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Mitmekihiline Setumaa

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2014

The article addresses some etymological issues of the place names of Setumaa, which have hitherto received insufficient attention, if any. Those issues include Baltic substrate names. Attention is drawn to those names of Russian origin that reflect sound changes enabling relative dating. The article emphasizes the necessity of a systematic in-depth investigation of the stratigraphy of the whole toponymic material recorded from Setumaa, with a view to obtaining new reliable information on the settlement history of the region.

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Klausiamieji sakiniai publicistinio stiliaus tekstuose

Author(s): Audronė Bitinienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2004

The article analyses interrogative sentences in journalistic style texts. In exploring their frequency and use tendencies, it is important that interrogative sentences can provide information, while the author himself may be their target audience. The functions of interrogative sentences are associated with many parameters, which indicate that the primary use area of these sentences is dialogue. The dialogising direction of journalistic style texts depend on its strains; the genre dispersion of the journalistic style is based on the relation between monologue and dialogue in the text. The basis of dialogue genres (interview; talk) is formed by a stylised dialogue; in monologue texts, interrogative sentences are most often included into dialogising fragments. It appears from specific texts that journalistic style texts are united by the attitude of a friendly, respectful conversation with the target person, with the aim of convincing and influencing him. This general attitude helps to realise linguistic instruments of a colloquial form. The dialogising of journalistic style texts brings monologue closer to the spoken language, but does not copy it. To summarise, it should be said that in journalistic style texts, it is possible to distinguish two layers of linguistic instruments corresponding to the functions of a linguistic act. Some linguistic instruments are associated with the communication of information; others are used for highlighting polemic statements. The elements of the first layer provide new information, while elements of the second group should be interpreted as verificational ones – conveying response to the possible opinion of the target person. For functional stylistics, it is important that factual information is associated with standard expression, while verificational elements – with implicit or explicit dialogue.

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Из диалектологического архива: польская диалектная речь жителей окрестностей Бражуоле (Тракайский район, 1992 г.)

Author(s): Elena Konickaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2014

The article provides dialectological recordings of Polish (the so-called polszczyznа kresowа) from the Trakai region, specifically Bražuolė and its surroundings, made during the expeditions in the 1990’s organized by the Department of Slavic Philology at Vilnius University. The Polish recordings are from an areal characterized sociolinguistically by the interface of four languages: the Polish dialect, Belarusian (po-prostu), Russian, and Lithuanian. These recordings reflect crucial and previously unidentified features of the sociolinguistic environment, as well as constitute historical evidence of language contact in Bražuolė and its surroundings. The data presented in the article can be used for further work on the history of language contacts in Lithuania.

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Декоративные вербы в западной Беларуси и восточной Литве во второй половине ХХ–начале ХХI вв.

Author(s): Jonas Mardosa / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2013

Various consecrated symbols play a special role in folk culture and folk religion. In the Christian liturgy, the verba (palm) is a symbol having a concrete religious meaning. In the second half of the 20th century, in Western Belarus and Eastern Lithuania, a tendency to consider verba from the aesthetic point of view emerged. An exceptional case among the verba (between Belarusian, Russian, Polish, and Lithuanian believers) are the decorated symbol, which may be called palm-shape verba. Amongst the believers of Belarus, regardless of confession, the decorated verba (with flowers) has become a symbol of the contemporary religious identity. Verbas with decorations in Eastern Lithuania are more popular amongst Polish believers; in Western Belarus, they are blessed regardless of confessional and nationality differences. In the beginning of the 21st century, three main variants of palm-shaped verba may be found. The first variant is made from willow or juniper twigs decorated with dry and green flower blossoms (or the twigs of both trees are used together). The second and very popular decoration variant is artificial flowers attached to a willow twig. In the third variant, the blossoms made from threads are arranged along the whole length of a willow twig. An exceptional case among the decorated verbas in Eastern Lithuania are the Vilnius verba. This variant of decorated verba first appeared at the start of the 19th century in the surrounding areas of Vilnius. Originally, these verbas were associated with the Polish religious and folk culture of Southeast Lithuania. In the second half of the 20th century, the Vilnius verbas were strongly linked with the Catholic Lithuanian and Polish folk culture of the Vilnius region, but have not been popular amongst the believers of Belarus. Considerable differences may be noticed in the scope and content of decorative elements in the verba of Lithuania and Belarus. In Lithuania, decorated verbas are more popular among urban Catholics. Thus, verba reveals the diversity of the Christian tradition, which comprises the exceptional features of the contemporary folk religion in Eastern Lithuania and Western Belarus. Through the link between the verba and the ethnic and confessional communities, these variants of the symbol become an important identity-forming factor for the inhabitants of Western Belarus and Eastern Lithuania in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century

