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KRIPKENSTEIN FROM THE MATHEMATICAL POINT OF VIEW: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY

Author(s): Bartosz Janik / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2016

This paper deals with the problem of the impact of Kripke’s skeptical paradox on the philosophy of mathematics. By perceiving mathematics as a huge rule-following discipline, one could argue that the Kripkean nonfactualist thesis should be adopted within the philosophy of mathematics en bloc to imply a refutation of objectivity and an enforcement of a particular view on the nature of mathematics. In this paper I will discuss this claim. According to Kripke’s skeptical solution we should reject the notion of fact and adopt the use theory of meaning that could be stated as follows: ’One understands the concepts embodied in a language to the extent that one knows how to use the language correctly.’ [Shapiro 1991, 211] [Kripke 1982]. Focusing on mathematical discourse, we should ask: what are the implications of the use theory of meaning for the philosophy of mathematics? Furthermore, is the answer to the skeptical paradox consistent with selected views in philosophy of mathematics? The supposed answer to the first question is that it demands the view that mathematics should be perceived as a strictly pragmatic discipline and the rules of mathematical discourse are mere conventions. But this is too simplistic a view and the matter at hand is far more complicated.

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Universalaus ugdymo problema

Author(s): Leonas Jovaiša / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/1998

During the 20-th century the educology depended upon various unilateral philosophical and ideological trends: positivism, pragmatism, existentialism, marxism etc. This fact made negative int1uence on integrity educational science and conditioning of public education. In this situation origination of the universal educology and universal educational system is required.

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DARBINIO MOKYMO KONCEPCUOS LIETUVIŲ PEDAGOGŲ DARBUOSE

Author(s): Asta Širiakovienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/1997

Lietuvos mokyklos ir pedagoginės minties raida kol kas nėra nuodugniai ištirta. Yra spragų ir darbinio mokymo problemų tyrinėjimo srityje. Klasifikuoti apskritai yra sudėtinga, tačiau pabandėme išskirti pagrindines kryptis pagal tai, kaip buvo vertinta darbinio ugdymo esmė. Šios kryptys yra tokios: l) ankstyvoji darbinio mokymo samprata, 2) gamybinio darbo mokymo koncepcija, 3) darbo mokyklos koncepcija, 4) politechninio mokymo kryptis, 5) pragmatinė kryptis, 6) integruoto darbinio mokymo kryptis.

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Žmogus – socialinio ugdymo objektas ir subjektas (istorinė interpretacija)

Author(s): Juozas Vaitkevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/1993

Žmogaus, visuomenės gyvenimas yra ne būtis, o procesas, nuolat kintantis, besirutuliojantis, nepastovus. Tad spręsti kultūros, asmenybės raidos problemas tegalima žmonijos istorijos proceso raidoje. Istorinis požiūris įgalina atskleisti žmogaus vaidmenį visuomenės gyvenime ir paties žmogaus, jo asmenybės raidą. Kartu geriau atsiskleidžia ir įvairių teorijų apie žmogų, jo prigimtį, jo ryšius su visuomene ir kt. pagrįstumas, taip pat dabartinių problemų, susijusių su žmogaus, visuomenės raida, sprendimų keliai ir būdai. Straipsnyje analizuojama požiūris į žmogų ir jo santykį su visuomene ir kultūra Antikos, Viduramžių, Renesanso epochose, pristatomos pagrindinės šių epochų pedagoginės idėjos. Pažymint, kad žmogaus, jo esmės supratimą gamtos ir kultūros fone naujai nušvietė I. Kantas, G.W. F. Hėgelis, L. Feurbachas, daugiau dėmesio skiriama šių vokiečių klasikinės filosofijos atstovų minties analizei. Taip pat pateikiamos pagrindinės intuityviosios filosofijos (A. Bergsonas ir kt.), fenomenologinės filosofijos (E. Husserlis ir kt.), psichoanalizės (E. Frommas ir kt.), pragmatinės filosofijos (W. James, J. Dewey), marksistinės filosofijos įžvalgos.

