SPECIFIKA ČESKÉHO JAZYKOVÉHO OBROZENÍ

Author(s): Ondřej Bláha / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

The paper describes the main intentions of Czech linguists that resuscitate the standard Czech language at the beginning of the 19th century. The author shows how the derived words (at the expense of compound words) were preferred, just as borrowings from Polish and Russian – the symbolic functions of standard language were important factor here. It has the impact on the problems as well as strengths of the contemporary standard Czech language. It put a brake on the development of the Czech language in any case.

BUDYŠÍNSKÉ ZASEDÁNÍ KOMISE PRO SPISOVNÉ JAZYKY

Author(s): Ondřej Bláha / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3-4/2014

Имя собственное в польской фразеологии и паремиологии: соотношение мужского и женского

Author(s): Tatiana Arkhangelskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

The paper deals with proper names in Polish phraseology and proverbiology. Proper names are analysed based on their connotative meaning as well as physical, intellectual, social, temperamental and other characteristics of the person denoted by the specific proper name. The study is conducted on the basis of phraseological and proverbiological evidence, taking into account the gender aspects of the analysed issue.

Les structures transformées réfléchies en slovaque et leurs équivalents français avec le pronom on

Author(s): Katarína Chovancová,Lucia Ráčková / Language(s): French Issue: 43-44/2020

The paper focuses on the first actant of the verb, also called “l’actant de gauche” in French. Presumably less explored in comparative linguistics than actants on the right, it becomes a legitimate object of study, conceived as a follow-up of previous research on verbal valency in French and in Slovak. The study of the first actant is based on the LeMonde 0.3 corpus for the French and Sme2011 corpus for the Slovak. The authors look at utterances containing transformed reflexive verbal frames in Slovak and their French functional equivalents containing the personal pronoun on. The degree of equivalence between Slovak and French utterances is questioned. The authors point out at similarities between the two languages in spite of their different genetical features.

Современные тенденции изменения в русском синтаксисе (на фоне чешского синтаксиса)

Author(s): Stanislav Aleksandrovich Rylov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

Democratization of the Russian society in the last three decades, many social and psychological factors are indirectly reflected in language and speech. It is the Russian language that is ahead of other Slavic languages in terms of pace and scope of dynamics. Although syntax is highly resistant to extralinguistic factors, it is greatly responsive to them. The consequence of this is a mass entry of syntactic constructions that violate the traditional syntactic norm into speech usage, as well as the emergence of new phenomena in syntax that require analysis and evaluation. The aim of the paper is to identify the most active changes in the syntax of modern Russian speech against the background of Czech syntax, to define their nature, to discover the manifestation of the main trends of development. The objects of the research are new syntactic phenomena in the structure of word combinations and simple sentences, which are often revealed in Russian speech in the first decades of the XXI century. The material for the study involved texts published in modern Russian periodicals, as well as facts recorded by the author in radio and television broadcasts of the last decade; Czech periodicals were partially involved. The most active changes are analyzed: transposition, expansion of prepositions in subordinate phrases, simplification of the structure of a simple sentence, segmentation, compression, topicalization of the necessary part of the statement, parcelling, innovative changes in the functioning of nonagentive constructions. The revealed changes prove the manifestation of the main tendencies: “democratization” of the Russian syntax, the tendency to develop a new syncretism, the tendency to strengthen analytism.

Zofia Kozłowska, Anna Szczęsny: Tłumaczenie pisemne na język polski. Kompendium

Author(s): Jan Jeništa / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

The review of: Zofia Kozłowska, Anna Szczęsny: Tłumaczenie pisemne na język polski. Kompendium. Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2018, 296 s., ISBN 978-83-01-19747-6.

Modlitba za čistotu v rukopisech Josifo-Volokolamského kláštera (GIM, Jeparch 160, 164 a 165)

Author(s): František Čajka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2020

The study deals with three so far unexplored manuscripts of a prayer called Molitva o izbavljenii otъ blǫda (The Prayer for Purity). The text of the prayer is preserved in the manuscripts Jeparch 160, 164 and 165 from the fourth quarter of the 15th century to the twenties of the 16th century, which are part of the manuscript collection from the Iosifo-Volokolamsk Monastery (State Historical Museum, Eparchial Collection, Moscow). The close relationship of known manuscript versions of the prayer contained in the manuscripts of Czech Church Slavonic Forty Gospel Homilies by Pope Gregory the Great (Besědy na evangelije) and in the ancient Euchologium Sinaiticum strongly reinforces the hypothesis about the Great Moravian origin of their common archetype. The aim of the study is to reveal the relationship of the newly registered texts Jeparch 160, 164 and 165 to familiar texts. An integral part of the study also deals with an edition of the prayer and its critical apparatus based on the text of all known (edited) manuscripts of the prayer.

