ULOGA AKADEMSKE ZAJEDNICE U CIVILNOM NADZORU NAD RADOM OBAVJEŠTAJNO SIGURNOSNE SLUŽBE

Author(s): Adnan Duraković / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 07/2011

The main goal of the paper is to point to opportunity of involving academic community as the key factor in production of knowledge for the main purpose of cooperation and democratic oversight of security intelligence services. Old fashion way of generating intelligence throught the bureauocratic mechanism will no longer be able to compete with network based production and dissemination of information and knowledge. Security phenomenons and their trends characterised by dinamics and complexity require interdiciplinary approach and raise an opportunity for cooperation between intelligence and security agencies and academic community. Both of these comunities have simillar caracteristics, resources, methodology and similar goal - to find answers and look for the truth. That could be useful for the purpose of national security and democracy if the differences and specific nature of both sides such as the relationship with the government and society, attitude towards through the secrecy and publicity are taken into account. The main purpose of this cooperation colud take a form of long term planning and identification of threats, better understanding of new security challenges, gaining public support, developing rare skills and management of agencies.

KOMANDNA ODGOVORNOST- OBLIK ODGOVORNOSTI ILI POSEBNO KRIVIČNO DJELO

Author(s): Alen Mujkanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 07/2011

Guilt, in other words criminal responsibility of a commanding officer or other higher-ranked people who gave an order to commit a crime or they themselves somehow participated in direct committing of it, was not disputable neither in earlier criminal-law terms theory and practice, nor it is disputable today. Responsibility, in other words the guilt of those higherranked people is established by means of institute of committing and assisting in the committing of the crime. It is all about the so-called direct command responsibility. Problem emerges when someone wants to prove the guilt of those people who were positioned in state employment or in military organisations. The problem also emerges in proving the guilt of those people who had decreeing authorisation but they didn’t command committing of the crime (there is no evidence of it) but their contribution to the crime is significant. International Community solved this problem, in order to protect civilians, soldiers and prisoners of war by installing the specific aspect of the guilt, in other words responsibility, which is in theory and in practice called command responsibility, indirect command responsibility, or command responsibility stricto sensu.

SISTEM OSNOVNIH VRIJEDNOSTI U JAVNOJ UPRAVI S POSEBNIM OSVRTOM NA STANJE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Ferid Otajagić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 07/2011

The author deals with the theme of the system of basic values in public administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This issue is a complex and important issue in the process of reform of public administration and civil service to the membership of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the European Union. Standards that represent behavioural framework, work, and relationship of civil servants are derived from principles or qualities understood here under the term values. From the historical aspect there are three types of values identified: political, legal and market value. Traditional values in OSCD countries are: political, legal, and economical (market) values. The main approaches to studying values in public administration used here are: deontological, theological, and spiritualistic approach. While analysing state of values in Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina, constitutional, legal, and ethical values were examined. However, conclusion is that overall individual and organizational practical behaviour of public service in Bosnia and Herzegovina indicates many shortcomings: impartiality, professionalism, efficiency, competence, trust, and responsibility. As solution the following measures have been suggested: ethical codex and its executable mechanism must become integral constituent of totality of organizational rules of the system of public service, and therefore integration of ethical reform in the process of overall reform of public service should be understood as issue of obligation of B&H in the process of inclusion into European Union.

EVROPSKO KOMPANIJSKO PRAVO – ODRAZ RAZVOJA EVROPSKOG IDENTITETA U EVROPSKOJ UNIJI I BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Ivana Grubešić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 07/2011

