М. М. Ковалевський Як Історик Політичної Думки Англії XVII Ст.

Author(s): Iryna V. Nemchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 28/2017

The article is devoted to the contribution of M. M. Kovalevskyi in the study of English political thought of the 17th century. Being one of the first European scholars who turned to this issue, M. M. Kovalevskyi built his three-volume work «From the direct people’s power to the representative one and from the patriarchal monarchy to parliamentarism» (1906) on a solid source base of political treatises, pamphlet literature, program documents of the political «parties» of the English Revolution, etc. In his work, M. M. Kovalevskyi turns both to political theory, its long-term traditions and transformations in the 17th century, and to the «lower» layer of English political thought, which was closely connected with the realities of social confrontation. The article traces one of the most important lines of M. M. Kovalevskyi’s studies: a stable presence of the concept of a «mixed monarchy», the reign of the king in parliament, in English political thought of the 17th century. Linking the origins of this concept with the political ideas of John Fortescue and with the historical features of English state, M. M. Kovalevskyi shows that not only «constitutionalists» like Henry Parker, John Pym and William Prinn were adherents of this idea, but also the upholders of the «party» of Independents, those political writers who supported the English Republic – John Milton, M. Nedham, Henry Hammond, James Harrington and others. The disposition to the «mixed» government M. M. Kovalevskyi discovers both in the speeches of Cromwell during the Protectorate, and in the works of political thinkers of Restoration period, primarily Algernon Sidney. At the same time, M. M. Kovalevskyi emphasizes that the ideal of mixed government does not necessarily provide democracy. In his opinion, ideas of democracy in the middle of the 17th century were put forward only by the «party» of Levellers, who abandoned the reign of king in parliament.

The Infinity of God in Descartes

Author(s): Tamás Pavlovits / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

Spinoza als Wissenssoziologe – Soziologie des göttlichen Wissens

Author(s): Gábor Boros / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2013

Untersuchung über die Möglichkeit einer Theodizee anhand Kants und Schellings (1809). Metaphysik des Bösen

Author(s): Martin Moors / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2013

Wie macht Schellings Freiheitsschrift Spinoza lebendig – Onto-Theo-Logie in Spinoza und Schelling

Author(s): Gábor Boros / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2013

Die Geschichte der Welt ist die ‚Geschichte Gottes.‘ Die Geburt der Zeit in Schellings Weltalter (Urfassung von 1811)

Author(s): Miklós Vassányi / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2013

ГРАЂАНСКИ РАТ И ПРИРОДНО СТАЊЕ КОД ХОБСА

Author(s): Vladimir Ž. Milisavljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2016

The paper deals with one of the important questions of Hobbes’s philosophy, the relationship between his theoretical model of the state of nature and the historical phenomenon of civil war, which profoundly marked Hobbes’s life as well as his thought. Civil war doesn’t appear explicitly as an example of the state of nature in Hobbes’s works prior to Leviathan (such as The Elements of Law or De cive). However, the way in which Hobbes describes the consequences of civil war, which tears apart the fabric of civil society – most often in the context of his criticism of the separation of powers doctrine – closely resembles a relapse into what he calls the state of nature or war of everybody against everybody. The final part of the article argues that civil war is the best paradigm of the state of nature in Leviathan by way of comparative analysis with two other examples thereof Hobbes gives in this book (the condition of the „savage people“ of America and the relations between sovereign states).

Dekartova odbrana razlike

Author(s): Jasna Šakota-Mimica / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2005

Dans ce mémoire nous nous proposons de presénter l’historique d’une longue polémique que René Descartes avait menée aves plusieurs de ses contemporains – notamment Caterus, Arnauld et Gassendi – essayant de défendre la thèse qu’il y a une différence réelle entre l’âme et le corps. Il est curieux de voir cette polémique se prolonger à travers les siècles, jusqu’à nos jours. Nous nous efforcerons donc de démontrer que certains des commentateurs da la thèse cartésienne, même ceux d’aujourd’hui, négligent trop souvent le fait que Descartes lui-même avait déjâ, dès son vivant, répondu d’une manière claire et distinct aux questions qu’on lui ne cessait de lui poser. En ce sens, il s’avére que notre Philosophe reste une fois pour toute à l’abri de toutes ces objections qui visent à compromettre son argumentation prétendant qu’il s’agissait d’un pur et simple non sequitur.