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Social innovation as rehabiting

Author(s): Kaie Kotov,Rasmus Pedanik / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2016

Social innovation is an emerging and growingly popular research topic that has a number of practical implications for both social and political as well as academic research practices. Nevertheless, social innovation is not yet clearly established as a concept and different theoretical frameworks are being actively researched by many institutions all over the world (Howaldt et al. 2014). Great potential in studying social innovation is attributed to social practice theory, mostly because of the so called practice turn in the social sciences and philosophy (Howaldt et al.).In our paper we study how John Dewey’s pragmatic concept of habit (cf. Dewey 1922) can be applied to the study social innovation. We propose that unlike social practice theory, the pragmatist theory of habit is able to address the question of how change happens and who is the agent of change. Habit in this approach is conceptualised as a disposition, a coordination of a person and an environment that is continuously mediated and remediated in a given culture and that may manifest in patterns of individual behaviour. Two very important implications follow: change of habits is not just a matter of will, of doing things differently, but also implies the change of environment; secondly, the notion of habit enables one to reformulate the relationship between collective and individual behaviour, without subjugating one or the other.

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Chapter 2. - Test case 1: Semiotranslating Peirce into Finnish

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Chapter 2. - Test case 1: Semiotranslating Peirce into Finnish

Author(s): Douglas Robinson / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2016

The title of this chapter overlaps significantly with the title of the book – but less than one might think from the sheer fact that both contain the two words “Semiotranslating Peirce.” In the book title, the agents performing the semiotranslation of Peirce are translation theorists: first Gorlée, then me, then you. We are engaged in the semiotic activity of refi ning Peirce’s theories for the study of translation – even though the translational activity involved is mostly intralingual, within English. In the chapter title, the translational activity is interlingual, English to Finnish, and the agents performing the semiotranslation of Peirce are Finnish philosophers acting as either Finnish translators of Peirce or Finnish critics of Peirce translations, who are thus also engaged in the theorization of translation.

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Peirce’s garden of forking metaphors

Author(s): Aleksandar Feodorov / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2018

The philosophic system of the founder of pragmatism Charles Sanders Peirce is rarely grasped from the point of view of its metaphoric usage. However, some of his most original yet often misunderstood and contested ideas such as those of ‘matter as effete mind’ and ‘the play of musement’ are metaphoric representations. In the present paper I am offering a new way to discuss the role of metaphors in Peirce’s philosophy by taking a twofold approach to the problem. On the one hand, metaphor itself becomes an object of inquiry. I touch upon the appearances of metaphoric thinking at the level of his classes of signs and metaphor’s relation to abductive inference. I trace those appearances in the process of their becoming from the spontaneity of Firstness towards the actuality of Secondness via the generalizing effects of Thirdness.

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The Revolt. A Study in Textual Semiotics

Author(s): Luminiţa Chiorean / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2015

The essay “The Revolt. A Study of Textual Semiotics” sets the theoretical framework of a social semiotics based on decoding the social-cultural persuasive signs. The samples (the texts) that we aim to analyze, which represent different types of discourse (literary – biblical, poetical) set forward a semiotics of passions, from love to ardor, obsession, revolt and hate. The revolt is one of man’s essential dimensions. It is our historical reality, in which we have to discover our values and acknowledge them. In the process of decoding the poetical messages of the studied texts, seen as reference discursive sequences, we have taken into account the mental reality of the text (the cultural variable) and the event reality of social practices manifested through the lyrical identities in which a reader may find or recognize himself. We have considered love based on principles (agape) as reference in the semio-stylistic analysis of the revolt, taking into account texts containing simulacra developed in a biblical space-time frame (David’s psalms), and in a lay one (Arghezi’s psalms), with interferences of sacred and profane. We thus bring into discussion passionate simulacra as existential models, either dedicated to faith, or ambiguously manifested between faith and doubt. Our goal is the configuration of a Romanian identity discourse.