The attempts to unite European lands and peoples with a view to develop European identity harking back centuries were concluded with the foundation of the European Steel and Coal Community in the 1950s. Necessity to join the postwar Europe thus rise to the status of an equal to the economies of USA and SSSR, the superpowers of the era, led to laying the first foundation for the further development of the modern European collective identity – the single European market. The insecurity incumbent in the national markets at that time induced the states to create the single market based on the four freedoms of movement, still taking into account the diversities and discrepancies between the national systems. The need for people to move and conduct business in a free manner regardless of the national borders and for free movement of capital, goods and services would not be entirely satisfied without also enabling companies to be founded in the likewise manner. Founded in the freedom to establish companies freely, and the recognition these companies received from all member states, respectful of the right to competitiveness, the 1970s in Europe can be distinguished by the ascent of European company law. Just as the European identity is constituted on the differences of national traditions, so has the European company law, as a basic pillar of European identity, developed respecting the differences of the economic systems, always striving for the optimal response, provided by the national legislature, to the current issues. The thirty-year development of the European company law points to the application of different legal remedies in accomplishing a single goal - creating an awareness of a unified Europe marked by the freedom of an individual to live and do business unimpeded by the restrictions the national borders pose to that ideal. With the same ideal in mind we are moving towards a modernization of European company law, as intended buy the Action plan from 2003 and 2006. This will be a step in the direction of further simplification and reducing the gap between the national regulations in the field of European company law. Aiming to create a single economic space as a prerequisite to the EU membership, Bosnia and Herzegovina is obliged to harmonize the national company law with the existing European company law. A gradual implementation of the guidelines and measures defined by the Accession and stabilization agreement will provide the business entities in Bosnian market with the necessary competitiveness to efficiently and successfully operate in the single European market creating the foundation for generating the European identity in domestic markets.

BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA PRED USTAVNIM IZBOROM

Author(s): Enver Išerić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 07/2011

The author of the article analyses the existing Constitutional solutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, emphasizing provisions being in direct opposition to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights. These provisions refer to the selection of the Members of the Parliament of B&H as well as Members of the House of Peoples of the Parliamentary Assembly of B&H. In addition, the author indicates on the Constitutional and International responsibility of B&H comparing the Constitution of B&H with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights. It is recognised in international circles that the Dayton Peace Agreement has tightened the results of the execution of ethnic cleansing. Farthermore, the text deals with the issues concerning asymmetric formation of entities, as well as referendum request. The author explains the right for self-determination as well as principles for human rights protecion where every human being has the right to freedom of expression of its ethnic, religious or linguistic community. In the end, the author concludes that in the accession process to NATO or EU, Bosnia and Herzegovina has to be more functional state and political leaders need to understand that they are faced with the choice: to retain unchanged Constitution and to bear economic, social or political consequences or to enforce Constitutional Amendments in order to make Bosnia and Hezegovina more stable, functional and prosperious state inside the European Union.

EVROPSKI IDENTITET I RIMSKOPRAVNI TEMELJI PRAVA SREDNJOVJEKOVNE BOSNE

Author(s): Dževad Drino / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 07/2011

The paper discusses influences on the Bosnian medieval law development, its role and importance in context of the European ius commune. Adopted Roman law influenced the law of the Duchy of Bosnia, then the Kongdom of Bosnia, primarily through the law of Mediterranean cities, where a legal transaction was the liveliest. The influence of the Hungarian law and the Sasks law was also visible, but the impact of canon law, which was developed and sirens from the Franciscan monastery was not negligible either. Revewing the elements of the Bosnian medieval law, it is evident that the Roman law had the greatest impact on contries of the former European area, where the Bosnia as a whole shared the fate of the legal development of neighboring countries.

PROŠIRENJE EVROPSKE UNIJE: LISABONSKI UGOVOR I ZAPADNI BALKAN

Author(s): Adnan Mahmutović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 07/2011

In last 15 years the EU almost doubled the number of its member states, and enlargement became almost continous phenomena in the EU. Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, supplemented by the Copenhagen criteria, provides the framework for enlargement. In this sense, the paper discusses the process of EU enlargement in the context of the new Lisbon solutions, conecting with the possibility of forthcoming EU enlargement in the Western Balkans.

Ar nepilotuojamų lėktuvų naudojimas užsienio šalių teritorijoje, kaip atsakas į nevalstybinių subjektų ginkluotas atakas, prieštarauja tarptautinei te