Može li metafizika napredovati?

Author(s): Dragan Prole / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2005

The review of: Imanuel Kant: Koji su stvarni napreci koje je metafizika ostvarila u Nemačkoj od Lajbnicovih i Volfovih vremena, Svetovi, Novi Sad 2004, prev. Drago Đurić

Kantova etika – staza za poslovnu etiku?

Author(s): Branko Balj / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2004

Beside its formalism, Kant's ethical discourse can in an essential manner found the path for the understanding the essential problems of the New Age pratical philosophy, on one side, and business ethics, on the other. For the fact that business ethics reflects the horizons of time in which the main human concern is profit, but, in the same time, about business moral, which insists on the personal responsibility of man as individual and on the social responsibility of firm. Man as an individuum and as a member of a community is responsible to himself and to other people. That responsibility is refleceted by Kant's supreme moral law, which essence is clearly recognized in acknowledgement and respect of the essence of man, i.e. his personality.

Kantov odgovor

Author(s): Julijana Beli-Genc / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2004

Kantov kratki spis Odgovor na pitanje: Šta je prosvećenost?, doista neobičnog naslova, ostao je dosta dugo u senci njegovih značajnijih i obimnijih dela, pre svega njegove tri kritike, da bi u prošlom veku postao opštepoznat i doživeo vrlo živu recepciju, ne samo u okviru filozofije, nego i nauke o književnosti. Iako je nastao 1784. godine, dakle, posle Kritike listog uma (1781), u okviru tzv. ›prosvetiteljskih spisa‹ u kojima se Kant bavio različitim aspektima prosvećenosti, ovaj spis se zajedno sa ostalima iz ove grupe, čije je stanovište navodno prevazišao, kasnije ipak često ubrajao među njegove pretkritičke radove. [...]

ДИЈАЛЕКТИКA ПРОСВЕТИТЕЉСТВА ИЛИ ДИЈАЛЕКТИКA ПРОСВЕЋЕНОСТИ

Author(s): Mile Savić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2006

In this article problem of the Enlightenment is analyzed through the contest among the historical-descriptive and the philosophical-normative approach to the Enlightenment, that has essentially practical-polemical sense in author’s oppinion. The author reconstructs this contest in the following way. Until the half of 20th century, the philosophical-normative concept of the Enlightenment, which was constructed by critics and enemies of the Enlightenment under the decisive influence of Hegel’s philosophy, was dominate. Since the Enlightenment is essentially disqualified by this approach, an attempt of its defense is directed at the historical study of the Enlightenment intending to be shown that the philosophicalnormative conception of the Enlightenment is construct of its critics which don’t correspond to historical facts. The author emphasizes that a rejaction of the philosophical normative approch, which reconstruct the Enlightenment through a certain synthetic principle, and an examination of the Enlightenment as historical phenomenon, result in a destruction of the very concept of the Enlightenment and a risk of the loss of meaning.

Dubito ergo sum sau despre etica îndoielii ca spectacol al neliniştii inteligenței

Author(s): Adriana Ghiţoi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2014

The big question mark of the current scientific essay has involved a well–known question Montaigne's Que sais-je? and, especially, the challenges the question has generated for the students in journalism as theoretical dimension either for the unrest, or the doubt the daily existence as created as a labyrinth for big question marks in the profession. The ethical perspective has been focused on the keen current issue of who we are and what we are doing in this profession as disciples in a educational system , creating a portrait for a moral professional in an amoral society based on a contemporary intellectual confronted with new technologies and a new fragmented public space, which has changed the functional paradigm for the general valued society in a global/glocal world.

