20.00 €
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Savremeni perzijski jezik i njemu srodni iranski jezici i dijalekti potječu od zajedničkog indo-iranskog jezika. Oni zajedno sa evropskim jezicima čine širu jezičku porodicu indoevropskih jezika u koje spadaju i grčki, romanski, germanski, slavenski, baltički, keltski, albanski i jermenski jezici. Otuda što pripadaju istoj skupini indoevropskih jezika, perzijski i bosanski jezik su genetski slični, s tim što perzijski pripada iranskoj a bosanski slavenskoj porodici jezika.
More...
“No other European region attracts this much attention, both positive and negative, as the Balkans. Why so? Looking into the history and culture of the region, we inevitably come to the absurd conclusion that similarities divide. Nations which think alike do all they can to be different. That is the Balkans for you. […] What is more, the Balkans, especially so-called Western Balkans, still constitute a testing ground which allows us to observe in real life the operation of processes of convergence in the realms of mentality and the language structures used to categorise notions” (from the introductory chapter) “The book presents new material originating from the authors’ own research – above all: a comprehensive study of Balkan phonetics, which differs substantially from the fragmentary classic approaches and introduces a new classification of regions as well as a number of hitherto unpresented details; a explication of the notions of “historical Balkans” and “cultural and mental Balkans” as well as a juxtaposition of their ranges with the “linguistic Balkans”. We also propose a methodology useful for description of all sorts of areal phenomena, a methodology resulting directly from the peculiar character of convergences within a language league” (from the Authors’ introductory comments).
More...
The book consists of three parts: on lexicology, contrastive phraseology and scientific research. The author presents an ethnographic approach to the linguistics and refers to the concept of Jerzy Bartminski’s cognitive ethnolinguistics.
More...
The book contains the author’s studies of the last decade, concerning historical problems of the modern Bulgarian literary language, which have not been sufficiently elaborated and described in the specialized publications. One of the questions which needs a special attention is in the sphere of the comparative examination of the linguistic and literary contacts between the Slavic peoples during the National Revival period and their interaction (common ideas, processes, tendencies, standard similarities and dissimilarities, specific behaviors, etc). The book consists of four parts, united by the common problems of the publications in each one: “Outlines of the Slavic dialogue during the Revival period”, “Public figures and ideas in the Bulgarian-Czech cultural dialogue”, “Bulgarian-Polish cultural and scholarly connections in 19th century”, “Authors, translators and translations”. These parts outline the specific manifestations of the cultural dialogue between the Bulgarians and the other Slavic peoples, carried out by researchers, writers, translators, explorers, journalists, who, through their work and activities, brought for the cultural advancement of the different Slavic nations on one hand, and became mediators of ideas between their own people and the remaining Slavic world, on the other hand. Based on analyses of a varied material of different Slavic languages conclusions are made about parallel or asymmetric processes in the cultural development and common tendencies that mark their future development. The comparative analyses of the inter-linguistic relations based on texts of the same or different chronologic sections are interesting from the viewpoint of the possibility of reconstruction of movements of transitory stages on one hand, and on the other hand – of the possibility of prognosis concerning future developments. Such analyses give specific information about these processes, since in each situation of inter-cultural exchange and inter-linguistic contacts, one can find both common and individual features. However, the unique idiosyncrasies stand out quite clearly when juxtaposed to other genetically closer or farther languages, which is well observed in translations from one Slavic language into another. Within the scope of the author’s attention come questions, connected with the textual and linguistic analysis of literary works, which demonstrates the tools of deeper examination of those facts, bringing us nearer to more unbiased conclusions about authors, works, translations and translators. On basis of indisputable facts, the book makes amendments of former standpoints (found in reference books) concerning the authorship of some translations or the sources and languages from which they have been made, and this is the contribution to our literary and linguistic history.
More...