Die Rolle des Inputs bei der Produktion stimmloser Plosive bei russisch-deutschen und polnisch-deutschen bilingualen Jugendlichen

Author(s): Tatiana Kurbangulova / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

The paper deals with the impact of heritage language input on the production of voiceless stops in Russian and Polish by second-generation speakers in Germany. On the basis of data collected from 39 families, we investigate the realization of Voice Onset Time (VOT) in Russian and Polish by both school-age bilingual children and their parents. Our main findings show that there are significant differences between children who receive input only or mainly in their heritage language and children who get mainly input in German: The children who receive only or mainly input in their heritage language realize the stops with the lowest VOT values, which are also the closest to the values of the first generation. In contrast, the children with more input in German realize the stops with longer VOT and show a stronger convergence towards German VOT measures.

Konstrukční gramatika a popis české slovotvorby

Author(s): Jakub Sláma / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2022

The paper points out that in Czech linguistics, recent developments in word-formation are not reflected sufficiently, which holds true as well for empirically based criticisms of the core concept of morpheme. The paper introduces very briefly the framework of Construction Grammar, and goes on to argue on empirical grounds for a constructionist account of Czech word-formation. The arguments are based on a) derivation-inflection interactions in Czech, b) the positional boundness of word-formation units, c) the non-compositional meaning (and yet the productivity) of certain morphological constructions, d) the impossibility of describing certain productive processes (e.g. those in the realm of prosodic morphology) purely with reference to morphemes, and e) various instances of complex constructions (zooming in especially on prefixation-valency interactions) which show that it is not sufficient to describe only the behavior of morphemes that are part of these more complex constructions. The paper calls for the reevaluation of Czech word-formation and attempts to illustrate that the above-mentioned phenomena cannot be adequately explained on a morpheme-based account, while the constructionist approach does not suffer from this deficiency.

Mantl, mantlík, mantlíček (Od polysémie k homonymii)

Author(s): Petr Nejedlý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2022

The article deals with the position of the noun mantl (from the German Mantel) and its derivatives on the periphery of the Czech lexical system; the author points out a new discovered meaning recorded in a folk song from the late 18th century. The seemingly disparate semantic spectrum of the lexeme ('coat'; 'intrigues'; 'illegitimate child') is caused by its repeated discontinuous borrowing from German, each time in a different meaning.

Tvůrčí psaní a jeho potenciál v literárním vzdělávání na 1. stupni základní školy

Author(s): Adéla Štěpánková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2022

The paper deals with creative writing on the 1st stage of basic schools in the domain of literary education, one of the components in the field of Czech Language and Literature. The aim of the study is to present some distinctive views of teachers on creative writing in teaching literary education from the 2nd through to the 5th year of primary education. The research follows a qualitative design: the addressed teachers were given a lesson plan for teaching a unit utilising the principles of creative writing, and a text from contemporary children‘s literature. Subsequently, they taught according to these lesson plans and then they reflected their experience reflected in writing using an open-ended questionnaire. Presented are four of the nine views of teachers, which provide answers the research questions. Due to the qualitative nature of enquiry and the limited number of respondents, the results cannot be generalised. However, it can be stated that creative writing can be successfully integrated in teaching literary education in the 3rd and the 4th grade of basic school. The addressed teachers and their pupils perceived such teaching positively and were in favour of applying it in the future.

Strata a smrť v jazykovom obraze dieťaťa v mladšom školskom veku

Author(s): Tatiana Hrušovská / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

The ambition of the study is to point out at the metaphorical nature of children’ s mind. The author has researched this issue utilising literary texts about loss and death, conducting qualitative content analysis, relying on semi-structured interview and phraseological completion exercise. The goal was to analyse conceptual metaphors in Slovak phraseology containing the meaning of loss and death; to find out what the language pictures of loss and death are like in the mind of a junior school aged child. Partial findings of the author’s doctoral research show that loss and death are conceptualised relatively frequently in the phraseological fund of the Slovak language; the findings also indicate that thinking in a junior school aged child is of metaphorical nature in the context of the explored issues.

O mimoriadne užitočnom lexikografickom diele v oblasti slovensko-ukrajinskej lingvistickej terminológie

Author(s): Alexandra Brestovičová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

Review of: HILETSKA, Zoriana, 2022. Slovensko-ukrajinský slovník lingvistickej terminológie. Ľvov: Ľvovská národná univerzita Ivana Franka. 222 s. ISBN 978-617-10-0687-4.

Slovenčina ako cudzí jazyk v ukrajinskom jazykovom prostredí

Author(s): Beáta Maximová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

Dňa 6. apríla 2022 sa na Pedagogickej fakulte Prešovskej univerzity v Prešove uskutočnila prednáška na tému Slovenčina ako cudzí jazyk v ukrajinskom jazykovom prostredí, ktorú viedla doc. Zoriana Hilecká, CSc., z Filologickej fakulty Ľvovskej národnej univerzity Ivana Franka.