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Księga akt grodzkich trockich [1660–1661] ze zbiorуw Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego

Author(s): Viktorija Ušinskienė / Language(s): Polish Issue: -/2013

Przechowywana w BUW kolekcja rękopiśmiennych akt sądowych zawiera 543 zespoły z lat 1540–1845. Do r. 1915 stanowiły one znaczną część olbrzymich zasobów Archiwum Centralnego Akt Dawnych w Wilnie (1852–1915). Kolekcja dostarcza cennych informacji na temat życia społecznego i politycznego WKL, między innymi — na temat sytuacji kulturowej i językowej w XVI–XIX ww. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest sporządzenie inwentarza analitycznego zespołu, zaznaczonego w katalogu BUW jako Akta sądowe grodzkie trockie z lat 1660–1661 (Trakų pilies teismo aktai 1660–1661 m., sygn. F7-TPT, 1660–1661). Tekst stanowi część pierwszą opracowanego inwentarza i zawiera opisy dokumentów 1–200 (K. 1–209). Praca została wykonana w ramach projektu naukowego Księgi sądowe WKL ze zbiorów BUW: cyfrowa baza danych, według którego do r. 2015 przewidziana jest dygitalizacja wszystkich opracowanych materiałów oraz stworzenie elektronicznego skorowidza nazw własnych i geograficznych.

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Metropolis Kijoviensis. Каталог i тексти петербурзьких зiбрань.

Author(s): Marina Vladimirovna Chistiakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2012

Metropolis Kijoviensis. Каталог i тексти петербурзьких зiбрань.Пiдготували Валерiй Зема, Свiтлана Зiнченко, Вiра Фрис. Киïв: Iнститут Iсторiï Украïны НАН Украïны, 2010. XXXVIII, 216 с. ISBN 978-966-02-5751-1.

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Ona Kažukauskaitė (reng.). Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų-lietuvių kalbų žodynas

Author(s): Krystyna Rutkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: -/2011

Review of: Lauryno Ivinskio lenkų-lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Parengė Ona Kažukauskaitė. Vilnius. 2010, Lietuvių kalbos institutas. 2010. 524 p. : faks. + 1 vaizdo diskas (DVD). ISBN 978-609-411-052-8.

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Meilutė Ramonienė (moksl. red.). Miestai ir kalbos

Author(s): Marija Konickaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2011

Review of: Meilutė Ramonienė (moksl. redaktorė), Miestai ir kalbos. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2010. 321 p., ISBN 978-9955-33-634-1.

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Гетеротопия «детства не здесь». К лингвистической характеристике локального сообщества жителей польско-белорусско-литовского языкового пограничья в конце XIX в. (на материале мемуаров В. Л. Скорвида)

Author(s): Sergey Skorvid / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2015

The paper analyses the memoirs written in 1953 by the author’s grandfather (born in 1883 in Dinaburg – today Daugavpils, Latvia). The memoirs were written in Moscow, but describe a childhood spent in the Eastern Borderlands of the former Polish territory Kresy. The text, which is written in Russian with many Polish insertions, may be regarded as an attempt to reconstruct a kind of heterotopia of one of the historical, cultural and ethno-linguistic border areas which existed in Central and Eastern Europe a century ago, as well as the heterotopia of a “childhood spent not here”. The basis of this heterotopia was the concept of “remembered home,” which had a symbolic value for the memoirist, and one of the main elements of it was the local form of the Polish language, which had both a “rural” and a “town” variant of usage according to the extent of penetration of Russian and influence of the Russian language on Polish. The first variant, predominantly Polish, was typical of the landed gentry (and apparently also of the Polonised peasants in the surrounding area), whereas the second variant was significantly Russified, and served as a means of communication among the officials and similar groups of the townspeople. The role of Belarusian and Lithuanian language elements in this heterotopia was not as significant, though Lithuania is present in the analysed memoirs as a constant counterpoint. It is represented by the cultural notions connected with Lithuanian history and mythology, on the one hand, as well as some aspects of everyday life on the other (e. g., some names of foods).