For the first time in many years of active scholarly interest in Slavonic gospels, a systematic study has been undertaken of the Gospel menologion readings and their functions, designations, and development. Material has been collected from 209 representative mediaeval Slavonic manuscripts, i.e., tetraevangelia and lectionary evangelia (full, brief and festal) in Bulgarian, Serbian and Russian copies, dating from the 10th to 17th centuries. The menologia that were written before and after the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon differ in composition, structure and designations, so that in their description and analysis they can be divided into two groups: menologia that follow the structure of the Studite Typikon, and those influenced by the Jerusalem Typikon. The Gospel manuscript menologion is structured as a stable complex consisting of three elements: date, feast and reading (or ‘lection’). The basic unit of the menologion is the calendar day, which comes in two types: fixed and moveable. The menologion’s contents are organized according to the fixed numerical days of each month. The moveable days, which until recently have not received adequate attention, are subordinate to the moveable ones. The moveable days are neighbouring Saturdays and Sundays that direct attention to the three central Christian fixed-date feasts, i.e., the Epiphany (6th Jan.), the Elevation of the Cross (14th Sept.) and Christmas (25th Dec.), and feasts dedicated to the Fathers of the Ecumenical Councils (following 11th Oct. And 16th July). The places of these moveable days in the calendar are constant in relation to the fixed-date feasts that they commemorate, but they vary from year to year in accordance with the moveable church cycle. Thus, for example, the Saturday and Sunday before Christmas may fall immediately before 25th December, or a Monday-through-Friday sequence of days may intervene. For this reason, these Saturdays and Sundays are listed in individual manuscripts immediately following different calendar dates preceding and following 6th January, 14th September, and 25th December, and following 11th October and 16th July. The content of the menologion is the same for all types of gospels, but its location within the structure of the gospel differs, depending on whether the gospel is a tetraevangelion or a lectionary (aprakos). In all types of aprakos, the Gospel text is divided and arranged in calendar sequence, together with the necessary liturgical instructions. In the tetraevangelion also, the text is divided and supplemented with liturgical instructions, but the calendar itself comprises a table folowing the Gospel text that lists both the commemorations and lections for the calendar dates. Menologia can be divided into full menologia, which list a feast or feasts for each date of the calendar year, and short menologia, which list only selected calendar dates. Before the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon, both types of menologia were used. Afterwards, only menologia with feasts for selected days remained, and these contained a zone of 190 free dates, unlike the menologia from the earlier period. The number and repertory of feasts for each calendar date, and the number and the repertory of lections for every feast, vary from manuscript to manuscript. There is uniformity only with respect to a limited number of dates celebrating more major feasts. As noted in chapter II, the sequence in which the feasts appear in the manuscript indicates their hierarchical rank. Menologion lections are analysed from two main perspectives, focusing on their purpose and their designations. In chapter III, I have systemized the lection pericopes according to the specific feast, or type of feast, to which they are assigned. The analysis shows that the link between feasts and lections is multifaceted and complex, but certain tendencies and preferences can be identified nevertheless. During the early period, from the 10th to mid-14th century, there were 28 narrowly specialized lections; in contrast, during the later period, from mid-14th to late 17th century, there were 58. Attention also is devoted to the issue of transfering feasts to neighbouring dates. This is a widespread phenomenon which, if not observed and taken into account, can result in misinformation. For this reason the book discusses the conditions for the emergence of this practice and how it developed. This has made it possible to trace the specific development of a group of 14 menologia of common origin, all connected to the Zograph Monastery. The book also discusses the issue of a lection’s absence as evidence that the corresponding feast has been omitted. Both feasts and lections can be omitted inadvertently by careless copyists, resulting in discrepancies. Through comparison of all the available data for the given date, these discrepancies become obvious and, in cases where a specific lection has been preserved but the name of the feast itself is omissed, the data permit the conclusion that the corresponding feast had been included in an earlier copy of the menologion. For example, on 1 September, the Church commemorates two feasts consecutively: the beginning of the new ecclesiastical year, together with a fixed lection (Lk 4:16–22); and Simeon Stylites, together with Mt 11:27–30 (in 19 manuscripts) and Mt 4:25–5:12 (in 18 manuscripts). In РГАДА816, Соф842 and Тип12, the beginning of the New Year has been omitted, but the corresponding lection (Lk 4:16–22) remains, serving as evidence that the feast had been listed for that date in an earlier copy. In the Savvina Kniga, Simeon Stylites has been omitted, but the corresponding lection (Mt 4:25–5:12) remains. A similar phenomenon is particularly frequent for church consecrations together with the specialized lections John 10:22–28/30 and Mt 16:13–18. The text used in celebrating the feast that commemorates the consecration of a church is one of the least stable components of the menologion: very often the designation of the feast is omitted, but the appropriate pericope is retained. Chapter IV discusses the way in which the lections are assigned. Since in tetraevangelia and most lectionary gospels, all the menologion lections are cross-referenced, the chapter explains the content and function of the cross-referencing. The cross-reference is a formula that consists of both obligatory and non-obligatory elements. The citation to the Gospel reading is an obligatory element. The introduction, which signals that there is a cross-reference, is not obligatory. The introduction is a construction consisting of a noun and a verb: either евангелие or слѹжьба, together with the imperative form ищи or the passive participle писано (in the Dečani Gospel, there is