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Paauglių dvasinių vertybių internalizavimo pedagoginės problemos XXI amžiaus iššūkių kontekste

Author(s): Elvyda Martišauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14/2005

Educational policy makers in post-modern Europe have taken to creating strategies of life-long education that overestimates one type of spiritual values (consisting of truth, goodness, beauty) and lead to the pragmatic needs satisfaction. The system of education in Lithuania goes hand in hand with modern European tendencies and aims at defining the desirable values and skills alongside the key competences acquired in the processes of education. The greatest attention is given to learning and moral values that involve the individual's relationships with the micro and macroenvironment ( dignity, responsiveness, honesty, tolerance, national sensitivity, civic educational component). The present study has established that adolescents are able to internalize most successfully those spiritual values that are related to their interpersonal relationships (persona] dignity, sensitivity, honesty). However, other important values that also make up part of the educational content of school curriculum (national sensitivity, civic education component, wisdom, creativity) seem to be much more problematic in the processes of values internalization in adolescents; though these values in particular are exclusively important for the processes of adolescents' spiritual becoming, and these values have a complimentary character.

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Design Science Research for Computational Thinking in Constructionist Education: A Pragmatist Perspective

Author(s): Valentina Dagienė,Vladimiras Dolgopolovas,Tatjana Jevsikova,Eglė Jasutė / Language(s): English Issue: 95/2019

The article examines the modern computer-based educational environment and the requirements of the possible cognitive interface that enables the learner’s cognitive grounding by incorporating abductive reasoning into the educational process. Although the main emphasis is on cognitive and physiological aspects, the practical tools for enabling computational thinking in a modern constructionist educational environment are discussed. The presented analytical material and developed solutions are aimed at education with computers. However, the proposed solutions can be generalized in order to create a computer-free educational environment. The generalized paradigm here is pragmatism, considered as a philosophical assumption. By designing and creating a pragmatist educational environment, a common way of organizing computational thinking that enables constructionist educational solutions can be found.

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Н. Я. МАРР И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРАГМАТИЗМ: ОПЫТ СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНОГО МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА. ЧАСТЬ II

Author(s): Oleg Leschak,Jurij Sitko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 14 (19)/2008

This is the second part of the article which discusses functional pragmatic methodological key issues of linguistic philosophical conception proposed by Marr. First of all, it focuses on the problems of philogenesis and ontological essence of language activities. The article analyzes the problems of the relation between language and thinking activities (non verbal thinking), language and culture (“extralinguistic character of language”), genesis of signal side of semiotic activity (“manual thinking”), as well as problems of functional and psychosocial character of language (understanding meaning as a function and understanding language as an informative activity). On the basis of the conformed methodological analysis, there is a hypothesis saying that Marr’s theories offer eclectic and linguistic philosophical attitude but they are not of scientific character. The article attempts at denying the widely spread myth of vulgar materialistic philosophical underpinning of Marr’s conception (particularly, Marr’s understanding the “ideological character of language”) and distinguishing the relation of the theory with objective idealism (Leibnitz, Humboldt) and partly with neo Kantism (Cassirer).

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Those Who Want to Play: Pursuing Animal Politics in Upbringing and Education

Author(s): / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

Education is based on intergenerational divisions into the separate worlds of childhood, adulthood, and seniority which educational scientists further divide into even smaller stages. In this paper, in order to problematize the defined modalities of the existence of a child, an adult, and an elderly individual, I will prompt the rooted opinion that play is characteristic of childhood, while the game is typical of later stages. I intend to find in the human lifespan the moments when, after childhood, an adult abandons to play, and to propose the manners of overcoming the intergenerational differences in formal education as a field for surpassing the given in the entanglement of education and life. To surpass the given is extremely important at a time when education is instrumentalized. One of the ways the human can surpass the given is if they extract from play the principle which Massumi calls ludic expressionesqueness that is not immediately noticeable and that has the potential to reinvigorate both educational practices and life itself. Finally, I will examine theories of education and educational practices to see if they have strengths they can rely on in inspiring ethico-aesthetic practices of becoming with the world.