Author(s): Julius Čiegis / Language(s): English Issue: 1(8)/2012

Self-defense in response to armed attacks promulgated by non-state actors is undoubtedly one of the controversial and complex issues in modern international law. Highly economically and technologically developed countries for instance The United States has increasingly relied upon unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, to target and kill enemies in its current armed conflicts. Events such as intervention into a sovereign state, targeted killings and destruction of civilian property causing enormous resonance, interest and discussions among the world's most famous scholars in the field of international law. Moreover, the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles because of its robotic nature, which is not covered by any legal written source of International law and specific entity of non-state actors causing even more controversy. Ginkluotas atsakas į nevalstybinių subjektų išpuolius savigynos tikslais yra neabejotinai viena iš prieštaringiausių ir daugiausiai diskusijų sukelianti šiuolaikinės tarptautinės viešosios teisės temų. Ekonomiškai ir technologiškai pažengusios valstybės, šiuolaikiniuose ginkluotose konfliktuose, priešo gyvajai jėgai naikinti, vis labiau remiasi nepilotuojamų orlaivių suteikiamomis galimybėmis. Tokie reiškiniai, kaip intervencija į suverenios valstybės teritoriją, tiksliniai nevalstybinių subjektų nužudymai ir civilių turto naikinimas, sukelia didžiulį rezonansą, susidomėjimą ir diskusijas tarp garsiausių pasaulio teisės mokslininkų. Nepilotuojamų orlaivių naudojimas karo tikslais, sukelia dar daugiau ginčų, dėl išskirtinių nepilotuojamuose orlaiviuose naudojamų technologijų, kurių naudojimą karo tikslais, nereglamentuoja nei vienas humanitarinės teisės šaltinis bei jų specifinio taikinio, t.y. nevalstybinių subjektų.

Interneto paslaugų tiekėjų civilinė atsakomybė už trečiųjų asmenų perduotą informaciją: teisinio reglamentavimo problemos ir perspektyvos

Author(s): Karolis Vinciūnas / Language(s): English Issue: 1(8)/2012

Author evaluates the necessity and scope of the legal responsibility of ISPs for the information transmitted through their networks by third parties and introduces basic principles which could form a background for a unified civil liability system of ISP. Main theories of a civil liability for the information transmitted by third parties are analyzed, the main legal acts and notable cases of this type worldwide are examined. Based on the said analysis, author points outs legal regimes on which the background for ISPs’ civil liability system can be built and presents principles for a model of the global regime of a responsibility. It is concluded that incorporation of principles of Internet freedom and privacy, tech-friendly approach, cyber-territorial jurisdiction, consideration of different functioning of various ISPs and their combination with certain legal regimes is the best possible solution to sustainable and sound development of the global civil liability system of ISPs. Spartus interneto augimas pirmiausiai yra susijęs su interneto paslaugų tiekėjais (IPT), suteikiančiais prieigos prie duomenų per viešo naudojimo kompiuterių tinklą paslaugas. Vieningo interneto teisinio reglamentavimo nebuvimas nulemia kovos su internetiniais nusikaltimais (autorių teisių, privatumo pažeidimai ir kt.), o taip pat apriboja IPT galimybes apsiginti nuo trečiųjų asmenų civilinių ieškinių, susijusių su minėtų nusikaltimų sukelta žala. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra įvertinti IPT civilinės atsakomybės už trečiųjų asmenų perduotą informaciją apimtį ir pristatyti pagrindinius principus, kuriais būtų kuriamas bendras globalus IPT civilinės atsakomybės mechanizmo pagrindas. Straipsnyje yra analizuojamos pagrindinės IPT civilinės atsakomybės teorijos ir priskyrimo modeliai, aptariami pagrindiniai šios srities ES ir JAV teisės aktai bei svarbiausios bylos. Straipsnio pabaigoje pristatomi pagrindiniai teisiniai režimai ir principai, būtini vieningai IPT civilinės atsakomybės sistemai.

Piktnaudžiavimas taikytinos teisės kolizinėmis normomis

Author(s): Egidija Laurišaitė,Jurgita Grigienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1(8)/2012

