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Wątki arystotelesowskie w psychologii i filozofii umysłu Franza Brentano

Author(s): Sonia Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (93)/2016

This paper revolves around some crucial Aristotelian traces in Franz Brentano’s philosophy of mind and psychology. I describe the distinction between the intellectual soul understood, on the one hand, as a substratum for mental phenomena and, on the other, as a “stream” or “bundle” of mental phenomena. I take into consideration Brentano’s opus magnum, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint as well as his Aristotelica series. I translate into Polish and analyse his notes for the unpublished parts of Psychology (Ps 62/54011-54012, Ps 50/52143-147) and give an account of what some Brentanian (Rollinger) and Aristotelian (Macfarlane and Polansky) scholars have to say about the ontological status of the intellectual soul.

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JOHN STUART MILL'İN ERDEM TEORİSİ ve ARAÇSALLAŞTIRILMIŞ DEĞERLER

Author(s): Metin Aydin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 37/2018

eremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are two of the most important figures of utilitarianism, one of the foremost theories of morality in the last two hundred years. These two thinkers have disagreements on utilitarian theory in some respects, although they agree on many issues. The most important of these issues is the concept of pleasure, which is the most basic concept of the theory. Mill, in contrast to Bentham, also makes a qualitative distinction between pleasures in addition to quantity and divides pleasures into higher and lower pleasures. This distinction gives the general form of Mill's virtue theory. According to his virtue theory, people only desire happiness, and all that is desired, including virtues, is basically desirable in terms of being a means for happiness. But on the other hand, Mill also claims that the virtues are the aims to be desired in themselves. This approach of Mill leads to a paradoxical situation in which virtues are at the same time both means and aims. This paradoxical situation is criticized by interpreters from various aspects. The basis of these criticisms is that the distinction between means and aims has been removed, and the virtues are claimed by Mill as both aims and means. This article justifies the assertion that regardless of how virtues are understood, they only have instrumental value in Mill’s system.

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Poetska prolegomena filozofije duha

Author(s): Wit Jaworski / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 05+06/1987

Analyzing Hegel's youthful poetic endeavours, the author follows the evolution of the philosopher's view on the classic ideal. The evolution is better articulated in Hegels's early writings than in his pot try, but the latter seems to be the cristalization of the views that were later elaborated in treateases. The alliance between poetry amd philosophy was shown, all the way to personal union of poet and philosopher in one person like Schiller or Goethe; and the fate of Holdorlin and Hegel's friendship was described. Unlike Hölderlin, Hegel's interest in the classic, and his own poetic acts were not poetic in nature, but their aim was understanding and solving the contemporary social conflicts and clashes, namely to introduce the ancient polis into the contemporary world. In this sense, Hegel's Hölderlin's and Scheling's comprehension of poetry and its role in the contemprary world was compared by author.

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Pragmatički obrat mišljenja. William James i radikalni empirizam

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 09+12/2017

Nije li zadaća suvremenoga mišljenja nakon dostignuća kozmologije i tehno-znanosti u objašnjenju nastanka svemira postala bitno drukčijom od povijesno uspostavljene zadaće metafizike da razriješi tajne slobodne volje, besmrtnosti duše i stvaralačke biti čovjeka u odnosu spram božanskoga puta istine? Pritom se ne radi tek o uvidu da je svaka nova paradigma znanstvenoga mišljenja očekivani korak u smjeru usavršavanja našeg znanja o »svijetu« i »svjetovima« s kojim se mijenjaju i tradicijom usvojeni pojmovi objašnjenja načina kako predmeti iskustva istodobno mijenjaju način same spoznaje.

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Ustrajnost Williama Jamesa

Author(s): Hilary Putnam / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 09+12/2017

William James je figura koja jednostavno ne želi otići. Ne samo da nikad nije bio zaboravljen, već su reakcije na njegovo djelo nakon njegove smrti, blagonaklone kao i nenaklone, iznenađujuće ostrašćene.