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Between Control and More-than-Human Events: The Listening Experience in the Light of Speculative Pragmatism

Author(s): Henrique Souza Lima / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

This paper presents an investigation into the relationship between listening and power in the context of information warfare through the theoretical framework of speculative pragmatism. The main objective is to investigate the possibility of thinking of the listening activity as a particular act of thought through the concepts of lived abstraction and subjectless individuation. For doing this, the first part of the article describes the relationship of reciprocal presupposition between current online information warfare and the production of a subjectivity tied to a narcissistic regime of subjection. The second part of this article describes the concept of lived abstraction, such as elaborated by philosopher Brian Massumi. The third part of this article consists of investigating the epistemological core of speculative pragmatism through Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of subjectless individuation, particularly the individuation of an event. In the last part, we speculate a possible understanding of listening as an act of thought that is potentially articulated outside the noological register of narcissism through the appreciation of a mode of artistic operation that work in a way of designing listening experiences.

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The Tales of Death and Kindergarten: Becoming in Dark Encounters [COVID-19 Edition]

Author(s): Nevena Mitranić / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

For speculative pragmatism, aesthetics is an ethical practice of becoming with the world. Considering educational practice, we might say just the same. But an educational practice is not ethico-aesthetical by its nature – the challenge is to think and live it in an ethico-aesthetical manner. Acceptance of this conclusion goes easily with stressed importance of vitality, movement and creativity of thought – but what about death? Is death even allowed in educational practice? As this paper is written during the emergence of a pandemic, the question goes even further: could education and aesthetics even be of any concern if the danger of death “do us part”? This paper was meant to unfold between memories from an ethnography research in kindergarten and resonate concepts from affect theories – but it exploded unpredictably in resonance with the COVID-19 outburst. Yet, it remained an attempt to tackle the haunting feeling left behind from ‘dark’ encounters with different appearances of death. Hopefully, an encounter with this paper might open a crack in the understanding of educational practice, as well as this moment in history, as a much-needed place for patience and rethinking of the human endeavor as a work of art.

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From Polyphasic Latency to Polyrhythmic Concretion: Rhythm and Relation in Simondon and Whitehead

Author(s): Vinícius Portella Castro / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

Is it possible to conceive of a conciliation between the relational ontologies of Simondon and Whitehead? The similarities between their work are evident, but so are the disparities. Simondon is perhaps the most rigorous physicalist of the 20th century; Whitehead offered us a strange energetic or sentimental idealism, thoroughly concrete in its actualization, but involving a God and a host of eternal objects. With the aid of the work of Brian Massumi, Luciana Parisi and Steve Goodman, I will try to argue that Simondon and Whitehead both offer rhythmic ontologies, although not quite explicitly. Whitehead generalizes subjectivity throughout all scales, Simondon generalizes the notion of individuation for all scales. The two strategies are radically distinct, but I believe both gestures could be understood as a sort of radically-pluralist panchronism. Being is resonance and feeling for Whitehead, a cosmic actualization of the divine appetition of God, whereas for Simondon being is the amplification of internal resonance. For both philosophers, the rhythms that precede us entrain us throughout all scales. Finally, in this context, a brief understanding of African polyrhythms will be presented as a possible prototype for the collective emergence of complexity from a plurality of durations.

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How to Make Your Child Sleep: Designing Rhetorical Experiences

Author(s): Matthew Newcomb / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

I might give a variety of logical reasons to help my daughter sleep: being tired from swimming, that a sore leg will feel better, or that she will need lots of energy to play with friends. Consequences can be an argument too, like the loss of a stuffed animal if there are any more non-emergency calls for parents before morning. I might even pull out some sort of shameless (and ineffective) ethos-based plea about being the parent and knowing what is best for her. Rhetorical persuasion is a concatenation of moments and forces that are experienced as a unit – a unit with a persuasive quality to it or that creates new directions for speech and action. Similarly, rhetoric can also be understood as the production or design of those experiences. The design is always partial, as no one can control an experience, but the addition, removal, arrangement, and use of elements for the purpose of creating a particular quality of experience is an important rhetorical act. This design-oriented production of rhetorical experiences is a way of focusing on the human agents within a material rhetoric context that avoids relegating the non-human and the non-linguistic to the background. This paper brings design further into the discussion of rhetoric, adds a design-based angle to new materialism, theorizes rhetoric as an experience, considers John Dewey’s notion of experience and Brian Massumi’s work on affect in light of design and material rhetoric, and (of course) to help parents set up their children for a wonderful night’s rest.

