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Filozofijsko-teologijsko nasljeđe Emanuela Swedenborga: Početak sistematizacije moderne evropske ezoterijske tradicije

Author(s): Samir Beglerović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 29/2018

This Essay, written as a scientific preview, issues the question of the intellectual heritage of Emanuel Swedenborg, being present in the fields of philosophy and theology. Having that in mind, only those theories have been displayed which can be brought into connection with the thought of Swedenborg, being it directly or circuitously. Due to that, a full oeuvre of mentioned authors hasn’t been treated.Keywords: theory of signatures, imaginative world, mysticism, modern European esoteric tradition, Swedenborg, Böhme, Kant, Suzuki, Corbin

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Zakład Pascala (przeł. Marcin Iwanicki i Anna Maria Karczewska)

Author(s): Alan Hájek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The Author examines the classical reasoning called “Pascal’s wager” in the framework of decision theory. He distinguishes in Pascal’s original text three separate arguments: (i) the argument from superdominance, (ii) the argument from expectation, and (iii) the argument from generalized expectations. The paper addresses the third argument, discusses objections raised against it and finally investigates the true meaning of its conclusion.

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Siris and Berkeley’s Late Social Philosophy

Author(s): Adam Grzeliński / Language(s): English Issue: XXX/2018

In the present article, I aim at showing a shift in Berkeley’s understanding of society in the late Siris (1744). Although the work is primarily devoted to the curative qualities of tar-water and on the speculative level develops a new neoplatonic metaphysic of light, it should also be seen as a work in which Berkeley’s mature philosophy is expressed as a whole. Together with the fact that since the thirties Berkeley thought was more inclined towards practical, i.e. economic and social, issues, this might be a premise for interpreting the Siris as a work in which a vision of society is presented. The parallelism of nature and society, of macrocosm and microcosm, and the claim that nature is not perfect, but is a dynamic, developing whole, makes it possible to treat society as an imperfect whole developed and perfected by human activity. If such a reading is correct it evidences the fact that in his Siris Berkeley abandoned the religious radicalism typical for his early works.

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JOHN STUART MILL’İN FAYDACI AHLÂKI

Author(s): Metin Aydin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2013

Utilitarianism, systematised by Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) in 18th century, is a theory having strong effects in many different areas from economy and ethics to politic and law especially in England and geographies in which Anglo-Saxon culture reigns. John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873) reinterpreted Utilitrianism which was inherited from Bentham, in the context of critics of utilitarianism and his own thoughts. In this essay, Mill’s utilitarianism will be examined. In this context, I will discuss how his utilitarianism evolved from hedonist position to eudeomonist position. For this purpose, primarily, Mill’s utilitarianism will be introduced roughly, then the principle of utility in Mill’s utilitarianism, the happiness term developed in the basis of this principle, pleasure, value, freedom, character development, the state, sanction and justice, which have value in the extent to contributing the happiness shall be studied.

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L’Homme as a Cornerstone of Descartes’ Anthropology

Author(s): Anatolii Malivskyi,Volodymyr Khmil / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2018

According to the authors, in the current research on the legacy of Descartes, the significance of the text left by Descartes in the form of an unfinished text L’Homme has not yet been sufficiently appreciated. The analysis of this dissertation makes it possible to see that for Descartes, which this philosopher expressed especially in the early period of his activity, the worldview issues were of priority, and in particular the understanding of man and his place in reality. On the basis of the analyzes carried out, the authors conclude that in all of Descartes’ work, even those that do not directly refer to anthropological issues and raise physics issues, there is a vision of the man Descartes sketched in L’Homme.

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JOHN LOCKE EPİSTEMOLOJİSİNDE BİLGİ VE İMAN

Author(s): İbrahim Bor / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 24/2011

This work explores the primary components of epistemology, its justification and epistemological relations from John Locke’s perspective. John Locke is widely known as one of the founders of the theory knowledge. One of the arguments to be proven in this work is though the main attribute (quality, characteristic) of knowledge is “certainty” based on experience and/or rational argumentation, the epistemological function of “faith” steps in at the point where the limit of the certain knowledge ends. In this regard, it is asserted that in the Lockean epistemology the relation of faith and knowledge can be established in a way called negative epistemology.

