Pożegnanie Prof. dr hab. Kwiryny Handke (1932–2021) językoznawcy, polonistki, slawistki, varsavianistki
In memoriam Prof. dr hab. Kwiryny Handke (1932–2021).
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In memoriam Prof. dr hab. Kwiryny Handke (1932–2021).
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The article is devoted to the inflectional forms old Belarusian adjectives. As a source of research material, two monuments of the 16th–18th centuries were used, representing the first (the Chronicle of Suprasl) and the last (the Chronicle of Bychowiec) editions of the Chronicles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Chronicle literature reflects the condition of the living language of that period better than religious works subordinated to the canons of Church Slavonic tradition. The aim of the research is the analysis of the development of inflectional forms of adjectives with particular attention to similarities and differences in reference to the Ruthenian condition. Forms of adjectives have been selected and compared to paradigms of the earlier period. It has been established that inflectional system of adjectives took into consideration both the advanced process of phasing-out of non-complex inflexion (nominal) and the promotion of complex inflection (pronominal). Within its framework, old features referring to the Church Slavonic language have been documented, although at the same time, features of the nature of Belarusian innovations have been very clearly marked. Inflectional system of adjectives (especially The Chronicle of Bychowiec) preserved some regional features which indicate references to the south-western Belarusian dialects. These phenomena may help to establish the location of the monument or the place of origin of its author.
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The article discusses derivational nests of Polish nouns ‘wiosna’, ‘lato’, ‘jesień’, ‘zima’ in comparison with their Russian equivalents ‘весна’, ‘лето’, ‘осень’, ‘зима’. The analysis shows that in both languages the nests include nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, and that the most productive method of word formation is the attachment of a derivational suffix. The semantics of the derivatives is influenced by the primary meaning, i.e. the name of the season. The main difference lies in the number of derivatives based on ‘zima’ / ‘зима’. In the Polish language there are 21 lexemes against 62 in Russian. Also, derivational nests in Russian contain a greater number of verbs, as well as deverbal nouns and adjectives.
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In the 17th century, Russia's identity began to be shaped by the interaction between the Slavic population and an increasingly structured multi-ethnic population. This situation amplified the tendency of the Russians to establish cultural borders with an imaginary Orient which included China. Therefore, the Slavic-Orthodox cultural space began to interact with the Sino-Confucian cultural space in a process that went through three phases until the 19th century: identification, activation, and adaptation. The Sino-Russian interaction, although mediated by the common cultural background with Mongolian origins, was shielded by a language barrier that affected Sino-Russian relations. As a result, Emperors Peter I and Kangxi, two great leaders of the era, initiated the first government measures to establish schools to train translators/interpreters for the Chinese (Manchu) and Russian languages. In this regard, at the beginning of the 18th century, the Chinese language was included in Russia as a field of study in the project of the future Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, and in China it was established the Russian language school, under the authority of the Palace Chancellery (Neige) and the Chamber for the Vasal Territories (Lifanyuan). Along with the schools of translators, a major role in the progressive elimination of the language barrier was played by the Russian Spiritual Mission in Peking, founded in 1715.
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The acoustic features are the phonetic system’s inherent features of the language. The characteristics of each speech sound have their variation field within which its realizations are perceived as typical. Sound is perceived as atypical pronunciation outside the acoustic feature typical boundaries. The objectives of this study were to determine the boundaries on the typical/atypical basis of the identification functions of the probability of perceptual recognition of the duration and their comparison between voicing and voiceless speech sounds in the group of affricate and fricatives. Based on the analysis of the selected speech sounds: / c /, / č /, / dž /, / š /, / ž /, the boundaries of typical and atypical were defined, and they served for the synthesis of stimuli used in perceptive experiments. According to the given procedure, 6300 stimuli were formed. Then they presented to the listeners, who were asked to identify and mark the stimulus based on typical and atypical (extended/shortened) duration. The data analysis found the identification functions of the probability of perceptual recognition of the typical/atypical duration for the examined speech sounds at the initial position in words, by which the limits of the typical/atypical duration of the stated speech sounds were determined. The results have shown the existence of categorical perception through the emergence of a higher sensitivity of the perceptive mechanism to a reduction in duration (a greater inclination of the identification function of the probability of perceptual recognition of typical/atypical duration) than of prolonging the duration of the voice, which demonstrated that the label of duration could be a good indicator of deviation in articulation. In addition, it has been shown that there have been differences in the function of the probability of perceptual recognition of the duration of voicing and voiceless speech sounds, which explanation requires further research.