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Svijet čistog iskustva

Author(s): William James / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 09+12/2017

U filozofskom ozračju vremena koje ne vjeruje u stare putokaze vrlo je upadljiv čudnovat nemir, ublažavanje suprotnosti, međusobno posuđivanje u sustavima koji su od davnina zatvoreni i interes za nove prijedloge, ma koliko bili isprazni, kao da je jedino izvjesna nedostatnost postojećih školskih rješenja. Čini se da je najvažniji uzrok nezadovoljstva osjećaj da su ona previše apstrakt na i akademska. Život je konfuzan i preobilan, a mlađa generacija kao da žudi za strastvenijim životom u svojoj filozofiji, iako bi to mogla platiti gubitkom logičke strogoće i formalne čistoće.

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Georg Simmels und Ferdinand Tönnies’ Kritik am Selbstverständnis der modernen Sozialphilosophie

Author(s): Mirko Wischke / Language(s): German Issue: 61supl./2016

Why are questions of normativity so important for the discussions in social philosophy? Is a concept of social philosophy beyond pure normativity questions possible? These fundamental questions got their importance in the beginning of the modern social philosophy. Different currents and schools in philosophy and sociology discussed them. On the one side for neo-kantian philosophers like Stammler social philosophy is a strong normative discipline in the field of practical philosophy. According to Stammler the idea of “community of free people” forms the fundamental base f o r a s o c i a l philosophy. On the other side for thinkers like Tönnies social philosophy is more or less a part of the theoretical philosophy and that’s why it is not fixed on questions of normativity. Tönnies and Simmel give not an answer to the question, which central themes, conceptions and ideas are necessary for an understanding of social philosophy beyond pure normative questions. That is one of the reasons for a dominant normative understanding of social philosophy in the current debates in the German speaking countries.

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Теорії цивілізацій Франсуа Гізо та Жозефа Гобіно: до постановки проблеми

Author(s): Tetiana Viktorivna Danylova,Yana Lukashchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 11/2018

The problems of the development and interaction of civilizations have been of great interest to the representatives of various scientific fields for a long time. The period of the second half of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century was the time of the formation and development of predominantly linear stage theory of civilization. At the same time, certain provisions of the theory of local civilizations began to evolve and the idea of a multidirectional historical process began to develop, but the latter had not yet acquired an independent status. The paper attempts to outline the theory of civilizations proposed by François Guizot, whose activity created the prerequisites for the emergence of theories of local civilizations, or ethnographic theories of civilization, and Joseph Gobineau, who initiated his racial anthropological theory. In the course of the research, the comparative historical method, the methodology of philosophical hermeneutics, as well as the anthropological integrative approach were applied.

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SOCJALIZM JAKO HIPERTROFIA INDYWIDUALIZMU. LWA KARSAWINA RECEPCJA POGLĄDÓW KAROLA MARKSA NA PRZYKŁADZIE ROZWAŻAŃ NA TEMAT POSTĘPU

Author(s): Andrzej Ostrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2018

Lev Karsavin (1882-1952) on the views of Karl Marx (1818-1882) spoke indirectly, through analysis of socialism as a scientific theory, and then as the ideological doctrine, which determines, inter alia, the form of the State and the life of the individual human being. Special attention deserves both the form of expression on the theme of socialism and the way of its understanding. The goal of the article is to discuss Karsavin's reception of Marx's ideas and also to draw attention to theoretical consequences of this reception.

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FILOZOFICZNE KORZENIE KONFLIKTU MIĘDZY MARKSEM A BAKUNINEM

Author(s): Ann Robertson / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2018

This essay explores the underlying philosophical differences separating Marxism and anarchism by examining the specific philosophies of Marx and Bakunin. The conflicting philosophical foundations of these two philosophers reveal why there were irreconcilable political and strategic differences between them, even though both were members of the First International and both were equally dedicated to the abolition of capitalism. Bakunin, for example, posited humans as basically natural creatures with permanently fixed natures while for Marx humans have been evolving throughout history, becoming more rational in the process, and thus exhibiting different human natures in different historical periods. Accordingly, both authors adopted starkly different conceptions of freedom, where Bakunin sought to identify freedom with acting according to natural impulses while Marx defined it in terms of conscious, rational collective action. With these contrasting philosophical foundations Marx and Bakunin proceeded to outline incompatible theories of the State and diverging strategies in abolishing it; they disagreed on who would be most likely to lead a revolutionary upheaval; and they differed on what organizational forms would be needed to accomplish their revolutionary aims.