one instance of the form скаꙁано). In some manuscripts this information is entirely or partly omitted. The introduction is then developed. The lexeme евангелие preponderates in the mеnologia structured according to the Studite Typikon, while in those influenced by the Jerusalem Typikon the lexeme слѹжьба is used in all cases. In the early manuscripts, from the tenth to the mid-fourteenth century, the verb forms ищи and писано occur equally frequently, and often are in immediate proximity to one another in a single manuscript’s text. In later letraevangelia (from the mid-fourteenth to late seventeenth century), the verb is omitted, or, in rare cases, only ищи. The instruction guides the reader generally in four ways: 1) by indicating the location of the reading in the Gospel text, 2) by referring to another date in the calendar, 3) by pointing to a particular type of reading by means of the index called “Different Gospel readings for every need”, and 4) by providing general directions. The instructions in the Studite Typikon tetraevangelia use all four methods above; the instructions in the lectionaries use only the last three. The first way of indicating a reading consists of two components, occurring either together or separately: A) an Ammonian section, which indicates the Evangelist and the Ammonian numeral of the segment in which the pericope begins; and B) an incipit and an explicit, which specify the initial and the final boundaries of the pericope, which do not always coincide with the beginning and the end of the respective Ammonian section. In the second type of indication, the copyist provides the date in the synaxarion or mcnologion for which the same reading has already been specified. The date may be independent, or it be accompanied by specifying markers that can vary in number, combination and arrangement: these include the Ammonian section, incipit, explicit, more detailed notes such as “from the middle”, “up to the middle”, “skip to”, “read up to here”, “read up to there”. The third indication method is simplified, pointing to a specialized reading for the type of feast by referring to the index “Different Gospel readings for every need”. The fourth indication method has been found in seventeen instances, using three different formulations. In the Jerusalem Typikon menologia, the four indication methods are preserved, but changes have been made in their application. When the first indication method is used, the set consisting of Ammonian section, incipit and explicit is replaced by the pericope chapter. The Ammonian chapters give the numbers of the sense fragments, the boundaries of which do not always coincide with the boundaries of the lection, or have not been included at all in a fragment with a liturgical purpose: the pericope chapters give only the numbers of the readings. This numbering method is exact and free of ambiguity, and does not require additional explanation; hence incipits and explicits are superfluous. In very rare cases the copyist adds after the pericope chapter a date from the synaxarion which confirms the information provided. The second, cross-referencing method is still limited to lectionary gospels, which were copied during this period extremely rarely; in the tetraevangelia this method is used at a minimum. The third indication method, i.e., the pointing to a reading specialized for the type of feast by reference lo the index “Different Gospel readings for every need”, has expanded its impact and has changed its content. The fourth method, general directions, continues to be used only on rare occasions, being found in six instances and in three different formulations. Because the cross-reference is a formula consisting of figures written in letters and abbreviations, it is easy for mistakes to occur in the reading and copying processes, and since there is no meaning-based element in it, it is very difficult to notice and remove the mistakes. This creates conditions for more numerous and varied inaccuracies and mistakes than are observed in a narrative text, and gives rise to a specific range of problems. The problem of distortions in the cross-references is of special importance, because if these are not noticed and taken into account, they may lead to incorrect data and conclusions. These errors are of several types: omission of an obligatory element, improper change of an element, discrepancy between the components, and inaccurate assignment of the reading. Approximately 100 obvious distortions were found in the material from the earlier menologia under study. About 160 inaccurate cross-references were discovered by means of comparative analysis. The simplified content of the cross-references in the later manuscripts limits both the number (only 45 instances) and variety of errorss in the cross-references. The considerable variation in the content of Gospel menologia is due to the fact that (he copyist has been influenced by other manuscripts. As a result, feasts and readings are added or removed. Sometime these are omitted through carelessness. This indicates that there was a widespread practice by copyists of consulting not only the main antigraph, but also other models, sometimes not only Slavonic, but also Byzantine ones. The book’s conclusion summarizes the development of the system of menologion readings. Changes took place both synchronically and diachronically. Regarding synchronic changes, the differences among the manuscripts are in the choice of feast, combination of feasts, reading, and way in which the text is designated for each date. These changes are to a large extent a result of the copyist’s personal preference when selecting an antigraph and using additional models for collation and corrections. In practice these differences are behind the diversity of the menologia in the manuscripts. Regarding diachronic changes, processes operate in two directions. Some elements from the content and structure of the menologion gradually become rarer and ultimately vanish. Other elements gradually expand in use and become part of the stable general-use core of the menologion. In a given area the two processes may run parallel to one another. In another area they may follow a sequence one after the other: the elements that expands restricts, and in some cases replaces, an element of the same functional class. These interrelated processes in fact carry into effect the line of development. This constant process of change takes place around a stable core, which ensures the unity of the Gospel menologion during the time of its continued functioning. With regard to the structure, no change takes place in the two types of calendar days – the fixed days and the movable days (the selective menologion). With respect to the repertory of