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Незамеченные семантические полонизмы в приказном языке Московского государства

Author(s): Liudmila Pavlovna Garbul / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2016

This article examines the history of the following words found in the 17th c. Musco¬vite State diplomatic correspondence: nasaditi ‘appoint, nominate; invest with author¬ity’, nasaditisja ‘put smb. hostilely, with enmity against smth.; be up in arms (against); threaten, imperil’, nužnyj ‘poor, beggarly, squalid, miserable; meagre, scanty; bad, nasty’, oprava ‘repair(s), repairing; restoration, renewal; improvement’, pobrati ‘take away, be¬reave of; take possession of, seize’, privernuti ‘return, restore, recover’, strašlivyj ‘ter-rible, frightful, horrific’, sumnen’e ‘conscience’, teplica (-y) ‘a locality with hot springs; pl. health resort with hot springs’.The author argues that these words, in the meanings provided above, are probably semantic calques from Polish in the Russian written language of the 16th and 17th centu¬ries, which were borrowed likely through mediation of the written language of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, with the exception of nasaditi.

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Współczesne gwary białoruskie na wschodniej Litwie (rejony ignaliński i święciański)

Author(s): Mirosław Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: -/2016

The aim of the article is to present contemporary Belarusian dialects functioning in Eastern Lithuania (in the regions of Ignalina and Švenčionys), which have not been the subject of comprehensive linguistic research. The basis for the analysis are the author’s own materials, which were collected during field research in 2014-2016. The structure of these Belarusian dialects (selected features in phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and phraseology) as well as the sociolinguistic aspect of their functioning in a multilingual environment are demonstrated in the article.

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Eesti keelest pikas perspektiivis - Keele- ja identiteedipoliitiline analüüs

Author(s): Martin Ehala / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2019

The main trends over the last couple of decades indicate that language ecological conditions have changed radically in Estonia. After a long period of being a country of emigration, Estonia has become attractive to immigration again. Many are returnees, but the second largest group of immigrants comes from Russia and Ukraine. As Estonia needs immigration due to low birth rates and an ageing population, the new immigrants set a new challenge to Estonia’s ability to integrate its Russian-speaking minority, not to mention others from very different backgrounds. To cope with this challenge, the Estonian language and identity politics need first to reject the ultra-liberal ideology that celebrates diversity to the extent that no pressure to integrate with the host society is put on the immigrants. Second, to avoid further segregation of the Russian-speaking minority, the historically parallel Estonian and Russian language school systems need to be integrated into one with Estonian as the language of instruction, but with a wide support for Russian speaking students, including the use of Russian to teach their mother tongue, literature and cultural history. Further, Estonian identity politics should aim to promote the understanding that a person may successfully have two or even more linguistic identities without one necessarily replacing another. As to the internationalisation of higher education, Estonian universities need to find a working balance between using Estonian and English in teaching and research. As Estonia needs smart immigration, the best way to promote this is to provide international students with a working knowledge of the Estonian language and society by their graduation with a possibility to stay and work in Estonia.

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2019

Chronicle of events.

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Lühikroonika

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2020

Chronicle of events.