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The article is devoted to the structural and semantic features of language cliché in the French and Ukrainian press. The results of the studies on the morphological characteristics of stereotype units in both languages are presented. The article outlines the stylistic features of their use. The pragmatic function of language cliché as a means of speech compression and expressiveness has also been analysed.
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The paper presents the guidelines for contrastive teaching of Polish to the learners from the East, that is, the users of East Slavic languages: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians. The presentation of the fundamental assumptions of contrastive teaching, which are advantageous in terms of enhancing one’s linguistic competence, is accompanied by a short analysis of the content of the author’s two coursebooks, that is, Po polsku bez błędu. Zbiór ćwiczeń z gramatyki języka polskiego dla studentów ukraińskojęzycznych (A1–B1), and Polski dla nas 1: Польский для нас 1. Deklinacja i składnia kontrastywnie dla Słowian wschodnich (A2–B2). On the basis of these two publications, the practical aspects of teaching certain grammatical issues with the use of the contrastive method, the stages of teaching, their aims and prospective goals are discussed.
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This study addresses the usage of biblical and patristic references in the 14-15th century Lives of local Muscovite saints. It aims to provide an overview of Muscovite hagiography, from the earliest anonymous texts to the works of Pachomius the Serb. The Lives were transformed over time, in numerous redactions intended for different use. They were introduced into liturgical practice, private devotion, or chronicle writing. I will focus on three cases, the first anonymous redaction of the Life of the Holy Metropolitan Peter, the second redaction of the Life of Peter, written by the metropolitan Cyprian, and the Life of Saint Sergii of Radonezh written by Epiphanius the Wise in order to discuss the cultural milieu which influenced each author’s choice of references.
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Prof. dr. sc. Dubravka Sesar (rođena Dorotić), dugogodišnja profesorica Filozofskoga fakulteta, profesorica emerita Sveučilišta u Zagrebu od 2019., vodeća hrvatska bohemistica i ugledna slavistica, članica suradnica u Razredu za filološke znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti (od 2014.), znanstvenica i prevoditeljica uzorna opusa, preminula je u Zagrebu 26. kolovoza 2023.
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The article is devoted to the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and their respective verb forms in Russian and Estonian. Personal pronouns is one of the first topics that is introduced to the learner of any language. In Russian and Estonian the systems of personal pronouns are quite similar, however their metaphorical use is not identical in these languages. Some metaphorical uses are regular in Russian but are not common in Estonian; it depends on the cultural and linguistic traditions of the language in question. While most cases of the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and related verb forms are nonetheless the same in Estonian and Russian, one can still point out some dissimilarities. Significant differences appear in two cases: 1) the possibility of replacing the 1st person plural form with the 3rd person singular form exists only in Estonian; 2) the use of the 3rd person plural form instead of the 1st person singular form in Russian requires a completely different grammatical choice in Estonian: a form of impersonal voice. It is curious that several cases of the metaphorical use of personal pronouns and verb forms appear in communication with young children. The list of cases of the metaphorical use of pronouns and verb forms analysed in this paper cannot be considered exhaustive, however it should demonstrate that every personal pronoun can be used metaphorically in Russian and Estonian. It is noticeable that these metaphorical uses can cause some difficulties in learning the language and also in the translation process. Therefore, it is important to keep all these differences between languages in mind when teaching or translating
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This article explores the key features of contemporary medical print advertising in Russia, such as the subject matter, the interplay between words and images, expressive means and their frequency, as well as linguistic and visual indicators associated with medical discourse. A total of 103 Russian medical print advertisements were collected from the Internet by continuous sampling. The analysis of these advertisements confirmed that medical advertising is a form of medical discourse that has specific features. Some of them include the use of medical terms (colloquial rather than nosological), precedent phenomena, and language play. It was also found that medical print advertising relies heavily on the integrative and image-centric connections between the verbal and visual series of a polycode text.
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This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992–2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme хохол/хaхол, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology.
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The article discusses the problem of assigning appropriate semantic roles to contact verbs. The aim of the work is to test the hypothesis whether this class of verbs observes similar trends in the correlation of their arguments with certain semantic roles. The research resource is the Bulgarian Valency Dictionary at IICT-BAS, and the examples for analysis are extracted from the syntactic corpora BulTreeBank. The corpora approach is used as a method of analysis.