feasts, there remains a stable series of confirmed and generally accepted feasts: feasts of the Lord, feasts of the Mother of God, and feasts of the eminent apostles, martyrs and holy fathers. The set of basic lections designated for the different feasts is also retained. The ten lections that are used most often also retain their status over the two periods. The introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon, with its fundamental requirement that established rules and norms be observed, caused an essential reorganization of the structure and repertory of feasts in the Gospel menologion. The changes are apparent in five directions: 1. A restriction takes place in the number and repertory of feasts of the dates. In Jerusalem Typikon menologia, there is a reduction in the relative share of calendar dates across all the manuscripts: from 85, or c. 22%, in the early menologia to 47, or c. 12%, in the later ones. In the later menologia there is also a drop in the number of lections, from 380 to 210. The elimination of diversity during the post-Jerusalem-Typikon period also occurs through use of lections that are specialized for one given feast. The content of the cross-references is restricted. This later period saw a sizable restriction of the use of the aprakos. As a result of this marginalization, lectionary gospels were copied chiefly from Studite Typikon antigraphs, thus retaining a number of archaic features in their menologia. 2. Superfluous components are removed as a final result of this restriction. The process affects various aspects of the menologion. During the late period, full menologia were no longer used. A number of calendar dates were eliminaled entirely. 3. A limited range of feasts from the earlier period have expanded impact, and the number of dates with a stable repertory of feasts increases. 4. An introduction occurs of entirely new components into different sections of the menologion. The fixed common zone of free dates is a new phenomenon in the Jerusalem Typikon menologion, and includes more than one third of the calendar dates (190). New feasts have been included on three dates: the Feast of the Three Hierarchs (30th Jan., in 112 mss.), the Synaxis of St. Gabriel the Archangel (13th July, in 40 mss.), and Sunday of the Fathers of the Ecumenical Councils (between Oct. 11 and 12, in 137 mss.). A new means for designating lections is also introduced, i.e.,pericope chapters, which have unquestionable advantages over the old means, being brief and exact. 5. Replacement of one component of the earlier menologia with another occurs in the later menologia. In the Studite Typikon manuscripts, the Feast of the Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council is observed on 11 October. In the Jerusalem Typikon manuscripts, the feast is observed on a movable day after 11 October, with considerably increased impact (six out of 137 mss.). In ten of the early menologia, from the tenth to mid-fourteenth century, a single lection is assigned to a major feast. Matins and liturgy are included in the late menologia (from the mid-fourteenth to late seventeenth century). For the feast of the Consecration of the Church of the Resurrection on 13 September, the usual lection for feasts of this type in the early menologia, Jn 10:22–30, has been replaced in full by another leclion that is common for feasts of this type, Mt 67 (= 16:13–18). Also, in the formula for feasts commemorating the consecration of a church, the earlier term свѧщение (in Carp the term обновление is used once) has been replaced by обновление. The changes in the menologion and the directions in which they take place reveal that the Jerusalem Typikon was introduced in order to achieve a higher degree of normalization and to restrict, and if possible remove, diversity on all levels. Whereas in the Studite Typikon menologia there are only 29 dates with a stable repertory of feasts, in the Jerusalem Typikon menologia there are now 78. A narrower specialization of the lections has been sought. The two spheres of feasts, central and peripheral, become more delineated. The central sphere, which includes the most venerated feasts, has the highest degree of normalization, with a narrow specialization of feast and lection, and with uniformity of realization. The peripheral sphere allows a higher degree of variation in the choice and combination of feasts and pericopes, and in the inclusion or removal of a given date from the menologion. The results show that this process has taken place so that the menologion may become more precise and easier to use. The Jerusalem Typikon itself does not contain a concrete model for this restructuring. As has already been established, the South Slavonic translations of the Jerusalem Typikon emerged in the first half of the fourteenth century: these are the first Bulgarian translation, made by Elder Ioan of the Great Laura of St. Athanasius in Mount Athos; the two Serbian translations in Nikodim’s copy of 1313 and in Roman’s copy of 1333; and the second Bulgarian translation, which is linked with the activity of Euthymius, Patriarch of Tarnovo. Each of these translations includes a full-content menologion with lections assigned according to the model provided by the Studite Typikon. The fact that the reorganization of the Gospel menologion immediately followed the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon and was accepted everywhere at the same time as the latter is proof that the Jerusalem Typikon was the cause of the reorganization and determined it. In all probability the revision was made on the basis of a Byzantine gospel, from which it was translated and introduced into the liturgical practice of the Orthodox Slavs in the fourteenth century. The material under study is described exhaustively in accompanying tables. In this way the book shows the basis on which the analysis has been made, and on which the conclusions have been drawn. The tables are intended to piovide quick and easy checks of various features included in the description. The data from menologia written before and after the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon are presented in two separate sections for each table. Table 1 (1.1 and 1.2) presents the material arranged by date, feast, lection and source. In table 2 (2.1 and 2.2), the material is arranged by feast together with data about the date, the lection and the number of manuscripts in which it occurs. In table 3 (3.1 and 3.2), the material is arranged by lection, together with data about the date, the feast and the number of manuscripts in which it occurs. Table 4 shows how the pericope chapters are interrelated with the liturgical fragments from the Gospel in the Targoviste Gospel, published by Makariy in 1512.
