning. The analysis leads to a conclusion that both metatextual meanings (metatextual comment and sentence-related comment) have arisen as a result of the elision process; whereas prawda as an interlude is derived from parenthesis. Prawda from the metalanguage plane plays the role of pragmatic marker providing information on the attitude of the sender of the message. The described meaning could be considered as a result of the grammaticalization process.

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Z problematyki przesunięć chronologizacyjnych w Wielkim słowniku języka polskiego PAN

Author(s): Jan Wawrzyńczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The author examines methodological issues concerning the dating of entries in the digital-only “Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN” (available at www.wsjp.pl). While searching for “birthdates” of particular words, the creators of this valuable source, under construction at the moment, focus on dictionary sources. Unfortunately, these are mainly monolingual dictionaries and only rarely multilingual dictionaries or (which is even more important) texts that do not come from dictionaries, e.g. literary, scientific, press, etc. Determining the chronology of Polish vocabulary continues to be a challenge that requires considerable scientific effort.

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Rektorka, dziekana, kanclerka. Męskie i żeńskie nazwy kobiet zatrudnionych na stanowiskach uniwersyteckich w świetle badania ankietowego

Author(s): Jolanta Szpyra-Kozłowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The goal of the paper is to examine the use of feminine and masculine names of functions, positions and scholarly degrees by female teachers employed at universities. The data were obtained in a questionnaire study carried out towards the end of 2020 and administered to 228 women from 15 Polish universities. The respondents declare a more frequent use of masculine than feminine forms, in formal language in particular, employ more often already existing feminitives than new derivatives and accept more willingly new nouns with the -ka suffix than those derived through a change in the inflectional paradigm. Masculine forms are used predominantly by the respondents with the Master’s degree and full professors, less frequently by those with the doctoral and postdoctoral degrees. The shorter the period of the participants’ employment at the university, the more feminine terms they use. The reverse also holds true – the longer period of employment means a decrease in the use of feminitives and an increase of masculine forms

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Mieszkańcy i mieszkanki – symetryczne informowanie o płci jako przejaw języka niedyskryminującego

Author(s): Anna Niepytalska-Osiecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The word connections informing about the gender in asymmetric way appear recently in a various written and spoken texts. The splitting already has been used in the interwar period. Subsequently, it was associated mainly with the feminist discourse. Now it goes beyond this feminist discourse. The splitting can be treated as a manifestation of non-discriminatory attitude of the participants of a given language contact. The aim of the present paper is: (1) showing a various sources in which Polish speakers use a splitting; (2) considering the needs and intentions behind such linguistic behaviour.

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W obronie języka czy w obawie przed zmianą? Manipulacje językowe w prawicowych tekstach publicystycznych o nazwach żeńskich

Author(s): Hubert Jankowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

Although the feminine nouns had been a part of Polish language for ages, the category of feminativum still arouse emotions among the users of Polish and in the media. The article is an analysis of right-winged journalistic texts published at the turn of 2019 and 2020. The aim of the analysis is to point out and discuss the language manipulations and eristic techniques appearing in the texts. Author begins with outlining the status and shortly presenting the history of feminine nouns in Polish. Further he sets his research in the context of contemporary journalistic discourse about feminine nouns and defines the methodology he will be using. In the analytical part the author successively points language manipulations and describes eristic techniques using examples from analysed texts. In summary author suggests that the subject of feminine nouns in right-winged press seems to be just an excuse for ideological scuffles.

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Kształtowanie się w polszczyźnie formacji feminatywnych o nacechowaniu pejoratywnym (na przykładzie derywatów formowanych od męskich podstaw na -nik i -arz)

Author(s): Karolina Tomala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The article raises the issue of historical fate of groups of female derivatives devoid of the morphological element -k-, and thus femnative forms created with the use of the -nica and -ara formants. In the text, these units were analyzed against semantically related, but stylistically divergent, lexemes containing the morphological element -k- (en-ding with - (nicz)ka and -(ar)ka, respectively). Both the historical formative motivation of feminative forms without the morphological element -k- (morphological truncation, suffixal derivation), and the mutual influence of lexical units of each group on each other, are the subject of observation. It turns out that between the derivatives formed in the groups mentioned above, there is an analogy of the relationship between feminatives with the morphological element -k- and lexical units without this element. This feature becomes characteristic in Polish language mainly for female names with a negative emotional tinge. The analysis showed that the historical dependencies of lexical units belonging to the discussed groups of derivatives clearly affect the modern Polish language and many tendencies are also reflected in the latest lexis.