Conflict of law rules differ from state to state and therefore can encourage persons to evade those conflict norms to achieve the better law or better court. The main purpose of European Community legal tools for private international law is to ensure the same rules for all the member states in order to achieve proper functioning of judicial area. But the unification of law in European Community doesn’t cover all fields and therefore exists possibilities for law shopping. Law shopping and forum shopping can develop into evasion of conflict norms and in such a case it's against the basic principle of law - that no law can arise from illegal action. Article analyses legal consequences for persons who evade conflict of law norms. Authors analyses the concept of law shopping, forum shopping and evasion of law. The definition of law shopping and forum shopping are ambiguous. On the one hand, person can choose more appropriate law for legal… More information can be found in the article. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami valstybių kolizinių normų skirtumai bei nepakankama kolizinių normų harmonizacija, kuri sudaro prielaidas atsirasti teisės bei teismo pirkimui (atitinkamai angl. law shopping bei angl. forum shopping), o pastarųjų egzistavimas - piktnaudžiavimu teise, teisės apėjimu (pranc. froid à la loi). Viena vertus, laisvas taikytinos teisės ir teismo pasirinkimas yra visuotinai pripažįstamo šalių autonomijos principo išdava. Kita vertus, kai viena ar abi ginčo šalys siekia kuo palankesnio teismo sprendimo, piktnaudžiaudamos teise pasirinkti taikytiną teisę ar teismą kitos proceso šalies teisių sąskaita, pažeidžiami visuotinai įtvirtinti sąžiningumo, protingumo bei teisingumo principai. Piktnaudžiavimas taikytinos teisės kolizinėmis normomis sukelia teisinį netikrumą, pasekmės gali būti visiškai nenuspėjamos. Pasaulyje yra daugiau nei du šimtai teisės sistemų ir kiekviena iš jų tą patį teisinį santykį gali reglamentuoti savitai... Daugiau informacijos ieškoti straipsnyje.

ES finansų reguliavimo ir priežiūros reformos įtaka pagrindinių Lietuvos finansų rinkų reguliavimo principų vystymuisi

Author(s): Nerijus Strikulys / Language(s): English Issue: 1(8)/2012

The main aim of this work is to answer to the question of how will the EU financial regulatory and supervision reform will impact the development of the fundamental principles of Lithuanian financial market regulation. For this reason in the first part of this article determines the concept of legal principle and the typology of the principles of financial regulation and supervision. The second part is dedicated for the understanding of the EU financial regulatory and supervision reform and in the last part of this article the author examines one of the most important tasks of the financial markets – prevention and management of the systemic risk, which leads to the understanding of the framework of Lithuanian financial markets regulation and supervision. This analysis shows that there is no doubt that European Union financial regulatory and supervision reform will have a major impact on the fundamental principles of Lithuanian financial market regulation. Straipsnio autorius siekdamas išsiaiškinti, kaip ES finansų reguliavimo ir priežiūros reforma įtakos pagrindinių Lietuvos finansų rinkos reguliavimo principų vystymuisi šiame straipsnyje iškėlė hipotezę – ES finansų reguliavimo ir priežiūros reforma turės esminės įtakos pagrindiniams Lietuvos finansų rinkos reguliavimo principams. Tuo tikslu šiame straipsnyje yra (i) apibrėžiami pagrindiniai finansų teisės principai bei analizuojama šių principų praktinis pritaikymas skirtingose finansų rinkos reguliavimo ir priežiūros sistemose, (ii) analizuojami naujai kuriamos ES finansų rinkos reguliavimo ir priežiūros sistemos reglamentuojantys teisės aktai bei jų galima įtaka valstybių narių teisėkūrai (iii) analizuojama dabartinė Lietuvos finansų rinkos priežiūros sistema ir ją reglamentuojantys teisės aktai; bei (v) įvertinama ES finansų reguliavimo ir priežiūros reformos įtaka atskirų pagrindinių Lietuvos finansų rinkų reguliavimo principų vystymuisi.

Redakcijos žodis

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1(8)/2012

Statutul legal al întreprinderilor publice şi monopolurilor comerciale în Uniunea Europeană

Author(s): Ovidiu Horia Maican / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2013

The public sector, represented mainly by public enterprises, is important because it provides the link between the private and public interests. The state support for public enterprises and trade monopolies may create discrimination between them and private companies. Because of the importance of this issue, it has been regulated at Community level.

Elementul material al infracţiunii de vătămare a fătului prevăzută în articolul 202 din noul Cod penal

Author(s): Mihaela Rotaru / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2013

Taking into consideration the impending entry into force of the new Criminal Code, we have thought the analysis of the material element of the offense of injury to the fetus to be necessary because the Criminal Code in force does not contain a similar regulation, whose passive subject to be the fetus. Because we do not have rules of the Court in this field yet we have tried to give possible examples in order to explain the theoretical aspects presented in the study.