More...
Projekt konferencji, jak również prezentowany czytelnikom tom jest pierwszą tego typu publikacją w Polsce, która podejmowała zagadnienie językowych/tekstualnych/kulturowych praktyk choroby, analizowała kontekstualizacje ciała chorego w odmiennych dyskursach niż paradygmatyczne critiques/clinique Gilles’a Deleuze’a czy Michela Foucaulta. Publikacja nie ma odpowiednika w literaturze krytycznej: derekonstruuje diagnozowaną przez filozofów, historyków, kulturoznawców, socjologów ciała zmianę paradygmatów kulturowych, kondycję nowoczesnego, ponowoczesnego, ucieleśnionego podmiotu, matryce nieobecnego-i-obecnego ciała chorego, jego artykulacje, mediacje w Ja-Podmiocie-Pisma-Ciała-Literatury, a jego symptomatologia pozwoliła diagnozować problematykę relacji ciała biologicznego i ciała tekstu, somatyczności i semiologii, symbolologii, tropologii, narracje sôma-sema Kultury (-r)/Literatury (-r), pisalności – konstruować projekt krytyki somatycznej, somatoestetycznej, modalności piszącego się ja w autoperformatywnych (subwersywnych) strategiach wytwarzania. Krytyka somatoestetyczna jest pluralistyczna, multiplikuje domeny konceptualne, operatory konstrukcyjne wielu dyscyplin, tworząc konglomerat wielu języków krytycznych (lingwistyki, komparatystyki, psychoanalizy, semioanalizy, feminizmu, gender, queer, culture stadies, pragmatyzmu).Performatywne reprezentacje Ja-Podmiotu-Pisma-Ciała-Literatury sondowane w odmiennych językach analitycznych pozwoliły kontekstualizować transkulturową, interdyscyplinarną, krytyczną mapę tekstualnych narracji, historii, skryptów sympto-/symbo-/semio-/troplogii choroby (m. in. gruźlicy, anoreksji, bulimii, depresji, uzależnień, chorób nowotworowych, syndromu stresu pourazowego) w somatoestetycznych domenach konceptualnych. Uczestnicy konferencji wypracowali tekstualną nozologię nowoczesnych i ponowoczesnych somatogennych modeli, ich artykulacje w Ja-Podmiocie-Piśmie-Ciała; kreślili heterotopie miejsc, przestrzeni kontroli (społeczno-politycznych i prywatnych) nadzorujących, wykluczających, represjonujących ciało: szpitala, domu (łazienki, kuchni, sypialni) rewaloryzowanych jako szczególne miejsca transgresji: życia/śmierci, zdrowia/choroby, nadmiaru/braku wolności, potwierdzając i wzmacniając stany zdekonstytuowanego podmiotu. Somatyczne doświadczenie aktualizowane przez piszące ciała autorów, mówiące, histeryzujące poetek/pisarek nie były konceptualizowane przez badaczy wyłącznie w dyskursach medycznych, systemie jednostek chorobowych, deskrypcji zespołu objawów, patologii. Autorzy wystąpień konsekwentnie poddawali krytycznemu czytaniu autoperformatywność, transgresywność tekstualnych chorób, matryce cielesnych identyfikacji czytającego/piszącego/oglądającego się podmiotu, interpretowali subwersywne praktyki ja. Autosomalna choroba Pisma – nałóg wytwarzania się, odciskania śladów Ja-Ciała w Alfabecie; egzystencjalna konieczność reprodukowania, kopiowania, kliszowania, multiplikowania się, wpisywania/przepisywania siebie-z-siebie wskazywała na uzależnienie od nieprzechodniego czasownika pisać się, sygnifikować się w procesie stymulacji pragnienia, pożądania Innego. Nadmiar wchłoniętych i niestrawionych słów wywoływał bulimiczne mdłości lub ich brak powodował permanentny, anorektyczny głód wyrażalności, konstruując autoperformatywne praktyki. Ponowoczesność formatowała strategie somatycznego doświadczenia podmiotu generowanego przez idiomatyczną fizjologię/symptomologię Ja.Ideologema chorego organizmu jest wyjątkowo labilna