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Heute sprechen. Literatur, Politik und andere Sprachen im Lied (Herder, Alunāns, Barons)

Author(s): Till Dembeck / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2021

This article claims that the politico-cultural relevance of literary texts in their respective present consists, among other aspects, of their handling of linguistic diversity. As examples, it presents three 18th and 19th century publications from the German and/or Latvian speaking territories which put (folk) songs into the centre of their rather different politicocultural endeavours. Herder’s collection of folk songs from 1778/79 is read as an attempt at a poetic new beginning that makes use of linguistic diversity qua translation in order to inspire originality in the ‘mother tongue’. The folk songs here serve to synchronise and dynamise linguistic means in the name of a new literature. The Dseesmiņas (‘little songs’), a collection of translations of European poetry into Latvian published by Alunāns in 1856, combines precisely this claim to renewal with an attempt at an anti-colonial synchronisation and modernisation of the Latvian language. Eventually, the six-volume collection of Latwju Dainas (Latvian folk songs), published by Barons around 1900, takes up Herder’s efforts to preserve folk songs. Barons synchronises a dialectally, materially and historically diverse corpus of songs in the name of anti-colonial emancipation. In terms of cultural policy, his project aims to give presence to pre-modern folk life under the conditions of modernity.

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Współczesne gwary białoruskie na Litwie (rejon wileński)

Author(s): Mirosław Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the article is to present contemporary Belarusian dialects in south-eastern Lithuania (in the Vilnius region), which have been the subject of linguistic research but not comprehensive. The basis of the analysis is mainly the author’s own materials, materials taped by other dialectologists and dictionary entitled Слоўнік беларускіх гаворак паўночна-заходняй Беларусі і яе пагранічча. The structure of these Belarusian dialects (selected features in phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and phraseology) as well as the sociolinguistic aspect of their use in a multilingual environment are demonstrated in this article. The analysis of the collected material shows that the structure of Belarusian dialects in the study area is well-preserved. Belarusian dialectologists regard the Belarusian dialect in Vilnius Region as a southwestern dialect, which should be described in detail. In the statement of interlocutors, one can note the phonetic, morphological and syntactic features typical for: the south-western dialect, the Central Belarusian subdialects, the Grodno-Baranavichy group of the south-western dialect and the two so-called dialectal zones: western and north-western. Local Belarusian dialects have been influenced by Baltic and Polish for hundreds of years and we can notice numerous borrowings from these and their dialects.

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Litewska mniejszość narodowa w Polsce – język i społeczność

Author(s): Nijola Birgiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2021

This paper is dedicated to Lithuanians, one of the smallest national minorities in Poland. It characterises the Lithuanian community, which densely populates the Podlasie region in three clusters (Puńsk, Sejny, Suwałki). The study presents the last century’s history of the Lithuanian education and culture, including differences between the Puńsk and Sejny centres. Lithuanians’ strong sense of national identity is closely connected with their mother tongue, culture and traditions. The minority’s community nature is evidenced by the high prestige and broad scope of use of the native dialect. The functions of the primary and secondary languages are clearly specified by the Lithuanian- or Polish-speaking recipient. The transformations occurring in the Southern Aukštaitian dialect are aimed at unification of the Sejny and Puńsk dialects in younger people’s speech and creation of a regiolect. Interference under a strong influence of the Polish language is noticeable at all levels of the primary language.

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Multilingual Culinary Lexicon

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article presents the Multilingual Culinary Lexicon – an online repertory for looking up information related to food, cooking and culinary matters in twenty five languages. A Culinary Lexicon has been developed for Bulgarian, and based on the relations of equivalence with English it has been connected with 23 languages for which (lexical-)semantic networks are available. This resulted in an online Multilingual Culinary Lexicon which contains synonyms, translation equivalents, (for some languages) definitions and examples, and for some synonym sets (synsets) – the respective ingredients. The synsets in Bulgarian were supplied with explanatory definitions, grammatical and stylistic labels, and examples in a similar way as in the regular explanatory dictionaries. The Bulgarian Culinary Lexicon comprises 3,222 synsets which contain 5,338 synonyms. The article offers an overview of the way the Multilingual Culinary Lexicon is being developed with a special focus on the additional lexicographic information it contains in comparison with the (Princeton) WordNet.