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Processual Creativity and Partial Incorporations

Author(s): Diego Gil / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

Brian Massumi and Félix Guattari conceptualize the creative processual force of life that shapes the passages from the potential to the actual dimensions of experience. Throughout these passages, bodies, environments and their relational modes of felt perception crystallize into form. What the conceptual vocabulary of Massumi and Guattari offers is a tool box to register the processual creative forces that are predetermined towards a coming into shape of a body-environment (subjectivity), as well as to take into account the forces deflecting from capture. The relevancy of their concepts is in that they index the more-than-human operations of the forces that shape the production of subjectivity: their concepts express the forces that by being potential and more-than concrete are beyond registering of individual human consciousness. Considering that subjectivity is produced through the potential ingression of partial incorporations – brewing of body-time-spaces – this paper is a proposition to think-feel the entanglements of process philosophy and somatic practices. Moreover, having in mind that processual creativity is a force distributed beyond the human, it needs to be as well thought as an autonomous doing ‘of’ the world. Therefore, the concepts offered by Massumi and Guattari overspill the disciplinary containment of the art disciplines and become an ethico-aesthetic paradigm ‘of’ the world, one in which the resistance to the capture of the production of subjectivity goes hand in hand with the invention of ways to think-feel how bodies and environments become.

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Becoming Animal of Philosophy: Pragmatism, Pragrammatology, Speculative Pragmatism

Author(s): Anthony Reynolds / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

I argue that American pragmatism can be understood as an effort to recuperate a sense of the animality of thought and thus as an example of what Deleuze and Guattari call a “becoming animal” within the field of philosophy. At issue in this becoming animal of pragmatism is the influence of Charles Peirce’s theory of abduction on the history of pragmatism from its origins to its more recent reception within Jacques Derrida’s (pra)grammatology and Brian Massumi’s speculative pragmatism. Predicated on the evolutionary notion that animal instinct is the source of language, thought, and inquiry, Peirce’s theory of creative inference, or “abduction” as he called it, has allowed generations of pragmatists to begin “shaking philosophy’s dust off their feet and following the call of the wild” (James); to recognize in the origin of their thought something like “the movements of a wild creature toward its goal” (Dewey); to define intellectual inquiry as “doing what comes naturally” (Fish), and to pursue such inquiry “without method” (Rorty). Emerging under the ostensible heading of a new “humanism”, pragmatism exceeds what Derrida calls “the anthropological limit” from the very start, relieving humanism of its exclusive claim to logocentrism by reinscribing the question if not the origin of the logos within the animal kingdom. Yet unlike Derrida, whose rejection of biological continuism in the name of difference prevents him from committing fully to the logic of abduction, Massumi is able to rehabilitate Peirce’s theory of abduction as the foundation for his speculative pragmatism as a result of his commitment to a processual ontology that rejects binary oppositions in favor of “disjunctive syntheses” and “zones of indiscernibility”.

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A Pragmatic Theory of Everyday Imposition of Words in an Anonymous Thirteenth-Century Commentary on De anima (MS Prague, Metropolitan Chapter, M. 80, ff. 54vA–55rB)

Author(s): Claudia Appolloni / Language(s): English Issue: 54/2021

The aim of this paper is to offer an edition of three anonymous questions on De anima II.8, contained in MS Prague, Metropolitan Chapter, M. 80, ff. 54vA– 55vB and dated 1250–1260. The text offers an original theory of the everyday imposition of words. To present it, I (i) analyze the contemporary question-commentaries on De anima II.8; (ii) I present the theory of everyday imposition by discussing the analogies with, and differences from, Bacon’s contemporary pragmatic theory; and (iii) I discuss the hypothesis of the attribution of the text to Roger Bacon.

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Wielokulturowość a nauka

Author(s): Dorian Mączka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2019

The plurality of cultural perspectives is currently an important topic in the media, politics, the social and political sciences, philosophy, ethics, and even aesthetics. It is not, however, commonly associated with science and epistemology. That being said, many discussions about relations between culture(s) and science(s) have taken place in various fields of sociology of knowledge and science studies. In this paper, I refer to these discussions and present two possible understandings of the relation between multiculturalism and science: multiculturalism in science and multiculturalism of science. Multiculturalism in science denotes cultural plurality amongst researchers, while the more controversial idea of multiculturalism of science refers to multiculturalism as a necessary condition for epistemic and scientific progress. Following the presentation of these concepts, I discuss objectivistic objections against incorporating cultural elements into discussions about the merits of science. On the other hand, I also point out some dubious and dangerous antiscientific claims of radical relativists. Finally, drawing on pragmatic premises, I present a methodological argument for the multiculturalism of science.