i operatywna: umożliwia rewaluacje autobiograficznych skryptów, deskrypcje modyfikacji podmiotów; diagnozuje problemy identyfikacyjne (zmienną markerów antropologicznych), pozwala prześledzić mapę zmian stratyfikacji społecznej, penetrować transformacje polityk państw (asymilacji/wykluczenia) adaptujących i kooptujących migrujące komórki do wewnątrz ciała społeczno-politycznego: nacje, kultury, systemy filozoficzne, religijne, a metaforyzowana kategoria mikrobiologicznej homeostazy w wielu projekcjach staje się surogatem marzeń o wolności jednostek, równości obywateli w demokratycznym systemie.Kontekstualizacje i dyskursywizacje tekstualnych reprezentacji i artykulacji choroby, ciała chorego w angielskiej, polskiej, romańskich i słowiańskich literaturach, filozoficznych tekstach, pismach współczesnych oświeconych, kodach amerykańskiej kultury filmowej prowokujące projekt krytyki somatoestetycznej generowanej subwersywnymi praktykami Ja-Podmiotu-Pisma-Ciała-Literatury-Filozofii-Kultury. Tom pokonferencyjny Choroba – ciało – dusza w literaturze i kulturze rewaluuje skrypt (-y) ciała chorego, tekstualne matryce chorób, reprezentacje doświadczeń ucieleśnionego podmiotu, restytuując projekt (-y) poetyki (-k)/krytyki (-k) somatoestetycznej. Interdyscyplinarne ramy somaestetyki Richarda Shustermana eksplorujące wiele dziedzin warunkują pluralny wymiar krytyczny dyscyplin doświadczenia ciała w wymiarze teoretycznym, jak i praktycznym, ustanawiając etyczną odpowiedzialność podmiotów za autoreprezentację, warunki i jakość egzystencji przeciw opresji przygodności; dostarczają matryc do świadomych konstrukcji tożsamości; strategii do jego odpowiedzialnych modyfikacji – kulturę/filozofię self-help, która pozwoli neutralizować ideologiczne technologie corps, doktryny władzy-wiedzy, przemieścić polityki konsumpcjonizmu.Melioracyjne doświadczenie somatoreceptora łączące teorię z praktyką urasta do postprojektu ponowoczesnej filozofii życia, która przełamuje konstrukty estetyzacji generowane przez filozofów subersji/transgresji Pisma (ekstremistów: Michela Foucaulta, Gilles’a Deleuze’a; radykałów Rolanda Barthes’a Jacques’a Derridę), wyzwala ja w akcjach wywrotowych indywidualnego praktykowania ciała derekonstruującego, derewaloryzującego ideologemy piękna narzucone przez translacyjną kulturę – stosowalna somatotropia przeciw zawłaszczającym dyskursom.Somaestetyka mapuje zagadnienie relacji człowiek-maszyna, problematyzując idee techné generującego postestetykę, jako że współczesny człowiek jest udoskonalany przez protezy, implantacje, przeszczepy – w coraz większym stopniu pozostaje zależny od maszyn, a inżynierowie-robotycy nieustannie pracują nad projektami transformacji human body, działania których antycypują kolejny cultural turns. Shusterman wysunął hipotezę, że relacyjność biologicznego/technologicznego jest jednym z paradygmatów kulturowych i pozostaje w autozwrotnym/autosymetrycznym warunkowaniu, jednak pozostaje otwartym pytanie o konsekwencje bioetyczne dla cywilizacji (życia), które wymagają czujnej rewaloryzacji. W wymiarze indywidualnym, jak i społecznym ponowoczesna tożsamość operuje cyfrowo-analogowym ciałem: nawet tak oczywistej i powszechnie dostępnej przestrzeni komunikacji jaką jest skype – w aktach wirtualizacji, symulacji biologicznego ciała, wizualnym i oralnym współwytwarzaniu podmiotów – autoperformatywne konstruowanie świadomego leib stanowi filtr ochronny przeciw wydziedziczeniu z siebie, jeśli w taki sposób czytać idee Shustermana.