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Monolingual and bilingual children’s understanding of Moore-paradox sentences

Author(s): Krisztina Bartha / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Research of the theory of mind (ToM) has long been a central topic in cognitive science and experimental philosophy. A preliminary example of a Moore-paradox sentence would be: It is raining, but I don’t think it is. Understanding the paradoxes in these sentences is considered part of ToM development. This study focuses on the recognition of Moore’s paradoxical sentences by monolingual and bilingual children. According to the first hypothesis, comprehension of Moore-paradoxical sentences is estimated to start at the age of 7. The second hypothesis assumes that balanced bilingual children develop the ability to understand Moore-paradoxical sentences earlier than Hungarian dominant bilinguals, and balanced bilinguals also outperform their monolingual peers. Romanian monolingual and Hungarian-Romanian bilingual children aged between 5 and 8 (N = 134) participated in the experiment. Balanced and dominant bilingual groups were established based on a questionnaire filled in by the children’s parents. During the experiment, children had to listen to a number of sentences. Each sentence that contained paradoxical statements had control sentences matching syntactically. Children had to choose the sentences they thought to be “silly”. According to the experimental findings, 5- and 6-year-old children performed poorly while the overwhelming majority of 7- and 8-year-olds could select the Moore-paradoxical sentences. There were differences between the performance of monolingual and balanced bilingual groups and between the two bilingual groups. Balanced bilinguals performed better, and their comprehension of understanding Moorean sentences developed earlier than those of the other groups.

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THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN LOGIC AND AESTHETICS. KANT ON THE AESTHETIC-LOGICAL NATURE OF THE PRAGMATIC I

Author(s): Fernando M. F. Silva / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2019

We know today Kant’s importance in founding modern Anthropology; we also know that Kant undertakes this by excising Anthropology from a metaphysical trunk, and that instead of inoculating it in another trunk, Kant rather singularly replants it in a different soil, through a different method, as its own self-sufficient trunk. Not so widely known, however, is the new position of this science. For, according to Kant, such a transplantation did not mean its isolation. Quite on the contrary, Anthropology is the ante-chamber of man’s self-knowledge, and this makes it not a dissociating, rather an agglutinating pole of the surrounding branches of knowledge. Now, among such branches, two singularly exemplify this process: one which seems detached from Anthropology – that of Logic – and one which is now part of the Anthropology, that of Aesthetics. There is, of course, a singular relation between these three fields of knowledge. And so our question is: what is the relation of Anthropology to logic (and hence, to the critique) and to aesthetics? What aspirations may Anthropology have in fulfilling one of Kant’s main designs: that of uniting such opposites and thereby claim the superior dignity of the science of man? And what role do these two domains have in the inception of Kant’s anthropological thought? The answer(s) to this, we believe, reside in Kant’s proposition of a new I and the I’s new pragmatic vision. Namely, Kant proposes an I in the world, an alternative, for dual, or plural form to the I’s egoism, one which at once seeks to satisfy the claims of Logic, by knowing itself and the world, and those of Aesthetics, by experiencing pleasure in its knowledge of itself and its species in the world. This pluralism, we hope to prove, is to be seen not only as a factor of necessary distinction, but also as a factor of possible union between that which separates Logic and Aesthetics: logical egoism and aesthetic egoism.

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Mąstymas ir kalba Donaldo Davidsono ir Wilfrido Sellarso filosofijose: apie dviejų pasaulio vaizdinių galimybę ir pragmatiką

Author(s): Domas Junelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 77/2022

iame tekste nagrinėjamas santykis tarp mąstymo ir kalbos sąmonės filosofijos horizonte. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama būtent komparatyvistinei kalbos bei sąmonės filosofų Donaldo Davidsono bei Wilfrido Sellarso teorijų apžvalgai, kurioje pateikiamos autorių kantiškojo transcendentalumo prielaidos, pristatomos konkrečios sąmonės filosofijos pozicijos, nustatomas deskriptyvumo ir normatyvumo konfliktas bei pasiūloma pragmatinė mąstymo apie sąmonės, o kartu ir žmogaus, problemą, prieiga. Pagrindiniu šios teorijų lyginimo ramsčiu tampa Davidsono bei Sellarso dviejų pasaulio vaizdinių arba žodynų – mokslinio ar fizikinio bei akivaizdžiojo ar mentalinio – apibrėžimas bei įvertinimas. Interpretacija sintezuojama abiem autoriams būdingu nusistatymu teorizuoti apie sąmonę ne tik įvedant principą apie dviejų mąstymo tipų apie pasaulį galimybę, bet ir tame aptinkamą racionalumą grindžiantį pragmatiškąjį gestą. / This text examines the relationship between thinking and language from a philosophy of mind perspective. It focuses on a comparative review of the theories of Donald Davidson and Wilfrid Sellars, philosophers of language and mind, revealing some of the authors’ assumptions concerning Kantian transcendentalism, the presentation of specific theories of consciousness, the conflict between descriptivity and normativity, and a pragmatic approach to the problem of thinking about consciousness and the general human condition. The main pillar of this comparative study is the definition and evaluation of the two world-images or vocabularies of Davidson and Sellars: the scientific, or physical, and the manifest, or mental. The interpretation synthesizes the two authors’ approach to the theory of consciousness, not only by introducing the principle of the possibility of two types of thinking about the world, but also by the pragmatic gesture underlying the rationality found in it.