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SZALEŃCY I PROROCY. WPŁYW XIX-WIECZNEJ FILOZOFII NA KSZTAŁTOWANIE XX-WIECZNYCH AWANGARD

Author(s): Alicja Rybkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2017

The paper is devoted to the 19th century conceptions of the relation between the individual and the society and their influence on art. It will be discussed on the example of Ernest Renan and Hippolyte Taine. Close analysis and explication of these two philosophies will show that the influence is, in fact, always two-way: an individual takes inspiration from the prevailing world-view and at the same time can co-form it. As a result of a comparative study of art and philosophy, further perspectives for the research on the influence of the “intellectual climate” on the art of the early 20th century will be drawn.

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Шта је тајна? Разматрања платоновске и просвјетитељске конфигурације тајанствености

Author(s): Časlav D. Koprivica / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 32/2016

In the following article we are trying to illuminate the question of secret as inseparable from the problem of knowledge and essence. In doing so it is not about the philosophical perspective on the problem secret, but it turns out, that the issue is not only tantamount to philosophy, but above all that the philosophical perspective supplies us with profound insight into the problem. As two major philosophical paradigms problem mystery allocated to Platonism and enlightenment, not because they are the most recognizable when it comes to understanding this issue in the course of history of philosophy, but, on the contrary, because they stay for typological characteristic, mutually disputing positions on the topic.

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DISPUTA DINTRE TEORIA OXIGENULUI ŞI TEORIA FLOGISTONULUI: O ABORDARE BAZATĂ PE VALORI COGNITIVE

Author(s): Dragoş Bîgu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 2/2017

In this article I show that falsification-based model of theory choice is not sufficient to explain the transition from the phlogiston theory to oxygen theory in one of the important moments in the history of science: the Chemical Revolution. In the first part, I present two rival models of theory change: the Popperian one, based on crucial experiments, and the Kuhnian one, based on values. In the second part, I argue that the Popperian model is not sufficient to explain the theory-choice in the Chemical Revolution. I argue that the well-known experiment by which Lavoisier shows that some metals increase their weight by calcination did not play the role of a crucial experiment. In the third part, I show that three cognitive values had an important role in the theory choice: simplicity, external coherence and theoretical unity. In the end, I briefly discuss how the role of values in theory choice should be interpreted.

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PROGRESUL CANTITATIV INFINIT ÎN ŞTIINŢA LOGICII DE HEGEL

Author(s): Dragoș Popescu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 2/2017

The papertreats the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the categorial determination of theInfinity, as it is exposed in Science of Logic by Hegel. The hegelian perspective on thequestion is briefly compared with the mathematical point-of-view on the infinite

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Marxov filozofski portrait

Author(s): Željko Škuljević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2018

The Difference between Demokritus and Epicures Philosophy of Nature Ergo, being more involved in hellenistic philosophy than in the systems of Plato and Aristotle, (although, Marx was, for a certain period of time, strongly influenced by Hegel), he accepts epicurean, stoical and skeptical „systems“ as the „key“ of understanding the history of Greek philosophy (which meaning is not in the philosophical content but in its relationship towards reality). Consequently, Marx considers Epicurean philosophy as the final chapter in Greek philosophy: he claims that analyzing Epicurean philosophy reversely leads to grasping the entire Greek philosophy having in mind that abstractness and totality of Aristocle and Hegelabsolutism hinders the philosophical development in its traditional sense oft he word. At such historical turns it is necessary to guit the absolutism and trigger the proces of philosophical research from the very beginning which encapsulates more pragmatic relation towards reality than merely theoretical approach.

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Nietzscheova sjenka

Author(s): Senad Arnaut / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2018

Nietzsche’s glorification of life as opposed to the formal determination and definition of man and his life with the the questions of being in a classic Western philosophy appears as a determined re¬volt to the former (and also current) state of modern man. The starting point of this research is pre-socratic period of Greek philosophy, which has not yet differentiated boundaries and differences between theoretical and practical reason, where the philosopher appears as a wise man who lives the philosophy which he represented.