More...
The papers published in this book deal with various issues in contemporary Bosnian syntax and morphology. The paper Types of Nominal Complements of the Verb in Bosnian defines a complement as a clause element and provides a categorization of nominal complements of the Verb in Bosnian The Introduction presents the term complement as it is presented in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian grammar books After the presentation of different linguistic approaches to the term, the author decides to take the approach offered by the German linguist Ulrich Engel According to his definition, complements are clause elements typical for the Verb subclass, which cannot be used with just any verb, and obligatory elements necessary for grammaticality of the clause Using this definition in this study, we have found out that nominal complements can form three types of relations with the Verb They can be the Subject, the Predicative Nominal or the Object The Subject is a nominal or nominalized word in the Nominative case which is not a part of the Predicate It has a person and number concord with the Predicate Hence, the Subject and the Predicate influence one another and this property makes it different from all other complements The Predicative Nominal is different from the Subject and the Object in the fact that it complements the verb and functions as a part of the Predicate Predicatives are found in different forms in Bosnian: nominal and adjectival in the Nominative and the Instrumental case, numerals, congruent phrases in the form of prepositionless Genitive, Nouns in the oblique case with a preposition which attribute a property to the Subject, the structures with kao or structures with a Finite Verb form, za+Accusative and za+Infinitive structures, prepositions, the Infinitive and the Vocative. This is the first paper which mentions the possibility of having a Vocative in Predicative function (which is not in oral poetic tradition and used differently than in oral tradition), and that the Vocative is a part of the sentence structure Some words in Bosnian can be used only predicatively. In some papers they are called copular particles We believe that these words are either Adjectives or Adverbs Not all the above listed forms which can be used predicatively can be regarded as Predicative Nominals We believe that Predicative Nominals include only nominal predicative complements,which can be in the Nominative, the Instrumental, the Vocative case or the Accusative with the preposition za and the structures with kao.
More...
The breakup of the state of Yugoslavia in the 90s of the 20th century caused the split of the previously common standard Serbo-Croatian or Croatian--Serbian language, and therefore four language standards came into existence: the Bosnian language, the Croatian language, the Serbian language and the Montenegrin language Unlike the neighboring countries, where the official language was declared based on the majority ethnic group, in multiethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina each ethnic community accepted its national language standard Hence, official documentation in the Federation of BiH is published in three versions: the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages. The subject matter of this paper is a contrastive analysis of the Bosnian,Croatian and Serbian languages in the laws of the Federation of BiH The tasks of the paper are to sort out the language differences by the grammatical levels and the lexical aspect as well, and also to determine their congruence with the codification norms of the given languages The objective of the paper is to clarify the materialization of three-language standardness in the official usage. At the phonetic level the differences have been noticed in the vowel alternations a/o, a/u, a/e, unstable a, movable (facultative) vowels, ablaut of vowels, reflex of yat, jotovanje, reduction of consonants, merging of consonants, other alternations (adaptation of some sounds in words of foreign origin – from Greek, Latin, French) and sound h The largest number of differences at the morphological level appears in the category of nouns,which is expected, because the administrative style at the grammar level is a nominal one The differences have been made in the gender of nouns,in the usage of the insertion -ov-/-ev- in plural of the noun put (road), and the biggest differences are in the formation of substantives In the category of adjectives all differences refer to their formation, and the most frequent incongruity is in the usage of adjectivized participles ending with-iran, -ovan and -isan, and adjectives ending with -ioni and -ijski Since the administrative style is not characterized with pronouns, there is a small number of pronouns in such sources, among which the different usage of the following is in the foreground: ko and tko (who), particle -zi- in the possessive pronoun njen/njezin (her), shorter or longer form kog(a)/kojeg (whom) Just like with nouns and adjectives, the differences with verbs are associated with the endings -irati, -ovati and -isati, then to the formation of the past participle with the endings -t or -n, for instance izdat/izdan (issued). The endings of adverbs -no, -ice, -ačno, -ce appear as a distinctive feature in the sources At the syntactic level the differences in texts happen with regard to the word order, the usage of infinitive or construction da +present, nominal predicate, conjunctions and adverbial expressions.