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Pantheism

Author(s): James Cargile / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Pantheism faces two main difficulties. First, making a logically secure identification of a whole or totality of all things. The ex-istence of a universal set is challenged by Cantor’s Paradox. The existence of one mereological whole of space is challenged by the possibility of distinct spaces with no spatial connection. Second, given a whole, there is the question whether it qualifies as God. The identification calls for showing the whole has features taken to be distinctive of God, such as being omnipotent, omniscient, the source of everything, and most of all, most worthy of worship. I argue that pantheism cannot overcome these difficulties and that traditional theism has a rational core which can.

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Kant i garancija večnog mira

Author(s): Otfrid Höffe / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 24/2015

Iz Kantovog pera potiče najznačajniji novovekovni spis o miru, ujedno i najteži tekst celokupne zapadne filozofije. Nevelika rasprava Ka večnom miru razmatra pet velikih, relativno samostalnih tema, u čijem središtu se nalazi jedna filozofija istorije. U odnosu na Kantov ključni filozofsko-istorijski tekst, Ideju o opštoj povesti radi ostvarivanja svetskog građanskog poretka, ova rasprava donosi jedan novi naglasak. Dok se u Ideji radi o razvoju svih izvornih dispozicija ljudskog roda (Ideja, VIII, 28), spis o miru cilja na dalekosežni mirovni poredak, za koji Kant skicira teleološku teoriju prirode pod naslovom „O garanciji večnog mira“. [...]

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Lajbnicova filozofija

Author(s): Dragan Prole / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2015

In the first part of the paper, the author examines Leibniz’s philosophy as an attempt, whose purpose was to re-establish the scientific prerogatives of the philosophia prima. Unlike Descartes, Leibniz’s philosophical detours and impasses cannot be elucidated via a presumption of a transcendent, supernatural intervention (malin génie). On the contrary, Leibniz has been ceaselessly showing that we should not blame the supernatural beings for our thinking mistakes, but instead our close contact with the natural beings. In the second part, the author claims that Leibniz has promoted reconciliation as the basic philosophical activity, by pointing out that the oppositions, largely widespread throughout the heritage of philosophy, are not the real, but spectral ones. Nevertheless, each particular philosophical standpoint might deserve its acceptance only if we manage to establish, while taking it as the point of departure, the connection with all the other standpoints, including the antithetical ones. The logical foundation of such a linkage should be considered as a philosophical act of reconciliation.

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Lajbnic i Dekart: od univerzalnog jezika do univerzalnog znanja

Author(s): Aleksandar Matković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2015

The paper deals with the relation between Descartes’ project of Mathesis universalis and Leibniz’s universal language. Although there have been many attempts to develop such a language already in Leibniz’s time, what makes Leibniz stand out among them is an attempt to secure the foundations of such a language in a philosophical manner – the roots of Leibniz’s philosophical grounding of a lingua universalis have a Cartesian basis. Despite the fact that he criticized Descartes’ quest for universal knowledge from the days of the Regulae, Leibniz took up the basic motives of such pursuits when developing his own universal characteristic in the Ars Combinatoria in 1666. He attempts at nothing less than to provide a new answer to the need for establishing the sciences – instead of methodology and perception, Leibniz sees the criteria of scientifi city in the possibilities of language formalization. It is here that something foreign to Cartesian thought and very characteristic of Leibnitz’s system arises, something that will leave a mark on twentieth century thinkers ranging from Borges and Husserl to Foucault and Deleuze – namely, the notion of a sign as a basic expression of thought. The author later develops implications of this shift with relation to the basic motives of Leibniz’s philosophy – the concepts of combinatorics, monads and the relationship between a universal language and scientifi city.

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Romantizovanje ili romantičarsko osporavanje prosvetiteljstva?