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Aphantasia and the Language of Imagination: A Wittgensteinian Exploration

Author(s): Mélissa Fox-Muraton / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2021

Congenital aphantasia, or the complete absence of mental imagery, is a topic that has recently aroused the interest of researchers in many fields including philosophy, psychology and cognitive sciences. While it is generally supposed that we all have rich mental lives full of imaged representations, estimates suggest 2-3% of the population may have never formed an image or seen ‘in the mind’s eye.’ This paper aims to address the scepticism surrounding aphantasia, the challenges in communicating about mental imagery, and the research methods used in cognitive sciences today through the lens of Wittgenstein’s philosophy. The paper argues that 1) communicating about mental imagery involves language games that persons with aphantasia may not be able to play (i.e., makes reference to expressions and concepts that are meaningless for them, such as ‘visualise,’ ‘form an image,’ etc.); 2) that as a consequence aphantasia, in present research, is only describable negatively (as lack or incapacity); 3) that rather than a cognitive or a psychological issue, aphantasia should be understood as a grammatical one; and 4) that we need to invent new language games in order to come to a better understanding of conditions such as aphantasia, and to be able to appreciate the rich diversity and variability of human experience.

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The Generalized Criterion of Relevance for Argument Evaluation

Author(s): Viktoriia Babiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2021

The paper is devoted to the relevance criterion of argument evaluation within argumentation theory. Argument evaluation is a tool to avoid misunderstanding and misleading in argumentation — one of the most basic forms of human communications. The purpose of the paper is to outline the generalized relevance criterion, which involves the key relevance types proposed in different approaches to argumentation. Achieving this goal helps to give a clear answer to the question, “What is to be relevant within the argumentative communication?” The author proves that the key features of logical relevance, dialectical relevance, and audience relevance. It is compared these relevant types to answer the question, “Whether is it possible to integrate them into one generalized criterion of relevance?”

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Assessment Relativism and the Truth-Predicate

Author(s): Henrik Sova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The purpose of this paper is to argue that assessment relativism entails the assessment-sensitivity of the sentential truth-predicate, but not of the propositional truth-predicate. The central idea of assessment relativism is that a single token claim evaluated within a single world can have different truth-values when considered in different contexts of assessment. John MacFarlane in Assessment Sensitivity: Relative Truth and its Applications (2014) and also Max Kölbel in the article ‘Global relativism and self-refutation’ (2011) have argued that this position leads to relativism about the propositional truth-predicate. I argue that this is not the case—it entails relativism only about the sentential truth-predicate.

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Ką reiškia: „Šitai galima paaiškinti tik istoriškai?“

Author(s): Hermann Lübbe / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 47/2021

Hermann Lübbe (g. 1926) yra tikrai žinomas, autoritetingas ir įtakingas vokiečių filosofas; nepabrėžus tokio siaurus profesinius, dalykinius rėmus peržengiančio svorio neapsieina joks jo vokiškas ar angliškas biograminis paminėjimas. Taip, taip, ne buvo, o yra, – kaip tik prieš stojant didžiajai pandemijai man pavyko įsigyti ką tik pasirodžiusią jo knygelę, kurios pratarmė datuota 2019 m. sausiu (Politischer Moralismus: Der Triumph der Gesinnung über die Urteilskraft, Münster: LIT, 2019, 11987). Iškart norisi klausti, o kaip su lietuviška recepcija? Prieš imantis tikrinti kirbėjo sakyti, kad ir būsiu buvęs bene vienintelis (neskaičiuojant viską skaičiusio ir citavusio Zenono Norkaus) Lübbe’ės propaguotojas, – ir tai ne tiek iš būtinybės, kiek noro kaip nors paminėti. Mat dar studijų metais, XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio pirmoje pusėje būtent iš Lübbe’ės pamatinės knygos (aišku, rastos ant Norkaus stalo Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Profesorių skaitykloje), Geschichtsbegriff und Geschichtsinteresse: Analytik und Pragmatik der Historie (1977), parašytos negimtakalbiui veik neįkandamu stiliumi, išsilukštenau ir visam laikui įsidėmėjau įžvalgą, kad istorijos yra žmonių sumanytų veiksmų ir jiems (be jų valios) nutikusių dalykų, taip pat (ir pirmų, ir antrų) nenumatytų pasekmių mišiniai, ir vienintelis būdas jas pasiekti (protu) ir perteikti kitiems yra papasakoti.