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POETIC CYCLES AND INFORMATION BEYOND THE MICRO-LEVEL OF WORDS: ON THE TRANSLATIONS OF JOSEPH BRODSKY’S CYCLE A PART OF SPEECH INTO ENGLISH AND LATVIAN

Author(s): Jānis Veckrācis / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

A poetic cycle is a specific case of poetic contextualisation and for translators this means additional efforts in identifying the micro- and macro-level network of functional and semantic links. Joseph Brodsky’s cycle A Part of Speech represents a highly conceptual approach and strong integration of each and every poem. In this context the paper briefly outlines different types of micro- and macroscopic approaches to poetry translation. Further practical analysis of some translation issues observed in the respective English and Latvian translations show that decisions of poetry translators are informed by different backgrounds in the author-text-reader relationships. Artistic creativity is certainly present in the translation activity but this does not mean that a completely independent target text is produced.

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Starp dievišķo un pasaulīgo: diskusijas par 19./20. gs. mijas sabiedrisko morāli Latvijas kristīgajos preses izdevumos

Author(s): Kristīne Ante / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 37/2018

The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was an important period not only in the West European countries, but also in the Russian Empire and the Baltic Provinces incorporated therein. This was the time when the old order of the world had changed and many new and previously not experienced opportunities opened up for Latvian society. People’s living conditions improved, they became more educated, self-confident and active. They started doubting the heritage left by the preceding generations and the traditions nurtured for centuries. They were willing to develop a new world, to give up the former structures of state authority, including the church. This article is aimed at analysing the attitude of various Christian confessions represented in Latvia towards the change brought by the modern century; what was considered the most important virtues and vice of the period; whether there were any differences in the opinions of representatives of various confessions and cultural historical regions on these matters and their attitude towards the new. The publication is based on the periodical press publications of various Christian confessions published in Latvian from the late 19th century to World War I. The Ev. Lutheran church is represented by the supplement Baznīcas un skolas ziņas [Church and School News], later Baznīcas ziņas [Church News] of Latviešu Avīzes [Latvian Newspapers] (1857–1900; 1902–1915). The opinion of the Orthodox on the public morality issues was obtained from the publication Rīgas Garīgais Vēstnesis [Riga Ecclesiastical News] (1902–1905), which was later published under the title Pareizticīgo Latviešu Vēstnesis [Orthodox Latvian News] (1906–1917). The Baptists’ views are represented by two publications, the religious newspaper Evangelists (1881–1887), and Jaunais Jeruzalemes kalendārs [The New Calendar of Jerusalem] (1908–1917, 1925–1934). The periodicals of the Roman Catholics are represented by the first two publications in the Latgallian written language: Gaisma [Light] (1905–1906), Sākla (1906), Auseklis (1906–1907). Because of the prohibition of Latin print it was only possible to start publishing them after 1904. During the reviewed time period, the Christian Church in Latvia was still among the most conservative forces of Latvian society. It stood for the maintenance of the current state authority and the traditional Christian values. Its attitude towards all new ideas and political opinions (for example, materialism and socialism) was undoubtedly negative. All the Christian confessions were also strictly disapproving of the participation of Latvians in the events of the revolution of 1905 by stating that the rebellion against one’s own masters (landlords) was an unfair and dishonest act. Particular criticism was directed against violence. According to the viewpoint of the authors of the Christian press publications, faith in God and obedience to the modern and secular authority was the main cornerstone of the public morality. Still, there were certain differences in this understanding among various confessions. If the Ev. Lutheran, Orthodox and Catholic press media were focusing on the obedience to God and the man (a landlord, a priest or one’s employer), the Baptists’ publications only focused on obedience to the Bible. Thus, the Baptists’ press publications emphasised the necessity of faith as opposed to obedience. Baptists (different from other Christian confessions in Latvia) were the only ones preaching the idea of equality in the Christian parish. They emphasised each individual’s responsibility for the salvation of one’s own soul, as opposed to the individual’s responsibility towards society. All the reviewed press publications agreed that drinking was the biggest vice of the Latvians (following straight after the lack of faith). The plague of drinking is a bad habit described in numerous articles of that period. The Latgallian Catholic press publications also condemned obscurantism or the lack of willingness to study as an important opportunity for self-development.

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