Struktura prézentních participií v češtině

Author(s): Petr Karlík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 26/2022

The study describes the Czech present participle (PP), i.e. the type of (i) kouř-í-c,nes-ou-c (infinite verbs without inflectional agreement) and the type of (ii) kouř-í-c-í-, nes-ou-c-í-(infinite verbs with formal adjective feature and inflectional agreement). Both forms share a verbalportion of their internal structure and the distribution of (i) and (ii) and the inflection arecontrolled by the syntactic structure which they occur in: (i) the PP as an adverbial / co-predicate,(ii) the PP as a noun-modifier. The study also demonstrates that the same overt structureas verbal PPs is shared by the expressions with the categorical feature [adjective], [nominal],[adposition], and [adverb]. The proposed analysis is concentrated on PPs and from their internalfeature structure compositionally derives their anaphoric temporal meaning of simultaneityof the ongoing event and the main event.

Reflections on diachronic reflexivity: From the decausative to the deagentive, its relationship to the passive and beyond

Author(s): Aleš Půda / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2022

First, the structure and most significant findings of Jiří Pergler’s (2020) monographon the reflexive deagentive (= RD) in 15th–17th century Czech are presented. Thereafter,selected aspects that draw attention to the constructional approach to accounting for change (Traugott 2015; Smirnova & Sommerer 2020; etc.) are critically developed to show how thefeatures of precursor constructions change along the path towards the reflexive deagentive.By this we aim to emphasize the gradualness of change, favoring a model that posits context-inducedsmall-step reanalyses leading from the decausative to the deagentive construction,instead of positing a single ambiguous form (Pergler 2020), thus also abandoning the traditionaldichotomy (e.g. Comrie 1985; Haspelmath 1993; 2021) between the said constructions. We adapt the model proposed by Heine (2002), according to which there are two successivestages in particular, called the bridging context and the switch context, which can account forthe process and result of constructionalization (decausative → transitional → deagentive).Developing the notion of constructional networks (Fried 2013a) according to which reflexiveconstructions represent a web of family-resemblance relationships (Familienähnlichkeiten, Wittgenstein 1953), we treat the network structure of reflexive constructions as organizedprimarily by family inheritance, being united by genetically related but not identical syntaxand by genetically related but not identical semantics (AB…n → BC…n → CD…n → DE…n). With respect to the relation of the deagentive to the passive, we propose that divergent mannersof agent integration within two different inactive concepts (a processual one, in the caseof the decausative, and a stative one, in the case of the objective resultative) participated in theemergence of functionally different constructions, which have not generally been distinguishedin the relevant literature (e.g. Haspelmath 1990).

Luboš Veselý, Vojtěch Veselý, Ondřej Bláha, Jan Chromý: Kapitoly o slovesném vidu nejen v češtině

Author(s): Milan Hrdlička / Language(s): Czech Issue: 26/2022

VYJADROVANIE ĽUDSKÝCH VLASTNOSTÍ V SLOVENSKEJ A SRBSKEJ ZOONYMICKEJ FRAZEOLÓGII (NA PRÍKLADE FRAZÉM S LEXÉMOU POMENÚVAJÚCOU DOMÁCE ZVIERA)

Author(s): Nina J. Chalupová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 12/2022

The subject of the research described in this paper are Slovak and Serbian phrases with alexeme naming domestic animal. The goal of the paper is to apply adescriptive method and contrastive analysis of zoonymic phrases, to find out both the similarities and differences appearing in this group of phrases in Slovak and Serbian language. Zoonymic phraseology is a part of phraseology in which the motivational basis is azoonymic noun (zooapelative). We assume that negative characteristics are more often attributed to domestic animals, which can also be perceived as stereotypes. The goal of the paper is to point out the frequent occurrence of phrases of a comparative structure, both in Slovak and Serbian zoonymic phraseology. Phrases with azoonymic component are classified into semantic macro-group: human mental/character traits, within which we single out other semantic micro-groups. We are basing on the statements of linguistI. Vidović Bolt about double metaphorization in phraseology in attributing human characteristics to animals, which are used to describe humans. We will distinguish specific motives, associative motives, illogical or absurd motives, unrealistic motives, biblical motives and national-cultural motives. The initial literature was also the scientific contributions of A. Bunk and M. Opašić, R. Hansen-Kokoruš etc.

Niekoľko myšlienok k pedagogickej praxi v bilingválnom prostredí

Author(s): Réka Szabó / Language(s): Slovak Issue: Suppl./2013

In her contribution the author reflects upon the specific features of the Slovak-Hungarian bilingualism and its position in educational process.

Metodológia výučby v slovensko-maďarskom kontexte

Author(s): Petra Számelová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: Suppl./2013

The author the present contribution describes – due to special literature and to the experience of her own – the communicative interactions in the Slovak – Hungarian intercultural process applied to education.