Author(s): Predrag Krstić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2015

The article argues that early Romanticism, articulating its own view, addresses to the Enlightenment an “aesthetic” remark which be traced deep into the twentieth century. The author of the work found it, after Schlegel and his school, not only in Weber ‘s diagnosis of institutionalized rationality of Western civilization, and in the Horkheimer’s and Adorno’s Dialectic of Enlightenment and the critique of the goal-oriented or instrumental reason of modernity that followed, but in a different way, also in Foucault, Böhme brothers, and even in postmodern philosophy and neopragmatism. It is concluded that all these orientations share detection of the lack od self-enlightenment of the Enlightenment and, consequently, the lack of its self-referential correction. These unaccounted costs of violations the Enlightenment committed to its “other”, irreversibly or somehow still recoverable, undermines its original critical and emancipatory program.

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Kantov naučni rasizam

Author(s): Goran Rujević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 22/2014

This paper addresses the problem of finding a basis of scientific racism in Kant’s understanding of the races of man. Scientific racism is a procedure of justifying racist beliefs by means of biased interpretation of scientific discoveries. It is well known that Kant sporadically asserts some severely racist statements. However, analysis of the works in which such statements occur shows that they can be considered as nothing more than intruders that do not have any substantial connection or contribution to Kant’s understanding of races of man. Kant is one of the first thinkers to consider the notion of race from a scientific perspective, but that does not necessarily mean that he embraced scientific racism nor that his ethical and naturalistic reflections are irreversibly compromised by his occasional racist outbursts.

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Posredovanje Spinozizma. Uvodna reč o tzv. sporu o panteizmu

Author(s): Stanko Vlaški / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 19/2013

The so-called pantheism controversy raised about 1783. out of the Jacobi’s assertion that Lessing was a Spinozist and interest in philosophy of Spinoza since then have been increased. This is the historical significance of the pantheism controversy. The philosophical one lies in the fact that the most important philosophical doctrines of these times were formed through the confrontation with the revitalized Spinozism. Because of that, the author in this paper examines the assumptions, circumstances and the course of the dispute, considering the standpoints of its best known participants. At the end of the final chapter, he is trying to find the implications of the controversy in the contemporary philosophical debates, too.

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Dekart i Lorhard. Konstitucija novovekovne ontologije

Author(s): Dragan Prole / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 17/2012

The author initially considers the philosophical circumstances that lead to the contemporary affirmation of ontology as the primary philosophy in the beginning of the 17th century. To better distinguish the difference between the “old” and “new”, that is, the classical and modern philosophy, the relation between Descartes’ thematization of being, according to the Aristotle’s request to investigate the being in different manner, is analyzed. This relation is expressively reductive, as it leaves only one of Aristotle’s four ways – displaying the false and true – with Descartes. The display of the false and the true is based on a certainty that the pros hemas, in relation to us, integrates that in itself, kat’auto. In the second part of the paper, the difficulties that come from the synonymous use of the terms philosophia prima, metaphysica and ontology are analyzed. The author concludes that the new term, in case of ontology, has not resulted in an establishment of a new kind of a philosophical discipline, but has in turn marked a new manner of deliberating through the old philosophical problems. The source of the confusion and the ostensible synonymy between ontology and metaphysics has appeared as a consequence of the constellation within which the new deliberation of old problems was easily identified with old disciplines. Taking that into consideration, it is pointed out that the consistent steps taken by the modern promoters of ontology were made to eliminate the term of metaphysics from the philosophical horizon, and not to create a false interchangeability with ontology. Starting with Jacob Lorhard, that is with the first act of the establishment of ontology, the introduction of the new term is somewhat stultified.

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Kauzalnost i determinizam u Dekartovoj filozofiji

Author(s): Zoran Dimić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 17/2012

The objective of this paper is to discuss some important moments in the evolution of the early modern debate on causality, and, more specifically, to discuss the theoretical and scientific context of this problem as inherent to particular answers given by the great philosopher of this era – Descartes. In addition, we would like to show that the development of the early modern debate on causality reveals that particular answers and their logical inconsistency and conceptual troubles within this debate were determined by its immediate context. The modern limiting of philosophy to the study of nature determined the character of all the important philosophical and scientific questions. This was the case with the problem of causality as well. According to Descartes, there was only one cause: the efficient cause. He endorsed two very different concepts of efficient causality. There are particular causes and there is one general cause. Descartes attributed to God the status of a general cause that insures the constancy of quantity of motion in the universe. God created in the beginning, matter and motion, and he conserves exactly the same quantity of motion for all time. Thus only God is the efficient cause of any change of motion. He does so according to the laws of nature, which become secondary causes. The only “active initiator of change” that remained was the cause of all the causes – God. The causal concept got new meaning in the physical world. Thus we come to the conclusion that the determinism was the most important outcome of Descartes’ theory of causation.