ACADEMIILE DOMNEŞTI DIN BUCUREŞTI ŞI IAŞI ŞI ÎNCEPUTURILE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTULUI FILOSOFIC ROMÂNESC MODERN. SCHIŢA UNUI CONTEXT ISTORIC ŞI CULTURAL

Author(s): Dragoș Popescu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 1/2016

The paper presents the historical and cultural context of the establishmentof the two higher education institutions in the capital cities of the Romanian Principalities(Moldavia and Wallachia), between around 1700 and 1821. In the investigated period,the political and economic dependence of Moldavia and Wallachia to the OttomanEmpire increased, but the administrative organization of the two Principalitiesimproved. At the Princely Academies of Bucharest and Jassy, the education was held inGreek (the recognized language for culture and religion in the former regions of theByzantine Empire), many teachers being Greek language speakers, while the studentswere mainly of Romanian upper class origin or Orthodox Christians from the OttomanEmpire. There are two important periods in the functioning of the Princely Academies:1. The Neo-Aristotelian Period (around 1700 – around 1770); 2. The EnlightenmentPeriod (around 1770–1821). The article analyses each period, with a special focus onthe philosophical disciplines taught in the respective time.

Malebranche'o kosmologija ir antropologija

Author(s): Dalia Marija Stančienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39/2004

The 17th-century philosopher Nicolas Malebranche, influenced by Descartes and Augustine, elaborated his own original cosmology and anthropology. In order to separate himself from pantheism, he claimed that the World is contained by God but not vice versa, as pantheists maintain. According to Malebranche, the World is not an integral whole, for things are not mutually connected: they are connected with God alone. The majority of things in the World have no relations. Only in God does a concept correspond to its object; therefore, God is the cause of human knowledge. Later, similar theories were called panentheistic.

Hėgelio etika: dorovė prieš moralę

Author(s): Loreta Anilionytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39/2004

In the article, the ethics of G. W. F. Hegel is considered as a kind of consummation of the new age ethics. Hegel was not satisfied by the ethical theories of his predecessors. Although he appreciated the ethics of Kant, he was nevertheless dissatisfied by Kant’s moralistic approach and made attempts to overcome it. Hegel was confident that in the theory of morality he managed to surpass subjectivism. In that theory the originator of the common principles of obligation is not a separate person but society, from which, according to Hegel, they get their objective power.

Septynios Šventosios Dvasios dovanos ir jų sąveika su dorybėmis pagal šv. Tomą Akvinietį

Author(s): Jolita Balčiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

St. Thomas Aquinas describes the gifts of the Holy Spirit as a help for a moral Christian life. It is through the gifts of the Holy Spirit that perfection of human nature occurs, as the gifts themselves are perfections, which incline a person to follow the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, this inspiration is God’s special help for a person springing from the abundance of God’s goodness. They let the Holy Spirit act in a person freely and spontaneously and are a kind of permanent right of the Holy Spirit to interfere in the life of a baptised person. Analysing the activities of each gift separately, St. Thomas Aquinas divides them into contemplative and practical, taking into consideration the powers of the human soul, i.e., the powers of reason and appetite. Thus every gift of the Holy Spirit makes perfect a certain power of the human soul so that the Holy Spirit can embrace all spheres of human activity. St. Thomas Aquinas includes the gifts of the Holy Spirit in an integral structure of virtuous life, where seven gifts of the Holy Spirit interact with seven virtues: four cardinal virtues and three divine or theological virtues. Finally, it is revealed that according to St. Thomas Aquinas, gifts and virtues act in a person differently. The gifts of the Holy Spirit, with their activity descending from God, bring human actions to perfection in a supernatural way, contrary to virtues which bring human actions to perfection in a natural way. That is why a Christian reaches his final purpose eternal life not only by practising virtues, but first of all by cooperation with the Holy Spirit and letting It act through Its gifts.