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Językowe ujęcie uczuć z kręgu smutku w poemacie Anny Stanisławskiej - Transakcyja albo opisanie całego życia jednej sieroty

Author(s): Magdalena Hawrysz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The study aims to describe the ways of communicating, expressing and conceptualization feelings from the group of sadness in the 17th-century text by Anna Stanisławska Transakcyja albo opisanie całego życia jednej sieroty [Transakcyja or to describe the life of one orphan]. The work is unique in the context of the cultural and social standards of old Poland because it is the first such extensive attempt of secular women’s writing in Polish literature. The diary records the inner experiences of a woman deeply affected by a terrible fate. Ways used to nominate emotions from the group of sadness, the reconstruction of their conceptualization and the characteristics of the artistic means used to convey this feeling allowed for the formulation of several reflections on the author’s originality. They also allowed embedding the text in the literary tradition and show its kinship with the cognitive patterns of the Mediterranean cultural circle.

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Přehled 2014., br. 32.

Author(s): Vladimir Ivić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

Review of: Vladimir Ivić - Přehled 2014., br. 32; Jednota, Daruvar, 2014.

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Die altsorbischen Ortsnamen auf -ici und -ovici

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Die altsorbischen Ortsnamen auf -ici und -ovici

Author(s): Walter Wenzel / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

The Old Sorbian place names ending in -ici and -ovici belong to the oldest strata of place names. They already existed at the time of the gentile society. Their formation is based on the Old Slavonic suffix *-iťь, which expresses close relationship. Old Sorbian *Radomirici meant ‘the people of Radomir’. Once the users of the name no longer relate it to the inhabitants but to the settlement, an inanimate object, the accusative form ending in -ě replaced the nominative form ending in -i. Old Sorbian *Radomiricě meant ‘the settlement of the people of Radomir’. This rule was not always applied in onomastics. It also applies to place names ending in -ěne/-jane, as well as to place names created from the plural forms of personal names, furthermore to the names of tribes.

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Interpretácia kontroverzných aspektov slovenskej syntaxe

Author(s): Marilena Felicia Luță (Țiprigan) / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2019

Based on our own didactic experience with the 2nd year students of the University of Bucharest, we have identified several controversial aspects when analyzing phrases, sentences and compound sentences, ending in providing alternative interpretations of the syntactic items through the prism of the Romanian students' general linguistic background and specific knowledge of the Slovak Syntax. At the same time, our article reiterates the whole cognitive itinerary that characterizes the Romanian students' linguistic consciousness while being taught Slovak as a foreign language. From this perspective, syntax is the key to understanding the mechanism of the Slovak language as students are expected to manipulate the linguistic units on the syntagmatic axis and practically apply their theoretic knowledge of Morphology at a superior level aiming at efficient communication skills.

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VIDÍŠ TÝM LEPŠIE, ČÍM BLIŽŠIE SA POZERÁŠ. SLOVAK COMPARATIVE CORRELATIVE CC’ CONSTRUCTIONS FROM A CONSTRUCTION GRAMMAR PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Jakob Horsch / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The Slovak Comparative Correlative (CC) construction has received little attention, although it is interesting regarding both its semantics and its form: As discussed in Horsch (2019), CCs are characterized by their complex symmetric (parallel change over time) and asymmetric (cause-effect) semantics, which are encoded in a biclausal structure in which each clause consists of a combination of fixed material and obligatory/optional slots. Typically, the first clause (C1) encodes a cause/protasis, and precedes the second clause (C2), which encodes an effect/apodosis: [Čím bližšie sa pozeráš,]C1 [tým lepšie vidíš.]C2 ‘The closer you look, the better you see.’ However, there are also structures that retain the same meaning but in which C2 precedes C1 (often referred to as CC’): [Tým lepšie vidíš]C2 [čím bližšie sa pozeráš.]C1. ‘You see the better, the closer you look.’ Additionally, there is a variant in Slovak where the clause precedes the clause-initial element and comparative element: [Vidíš tým lepšie,]C2 [čím bližšie sa pozeráš.]C1. Embedded in a Usage-based Construction Grammar approach, this is the first large-scale corpus study to investigate the C2C1 order in Slovak, and how semantics influences its formal properties. It is argued that both the significantly higher amount of C1C2 order in the corpus data and the significantly higher amount of C2C1 structures in which the clause precedes the comparative element in C2 can be explained with the principle of iconicity (linguistic form is influenced by the semantics of a construction), which makes certain strings easier to process and thus leads to performance preference. From a cross-linguistic perspective, the present investigation provides evidence in support of Goldberg’s Tenet #5 (2003, p. 219), which posits that cross-linguistic generalizations can be accounted for with general cognitive constraints.

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RECIPROCITY IN CZECH LIGHT VERB CONSTRUCTIONS: THE DEPENDENCY PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Václava Kettnerová,Markéta Lopatková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In this paper, we draw attention to reciprocity in Czech light verb constructions – a language phenomenon, which has not been discussed yet. Reciprocity is contributed to light verb constructions by predictive nouns, as they are the nouns that represent the semantic core of these constructions. Here we focus on reciprocal light verb constructions derived by the syntactic operation of reciprocalization. We show that the complex mapping of semantic participants onto valency complementations, characteristic of reciprocalization, is reflected in reciprocal light verb constructions in the same way as in reciprocal nominal constructions. The main difference between reciprocal nominal constructions and reciprocal light verb constructions lies in the morphosyntactic expression of reciprocalized participants. We demonstrate that surface syntactic changes in reciprocal light verb constructions are regular enough to be described on the rule basis: the rule based generation of reciprocal light verb constructions requires a cooperation of two sets of rules – rules for deep and surface syntactic structure formation of light verb constructions and rules for capturing reciprocity.