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Apie filosofinę praktiką

Author(s): Tomas Sodeika / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 108/2021

Philosophical practice is gradually becoming a recognized branch of philosophical disciplines. In many countries associations of philosophical practitioners are created, and the number of clients using such services increases. If we take advantage of the statement of the pioneer of philosophical practice, Gerd B. Achenbach, a philosophical practicioner is a specialist in a non-speciality: his visitor is understood not as an example of any theoretical construct, but as absolutely unique human being. A feature of philosophical practice, in contrast to academic philosophy, is that it should be guided by the problems that are relevant according to the state of the client. The philosophical practice is based on the ontological principles of existential philosophy which allow for the deepest impact in the structure of the person. On the other side, this practice requires the usage of philosophical categories, through which the client realizes his worldview problems.

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NORMATYWNOŚĆ OBOWIĄZYWANIA NORM PRAWNYCH W KONCEPCJI POZNAŃSKO-SZCZECIŃSKIEJ SZKOŁY TEORII PRAWA. PERSPEKTYWA PRAGMATYZMU ANALITYCZNEGO

Author(s): Weronika DZIĘGIELEWSKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The article aims to interpret the standard reading of the normative account of the validity of law, through applying the notion of normativity developed within contemporary metaethics and philosophy of language. An attempt is also made to rectify the arguments used in polemics against the normative accounts of the validity of law, especially the argument of redundancy of iterated legal duties. This is achieved by referring to the observation of the polysemic character of the notion of normativity and also to the understanding of normativity offered by analytical pragmatism. In order to illustrate the results of these deliberations, an example of a comprehensive account of the validity of legal norms set forth by the Poznań-Szczecin school of legal theory will be elucidated.

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KONCEPCJA PRESUPOZYCJI ROZUMOWAŃ PRAWNICZYCH JERZEGO WRÓBLEWSKIEGO – PRÓBA OBRONY

Author(s): Anna Tomza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 121/2021

Background: Legal reasoning is as interesting and compiled as the problem of legal theory. It is a branch of science which in its deliberations must refer to the findings of sciences such as logic and linguistics, where the reasoning comes from. The presuppositions present in logic and linguistics are the best example of this. Their analysis takes place in the law, although so far it has been undertaken extremely rarely. In the current legal discourse, presuppositions are revived. Due to their numerous linguistic-breaking properties, lawyers look for a place for them in legal reasoning. They do so based on the findings of logical and linguistic sciences, forgetting the existence of the concept of presupposition of Jerzy Wróblewski’s legal reasoning. The subject of the research is the analysis of this somewhat forgotten concept of the Polish legal theorist. Research purpose: Jerzy Wróblewski, based on the existing concepts of the presupposition of pragmatic inference, proposed his own, modified version of the “presupposition of legal reasoning”, which, in his opinion, can be used in constructing the theory of legal reasoning. Wróblewski’s concept did not catch on in the circles of theoreticians or practitioners of law. Most researchers have criticized her. The aim of the article is an attempt to defend the concept of presupposition of legal reasoning against the criticism that has been raised so far. Methods: the research method is a linguistic and logical analysis of selected concepts. By making a linguistic analysis, the correct understanding of the proposed terms is established. By logical juxtaposing the existing concepts, one seeks to defend Wróblewski’s concepts against the critical remarks. Conclusions: an analysis of Wróblewski’s concept leads to the establishment of arguments that partially counteract the previous criticism. The work also presents conceptual contradictions contained in the concept, which require clarification in further research.

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Is Polite Behavior Always Positively Marked? The Role of Sincerity in Politeness in an Arab Context

Author(s): Cherifa Benkaddour / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In this paper, polite/politic linguistic behavior, introduced in Locher and Watts (2005) and which may be used insincerely, was investigated at a first order level of kind. The method followed is that of Spencer-Oatey (2011) who examined the emotions and (im)politeness judgements that people recount in metapragmatic comments and interviews. Thus, the participants of this study were invited to show their own perceptions, and evaluations about polite/politic but insincere linguistic behavior of any individuals behaving with them as such in a purely Arabic context. The responses were analyzed quantitatively. One interesting finding was that this kind of insincere polite/politic behavior was negatively marked unlike what was introduced in the diagram of relational work by Locher and Watts (2005) and which was clearly described as positively marked. This study shows that polite/politic behavior in the spectrum of relational work with judgment (c) ignores the fact that insincerity in polite behavior can generate negative markedness and hence can cause relationship breakup, although it is superficially polite and appropriate.

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