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FEŢE DIN ŞI PRIN PREFEŢE, LA APOGEUL ILUMINISMULUI ROMÂNESC (PRIMELE TREI DECENII ALE SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA)

Author(s): Constantin Stroe / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 1/2017

The study presents the most important ideas from the Forewords of several books (translations, compilations and original writings) elaborated by figures of Romanian Enlightenment from the beginning of 19th century. The author concludes that the key issue of these texts is the “enlightenment of the nation” through learning, especially moral learning with the purpose of rebuilding of the society.

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DUMNEZEU ŞI LUMEA ÎN OPUS POSTUMUM. ECOURI PLATONICE

Author(s): Rodica Croitoru / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 1/2017

It is emphasized the contribution of Opus postumum regarding the relationship God entertains with the categorical imperative, which is more evident shifting to the thinking subject, by comparison with the second Critique. At the same time, as regards the first Critique, God is no more thought in relationship with his transcendent environment, respectively with the transcendental ideas, but with the sensible world the man is framed into, making together a synthetic unity.

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Filozofia ewolucji Charlesa Sandersa Peirce’a a współczesne problemy algorytmów ewolucyjnych

Author(s): Adam Kłóś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2017

The article challenges the view that the Neo-Darwinian theory of evolution is sufficient to explain the ongoing evolution. The classical evolutionary algorithms based on that theory suffer from the loss of diversity, stagnation and premature convergence. The author claims that the cosmetic changes of those tools are not sufficient to overcome this situation and the change of overall theoretical framework is required. The proposition of a semiotic theory of evolution created by Charles Sanders Peirce is revealed as an alternative to the classical Modern Synthesis. This alternative model of evolution is implemented in two kinds of evolutionary algorithms: P-EA and SEAM, which simulate evolution by virtue of cooperation and symbiosis respectively. The new approach to algorithms constructs shows significant benefits upon classical evolutionary algorithms in benchmark tests, which may support the original claim that the accepted theory of evolution needs rethinking today.

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Political Unity and the “Existential Meaning” of Conflict. On Carl Schmitt’s The Concept of the Political (with some remarks on The Dreyfus Affair in Hannah Arendt’s The Origins of Totalitarianism)

Author(s): Thomas Petersen / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2018

The article deals with the conflict as an indispensable element of democracy and politics from the perspective of Carl Schmitt’s concept of the political. According to Schmitt, the specific criterion of the political is to be found in the friend-enemy distinction. Denoting the utmost degree of association and dissociation, it corresponds to other antitheses (good-evil, beautiful-ugly, profitable-non-profitable, etc.), but is independent of them and should not be mistaken for them. Understood in this way, the political for Schmitt has an existential meaning, as it characterizes human life as such and as conflict cannot be solved in advance through some general norm or by a neutral third party. Although Schmitt’s definition seems to limit the proper phenomenon of the political to the state – which as political unity monopolizes the friend-enemy relationship and excludes enmity from its domestic affairs – the author finds in Schmitt’s “secondary concepts of the political” the possibility to think the conflict as the principle of domestic politics as well. This would mean to accept antagonism as inevitable and legitimate, without moral or other disqualification of the opponent, and to subdue conflict to the rules of political quarrel and debate. In the second part of the article, the author discusses Schmitt’s critique of liberalism. Although at first sight liberalism seems to be a negation of the political, in the last instance it not only fails to elude the political, but exacerbates and intensifies the conflict. By presenting its claims as universal, it disavows its adversaries as “enemies of humanity”, falling in this way victim to political hypocrisies. In the last part of the article, the author considers some similarities between Schmitt’s and Hannah Arendt’s understanding of the political. Despite all differences between them, these can be noticed in Arendt’s treatment of the Dreyfus Affair in the Origins of Totalitarianism, where she makes clear that conflict is not only a threat to the “political entity”, but can also be the way in which that entity is saved.

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