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KE KONKURENCI GENITIVU POSESIVNÍHO A INDIVIDUÁLNĚ POSESIVNÍCH ADJEKTIV V SOUČASNÉ MLUVENÉ ČEŠTINĚ

Author(s): Martin Janečka,Tereza KOUKLÍKOVÁ / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

This article deals with the linguistic competition of the possessive genitive and possessive adjectives in contemporary spoken Czech language. It focuses on the differences between the constructions of the type Barbořin byt (Barbora’s flat), byt (naší) Barbory (the flat of (our) Barbora) and (naší) Barbory byt ((our) Barbora’s flat). The paper’s aimis to find out which of the possessive structures are preferred by speakers (and alternatively for what reason) or whether the frequency of their usage is equal. At first, both ways of expressing the possession with all their restrictions are described from the theoretical point of view. Moreover, the semantic relation of possessivity is specified. The next section suggests the influences which may govern the preference of the speaker. Within empirical research, data from the corpus of spoken Czech (ORALv1) are examined and it is seeked for explanation of factors that influence the choice of the structure. This also demonstrates whether one of the possessive structures has a dominant position or whether they occur in similar numbers.

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JANA HOFFMANNOVÁ, JIŘÍ HOMOLÁČ, KAMILA MRÁZKOVÁ (EDS.): SYNTAX MLUVENÉ ČEŠTINY

Author(s): Martina Ivanová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Martina Ivanová - Jana HOFFMANNOVÁ, Jiří HOMOLÁČ, Kamila MRÁZKOVÁ (Eds.): SYNTAX MLUVENÉ ČEŠTINY. Praha: Academia 2019. 396 s. ISBN 978-80-200-2961-4

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DVE KNIHY HISTORICKEJ „GRAMATIKY“ ČEŠTINY

Author(s): Katarína Džunková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Katarína Džunková - ORTHOGRAPHIA BOHEMICA. Ed. Kateřina Voleková. Český preklad Ondřej Koupil. Anglický preklad Marcela Koupilová a David Livingstone. Praha: Akropolis 2019. 196 s. ISBN 978-80-7470-234-1 Katarína Džunková - OPTÁT, Beneš – GZEL, Petr – PHILOMATES, Václav: GRAMATIKA ČESKÁ (1533). Ed. Ondřej Koupil. Praha: Akropolis 2019. 134 s. ISBN 978-80-7470-232-

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KRONIKA

Author(s): Slavomír Ondrejovič / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2020

2. marca 2020 sa s nami i s celou európskou lingvistickou a matematickou obcou navždy rozlúčil jazykovedec, orientalista a matematický štatistik prof. PhDr. Gabriel Altmann (narodený 24. mája 1931 v novohradskom Poltári).

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Vzťah jazyka a zdvorilosti v zrkadle teoretických koncepcií

Author(s): Lucia Anna Trubačová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2016

The main purpose of the paper The Relation of the Language and Politeness in the Reflection of the Theoretical Conceptions is to see the linguistic politeness phenomenon through its various scientific descriptions and explanations which also sheds the light to the scientific tendencies and movements within this field of interest. We presume that the understanding of the phenomenon of linguistic politeness – as one of the key topics in sociolinguistics – may provide also an understanding of the social interaction in general. We seek to embrace comprehensively various approaches, their background, contribution but also the later criticism. We start our exploration with the pre-pragmatic conceptions, which have their roots in Europe of the early 20th century, and with a brief glance to the eastern – Chinese and Japanese – point of view. We continue with the pragmatic approaches which create the base of the current linguistic politeness research. Here we focus closely on the influence of three main pragmatic theories within the three individual subchapters – Robin T. Lakoff and the Logic of Politeness; Geoffrey Leech and his Model of General Pragmatics; Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson and Politeness as One of the Universals of the Language Usage. Apart of these theories we consider also the research of the Japanese and Chinese Politeness – represented by researchers Yuego Gu and Sashiko Ide – which also has its roots within the linguistic pragmatics. The third part of our exploration is focused on the post-pragmatic or postmodern approach to linguistic politeness phenomenon. We look closely at the works of Richard J. Watts and Gino Elen and their interesting findings. In conclusions we consider the main tendencies within the linguistic politeness research while the main tendency seems to be the transition from the modern, objective point of view, to more opened postmodern point of view. In other words, we may see how deductive research methods are slowly being replaced by more inductive ones. The question how to use the theory of emergence within our studies of the politeness phenomenon could be also interesting.

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