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Dekart i sholastička filozofija: problem boga

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 17/2012

The concept of God in this essay is analyzed through similarities and differences of its forging and development in philosophy of Descartes, and the tradition of scholastic philosophy. The author is trying to reveal the way in which Descartes’ thought was determined by this philosophical tradition, both in its critical aspects and in the view of continuity of history of philosophy. Given analysis is to reveal the mechanisms of Descartes’ reforging of scholastical idea of God and the strategies of its argumentative foundation in the philosophical concept of God.

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Teorijske pretpostavke Dekartove „geometrije“

Author(s): Goran Rujević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 17/2012

Descartes’ mathematical thought, given to us in his “Geometry”, is based on several conceptual presuppositions which separate him from his predecessors. The underlying idea of mathesis universalis as the source of all sciences enables him to adequately synthesize algebra and geometry, which is not a one-sided reduction of geometry to algebra, but rather their unification. The analytical method that he applies to problems is truly mathematical, as it consists of finding roots of equations. These equations are, in turn, possible due to another concept, that of a mathematical variable. Equations can be used to describe geometrical figures, as they can express the relations between certain points on the figure and certain points on the coordinate reference system. Qualities of the figure are thereby translated into magnitudes, and the figures themselves are at the same time associated with certain ideal motions. The importance of these presuppositions is evident from Descartes’ ability to solve mathematical problems that were previously deemed unsolvable.

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Закон природе. Оглед о Руђеру Бошковићу

Author(s): Mirko Aćimović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 15/2011

This paper discusses the origin and structure of Boscovich’s new kind of natural philosophy, been reduced to a single law of forces in nature, theoretically located between Newton’s learning about the repulsive and attractive forces and Leibniz’s theory of simple and non-extensive elements of nature.

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Teorija Ruđera Boškovića kao putokaz ka kvantnoj mehanici

Author(s): Dragoslav Stojiljković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2005

It is known that the theory of natural philosophy, reduced at an unique low of the forces existing in the nature, published by Ruger Boscovic two and half centuries ago, has served as a stimulation for a plenty of subsequent scientific achievements. There are many presentations about that in the reviews dealing with the history of natural sciences. According to our knowledge, however, up to now it has been not noticed that Boscovic's theory is a quantum theory indeed. Hence, a short presentation of his theory and the facts ranking Boscovic as a founder of quantum theory has been presented in this article.

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Kantovo mišljenje kao pretpostavka suvremene filozofije?

Author(s): Milan Kangrga / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2005

Naslov ovog izlaganja formuliran je upitno, tako da bi možda bolje glasio: Je li Kantovo mišljenje uopće suvremeno, a onda i aktualno, i kakvo značenje ono ima za našu današnjicu? Dakako, prije svega za filozofijsko mišljenje u našem vremenu? Uz ovu 200-godišnjicu Kantove smrti i 280-godišnjicu rođenja (1724-1804.) raspisale su se, doduše, čak i dnevne novine, što je svakako i lijepo i pohvalno u civilizacijsko-kulturnom pogledu. No, pretežno se to, kao i obično, zbivalo samo kalendarski-vremeplovno, tako da ta kalendarska aktualnost ne govori još ništa o toj su-vremenosti Kantove filozofske misli. Uostalom, suvremenost i aktualnost nisu nipošto identični pojmovi. Suvremenost je, naime, po svom pravom i dubljem smislu upravo kritičko stavljanje u pitanje te svakidašnje aktualnosti, i to primarno u traganju za njezinom bitnom smislenošću, koja bi upućivala na trajniju i bitnu su-djelatnost u smislu produktivne prisutnosti tradicije ili kulturne baštine kao onoga svagda budućega i mogućega, dakle su-stvaralačkog u sadašnjosti i prošlosti. [...]

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