More...
The incongruous attributive is an independent sentence element which stands inside the incongruous substantive phrase in the relation of government (managing) or in the relation of joining and that is its main difference from the congruous attributive, which stands in the relation of agreement towards its governing element It represents a syntactic category which is specific by its morpho-syntactic and semantic characteristics and the substantive, adverbial and verbal (infinitive) categories of words can take that role The substantive category of words with the attributive function makes the majority of the examples taken from the corpus (even 98%), while the adverbial category of words (adverbs – 0,95% and numbers 1%) and the verbal category (infinitive – 0,05%) rarely appear with this function. The most common type of the incongruous attributive is the non-prepositional and prepositional genitive (62%), then the locative (15% of the examples),which is mostly accomplished with a prepositional function, just like the accusative (12,5% of the examples) The instrumental (5,5% of the examples) and the dative (3% of the examples) attributives are very rare. The topic of this paper has been the syntactic and semantic analyses of the incongruous substantive phrases in the modern Bosnian language in the scientific and administrative styles and the purposes of this paper are to determine the semantic types of the incongruous attributives in the mentioned corpus according to their morpho-syntactic characteristics, to give a review of the distribution of these structures and determine the frequency of uses of certain types in the scientific and administrative styles in the Bosnian language The semantic types of the identified attributives have the following meanings: the objective and the a gentive meaning, the explicit meaning, the meaning of a possessor of some characteristic Then,there are possessive and qualitative meanings, the partitive meaning, the appropriated meaning, the ablative meaning, the comparative meaning, the meaning of a material content, the meanings of place, time, means, cause,purpose, the instrumental, accompanying-consequential, presenting and agentive-social meanings, the meaning of a criterion, directive meanings,the meaning of taking a relation, the meaning of a receiver, quantitative and quantitative-qualitative meanings.
More...
Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the countries that officially use more than one language, and therefore, as many as three languages have been declared official – Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian. These languages are so related and similar to one another that communication among their users goes on quite smoothly, but for the official purposes, numerous documents undergo the process of adaptation to each of these three languages . Thus,legislative and legal documents are published, i.e. laws, decrees, resolutions, rules, regulations, statutes, etc., and each of these documents has three language versions: Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian. The subject of this study is a linguistic analysis of legislative and legal documents in Bosnia and Herzegovina and it identifies phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features of these texts, compared to the standard language norms of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian language. At the phonetic level, we ob-served the following phenomena: the alternation of vowels a/o, a/u, a/e, o/u,and fleeting a, ablaut, reflex of jat, jotations, reduction of consonants, consonant ellision and other alternations (the adaptation of sounds in words of foreign origin), the phoeneme h, umlaut and vowel shift. Since nouns dominate in these texts (the administrative style is nominal by its grammatical nature), they deserve the most attention on the morphological and formational level, followed by adjectives, pronouns, numbers, verbs, adverbs, and particles. At the level of the syntactic analysis, the competition between the infinitive complement and the present complement with the conjunction da in a complex verbal predicate has emerged as an interesting phenomenon, in addition to the well-known competing of the congruent and the in-congruent attribute, as well as the prepositionless genitive and the accusative with a preposition in the form of an incongruent attribute with certain lexemes. The use of temporal and causal adverbs characterized the analysis of adverbials. After having done the phonetic, morphological, and syntactic analysis, the isolated linguistic phenomena were harmonized with all three norms, but also with each language separately. Most norm violations were detected in the texts in the Croatian language, whereas in the texts in the Bosnian and the Serbian language, we observed some phenomena that are designated as specific features of texts in these languages. Finally, the use of certain lexemes related to the legal profession was observed within the lexical analysis. Results of this study indicate that, although it contradicts the normative principles of a language, we find the examples of equal use of both forms (structures) or equal use of both lexemes, whereas, on the other hand, differences between the language norms are made even in places where there is no normative justification for that. Therefore, it was pointed out how this way of adapting the documents to three language standards does not provide a true picture of the language features and norms, and the differences between texts and languages become artificial and unnecessary.
More...
The publication Bulgarian texts for translation seminar. Part 3. Exercise book will serve students studying Bulgarian in the master's program on practical language lessons and in translation seminars. This excersise book focuses on practicing vocabulary from a variety of areas - insurance, finance, family law, sport, technology and technology, ecology, media policy, agriculture, and more, while following the thematic divisions used in each chapter of the Bulgarian texts for the translation seminar, part 3.
More...