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The article discusses the limited number of abstract-noun anthroponyms in our national naming practice. Three groups are analyzed – nouns ending in -а/-я, nouns ending in -e, and nouns ending in а consonant. Their appearance and development over time, as well as the emergence of their derivative female and male personal names, are traced and compared. The reason for their low frequency is the abstract semantics of the nouns which has made them unacceptable to- and not preferred by the Bulgarians. Even fewer and rarer are those ending in -e or in a consonant. Some of the motivating words are nouns of neutral gender and others are feminine, but the ending is typical of the masculine gender. This has made them unsuitable as either female or male proper names.
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The article presents a cognitive analysis of the morphological nature of predication explication at a syntactic level. The analysis is based on the principle of cognitive matching. It proposes a third axis in the coordinate system of language – consciousness, or the phenomenal zero – and emphasizes the dialectical interrelationship in grammar. The article also refines the definition of the main parts of the sentence, emphasizing their absolute equality and independence.
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The aim of the article is to explore whether the image of the crow and raven in Lithuanian phraseology and ethnic culture is similar to that of its Slavic neighbors or exhibits distinctive characteristics. The research material includes phraseological units in Lithuanian, Polish, Belarusian, and Russian with the components crow and raven. The analysis encompasses phraseologisms found in both vernacular and literary sources, applying the theory of conventional figurative language and the comparative method. Special attention is given to the portrayal of crows and ravens in folklore and folk beliefs. The findings reveal a predominantly negative perception of both birds in Lithuanian and Slavic phraseology and ethnic culture. The main features of the image of a crow and raven, which have developed in Lithuanian and Slavic phraseology and ethnic culture, are based on such characteristics as: black feathers, predatory behaviour, an unpleasant voice (the cry is mythologized, and it is associated with misfortunes and death). The image of the crow is often ironic and comical, while the image of the raven is much more negative. The crow is a cultural symbol of foolishness, while the raven is associated with wisdom. However, both Lithuanian and Slavic phraseology have their own peculiar images of the crow and the raven.
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Infographics has recently begun to be used in the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, but it is obvious that it has a number of undeniable advantages in teaching foreign speakers productive types of speech activity. The article discusses the possibilities of teaching Russian as a foreign language to Bulgarian students using the method of urban infographics. Particular attention is paid to the use of this type of visual technology in the study of urbanonyms. The scientific novelty lies in the definition of such a type of graphic visualization as “urban infographics”, in the context of the methodology for teaching Russian as a foreign language on the example of the regional component. Examples of tasks using urban infographics are given.
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The article discusses the linguistic features and pragmatic potential of advertising texts in the fi eld of educational services. The most important factors that shape educational advertising have been identifi ed, in particular, the specifi c object of advertising, an expressive target audience, the polycode character of the text and the types of advertising for strategic purposes. The features of the structure of advertisements for language courses as well as the semantic load of language units in terms of semantics and belonging to parts of speech in accordance with the elements of the repeating model of the advertising text are analyzed in detail. Language means also described. To expand upon the idea of this type of advertising text, Ukrainian and Chinese advertisements of language courses have been studied, with partiular reseach interest paid to the diff erences in the implementation of pragmatic potential at diff erent language levels.
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The article presents the process of modernization of Ukrainian literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. On the one hand, the author analyzes the adaptation of the European idea and culture to Ukrainian realities, on the other hand, the evolution of nationalism reaching its maturity phase is observed in the text. This is evidenced by the declarations and programs published in such magazines as Ukrain'ska Khata [Ukrainian Hut] during the years 1909–1914, especially by the articles of Mykola Yevshan and Andriy Tovkachevsky. The discussions that took place during that period were particularly signifi cant in establishing the direction for the development of national culture. Ukrainian literature acquires the features of cultural openness and dialogue, which are clearly illustrated by the works of its prominent authors such as Ivan Franko, Lesia Ukrainka, Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Olha Kobylianska, Ahatanhel Krymsky.
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Fifty-one entries (with the letter M) in the Russian-Polish dictionary of 1877 which were assigned a discussion of the meaning instead of a real translation, e.g. муссон – wjatr periodyczny [a periodic wind], were examined. These were limited to borrowed Russian units which today correspond to Polish borrowed units, e.g. муссон – monsun [monsoon]. The Polish words are the object of the analysis. In order to discover the reason for their omission from the dictionary, evidence of their use in the corpus of historical texts was sought. It was found that 80% of the borrowings (41 units) occurred in texts before 1876, but some of them were not recorded in the dictionaries of the time and perhaps that is why they did not find their way into the translation dictionary. 20% of the material (10 units) is lexis that entered circulation after the dictionary was published.
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