Keturių pirmųjų Aristotelio kategorijų interpretavimas scholastinėje logikoje Lietuvoje XVI a. antrojoje pusėje

Author(s): Vytis Valatka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 37/2004

The interpretation of the first four predicaments of Aristotle’s scholastic logic in Lithuania in the second half of the sixteenth century based itself on Aristotelian definitions and distinctions, offering some small corrections, additions and even deviations. The representatives of the above-mentioned logic, Marcin Úmiglecki, Pedro Viana and Diego Ortiz, traditionally interpreted the position of substance in a predicamental series. That is, self-existent substance was regarded as a necessary subject for all the other predicaments, bearing the status of accidental being. Meanwhile, an analysis of the essence of relation involved the above-mentioned authors in a significant scholastic dispute. In this controversy our scholiasts followed the position of P. Fonseca and P. Soncinus, identifying the essence of quantity with its extension. The interpretation of relation by the above-mentioned scholiasts stuck to a classical scholastic view. That is, it was affirmed that that relation might be both a real entity and a pure creation of the human intellect. The reality of relation was also traditionally reduced to the reality of components of such a relation and the real distinction between a relation’s subject and term. Finally, the analysis of quality made by our scholiasts has also not deviated from scholastic tradition. Within its frameworks quality was regarded as the last accidental category, determining and denominating substance intrinsically.

Paulis Ricoeuras: pohėgelinis sugrįžimas prie Kanto

Author(s): Jūratė Baranova / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 36/2004

Paul Ricouer in this article is considered as the most consequent “posthegelian” Kantian, who productively elaborated further his ideas in moral philosophy and created a permanent place for Kant in contemporary moral philosophy. Unlike other moral philosophers who are considered as consequent Kantians as well - Rawls, Apel, Habermas - Ricoeur does not try to interpret Kant’s discussed practical reason as primary public. He rightly stated that the possible polilogue - a way to justice in morality – was elaborated further by Rawls, not by Kant himself. Ricoeur discerned not only a monologic, but also a dialogical stage in Kantian moral philosophy. He integrated many thinkers and aspects of different traditions in his philosophical analysis: Christian existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and religious studies. In the center of broad philosophical interests, Kant, according to my view, remains his permanent partner in dialogue. In his early book L’homme faillible (1965), revealing the fallibility and fragility of man, Ricoeur is following Kant’s concept of transcendental imagination, which includes the opposition between limitlessness and infinity. In all his anthropological and moral studies, Ricoeur always keeps in touch with the concept of evil revealed in Kant’s book Die Religion innerhalb der grenzen der blossen Vernunft. In his book Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Kant, discussing the first analogy of experience, stated that the condition for the possibility of human experience is the permanence of time (beharrlich). If every moment is not a moment of the same time, the subject would not be able to unite all the images into one consciousness. Ricoeur returned to this problem in his book Temps et recit. For his narrative concept of the person’s self-identity, Ricoeur reflects on insights not only from Aristotle’s Poetics, but also starts from Kant’s third antinomy between determinism and free-will as well.

Uticaj Sadija Širazija na Voltairea

Author(s): Fatemeh Eshgahi / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2019

Extensive research has been conducted in the West about Sa‘di Shirazi. The research of the influence of Sa‘di Shirazi on Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire is particularly important. Voltaire ranks among the most significant intellectuals of Enlightenment and is considered to be one of the most ardent advocates of tolerance and spirit of understanding among people. His humanism and advocating for man are especially prominent in his works Zadig and An Essay on Universal History, the Manners and Spirit of Nations. Voltaire became acquainted with Sa‘di through protestant missionaries and travel writers who translated Sa‘di’s works and praised him for his ideas of tolerance and humanistic views. During the 18 century, European intellectuals searched for new sources of inspiration in the East in order to find bases and new ideas for their enlightening and humanistic projects and to improve political and religious situation in their societies. Through other non-European cultures, French enlighteners tried to criticize weaknesses and self-love of the members of their own nations and educated classes of society. With regard to Voltaire, Sa‘di’s influence on him is evident both in the works in which Voltaire explicitly discusses Sa‘di’s influence on him, and in other works in which that influence is indirect. Not only did Sa‘di’s metaphors and satires penetrate Voltaire’s works, but also Sa‘di’s ethical, religious, political and humanistic views. The paper will present the extent to which Sa‘di Shirazi influenced Voltaire and his political, ethical, religious and social views and how Sa‘di’s ideas and worldview inspired the movement of Enlightenment and humanism in Europe.