Separaţia puterilor în stat şi loialitatea constituţională

Author(s): Marieta Safta / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2013

The complexity and dynamics of political life leads to developments and reconsiderations in terms of classical theories of constitutional law. Such a process occurs also in the case of separation of powers. Many factors have a bearing on how this theory is currently translated into practice, which requires additional perspectives of analysis in order to develop improved models of cooperation and balance of powers, according to new political realities. This study aims at examining the principle of separation and balance of powers in terms of mutual respect and loyal cooperation between institutions, or, in a broader sense, of constitutional loyalty, an intrinsic value-principle of all constitutions, without which no fundamental law, no matter of how democratic it might be, could function properly2. Based on examination of concrete cases drawn from the case-law of the Constitutional Court of Romania, the study demonstrates that, in lack of constitutional loyalty, the objective pursued by enshrining the principle of separation of powers cannot be achieved effectively, i.e. compliance of public authorities and political actors with constitutional provisions is purely formal and the alleged collaboration between them is a "dialogue of the deaf" at the expense of democracy. The seriousness of the consequences of this type of behaviour requires identification of remedies. What are the limits and what solutions can be identified in this regard are questions that also we aim to answer.

Dreptul de folosinţă cu titlu gratuit în reglementarea noului Cod civil

Author(s): Raluca Dimitriu / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2013

The gratuitous right of use is regulated by the new Civil Code as one of the rights corresponding to the public property. The paper aims to analyse this right in the context of the current legislation, in view of the beneficiaries, the content and the juridical characteristics, as well as the legal limits of the gratuitous right of use. There are identified the categories of legal persons who can exercise the gratuitous right of use and the conditions which should be fulfilled in order to exercise it. The rules of the new Civil Code are written in relation with special legislation in force, as well as from a historical perspective. Finally, there are analysed the aspects regarding the way in which this right should be exercised and protected. The right of gratuitous use, located at the intersection between civil law and administrative law, raises interesting practical problems, and also problems related to the interpretation of legal rules, which the present study is aiming to put into light.

Convențiile privind prescripția extinctivă

Author(s): Eugen Hurubă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2013

Unlike the former regulation in the matter, established by Decree no. 167/1958, which gave the value of public order to the statute of limitations, the new Civil Code re-qualifies the institution of the statute of limitations and treats it, in terms of civil proceedings, as value accessible to the convention or conventional clause established by agreement of the parties, which may derogate from law within certain limits.

Vânzarea silită imobiliară în contextul noului Cod de procedură civilă. Aspecte privitoare la înscrierea în cartea funciară a actelor de executare

Author(s): Oliviu Puie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2013

The new civil procedure Code, perfecting the monistic concept started by the new civil Code, brings significant changes in the matter of forced sale of real estate as well, but, unfortunately, without such rules offering clear vision and precision, therefore lacking “the quality of law” , as the European litigation court has laid down this principle many times in the judgments against Romania. In the light of the new civil procedure Code, this study intends to perform a logical and systematic analysis of a fundamental institution in the matter of forced sale of real estate, in the context in which the new regulatory framework does not provide clear and predictable rules in this matter, and it also does not state clearly the steps to be taken for starting the procedure of forced sale of real estate.

Regula generală și regulile speciale privind începutul cursului prescripţiei extinctive în noul Cod civil

Author(s): Andrada Mihaela Truşcă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2013

Statute of limitations consists in extinction of a material right to action that has not been exercised within the period of limitation prescribed by law. It follows that the constituent, essential element of prescription is a time limit within which the holder of a civil subjective right (violated, ignored, contested) must exercise the right of action by which it is defended that as subjective. To start statute of limitations, the law-maker has acted in two ways: he fixed two alternative moments when entitlement to action and set out the general rule, special situations where the prescription right of action to start flowing at a certain time, expressly provided or, where circumstances can be easily determined by the parties and in case of dispute by the court.

Instanţa de judecată – subiect specific în procedura de executare a Republicii Moldova

Author(s): Gheorghe Stratulat / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2013

The involvement of the court in the enforcement procedure has as goal the ensurance of the legality principle in the carrying out of justice and represents as well a guarantee in the accomplishment of rights and execution of duties by the participants to the trial and third parties. In its quality of specific subject, the court has attributions of its own, indispensable for the ensuring of an effective and equitable enforcement procedure. In this sense, the efficiency and value of the judgments of a court cannot be reduced only to its legality and rationality, its final goal being the material accomplishment of the rights acquired on the basis of the enforceable title. Consequently, we can outline, the envolvement of the court as a determining subject in the