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HAZ İLKESİ BAĞLAMINDA; HEDONİZM, UTİLİTARİZM ve PRAGMATİZM

Author(s): Suna Merve ÖZER / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 55/2022

Human is the most complex and incomprehensible creature in the universe. Because human has many different characteristics. Human is an epistemological, metaphysical, ontological and moral subject due to his position in the universe. It has become a serious problem in the history of humanity, what the human being that is the subject of morality, puts at the source of morality and what he bases his actions on as the determinant. The first movement in history, which says that the source of morality is pleasure, is the hedonism movement that emerged in the ancient period. The hedonism movement has emerged over time as the idea of Utilitarism and Pragmatism.

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ЛОГІЧНА СУТНІСТЬ АБДУКЦІЇ ЯК МЕТОДУ ПОБУДОВИ ВЕРСІЙ

Author(s): Olena Petrivna Nevelska-Hordieieva,Sofiya Dmitrievna Karnayshenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2022

The article is devoted to the study of the main points of abduction. Pierce’s abduction is tried to be interpreted as a logical reasoning, which is responsible for creating explanatory hypotheses. Abduction – the search for a single factor that explains the causal phenomenon. the process of abduction consists of three stages: result – cause – explanation. Analysis of works of art shows that a number of considerations that have traditionally been considered deductive are abductions. Abduction is not used enough, as it remains unknown to both practitioners and scientists.

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Wason Selection Task and a Semantics Based on State-descriptions

Author(s): Miguel López-Astorga / Language(s): English Issue: 101/2022

Peter Wason provided his four-card selection task over five decades ago. It keeps causing difficulties from both the linguistic, the psychological, and the cognitive point of view. Many psychology theories have been proposed in order to remove its problems. This paper tries to offer one more possible account. That account is based on the method of extension and intension presented by Rudolf Carnap. Hence, it resorts to the concept of state-description. The basic ideas of the argumentation are two: 1) people might tend to consider state-descriptions when processing information, and 2) if conditionals are not expressed with a clear contextual framework, they might be interpreted as biconditionals.

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L’allusion comme « révélateur culturel » : moyens d’expression, décryptage, traduction

Author(s): Mirela-Cristina Pop / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

In line with the work of Robert Galisson (1993), we treat allusions as "cultural revealers" or "masked quotations" (by alteration) that mobilize diverse knowledge, shared by the members of a community that is both linguistic and cultural and who have in common the linguistic code and the cultural values that allusive expressions convey. The cultural dimension of allusion is related to the notion of memory, as the repository of the cultural elements to which the allusive expressions refer. This paper focuses on the interpretation and translation of allusive statements from a constructivist perspective, based on the interpretative recognition and (re)construction of the meaning (translation) of allusive statements. The problems of translating allusive statements are related both to the identification of the basic statement and the cultural revealer, as well as their re-expression in the target language, during the process of translation. The target language is Romanian. The decryption of cultural referents is based on documentation and involves the cognitive complements of the translator, his cultural background and his encyclopedic knowledge. The corpus consists of texts taken from French publications of general interest whose main aim is to attract the attention and the interest of the public. The means of expression of the allusions are diverse: allusions to works (literary, cinematographic, musical), quotations (religious and philosophical), lexicalized expressions (clichés, idiomatic expressions, locutions, proverbs).

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Pragmatization of Narrative in Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy: A Modern Perspective

Author(s): Andrii Synytsia / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The main views on the nature of narrative in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy are analyzed. It is shown how, realizing the research narrative, he paid attention to the linguistic means of expression of our thoughts, reference to the actual reality, the logical component of argumentation. It is shown that in order to place worldview accents more clearly and strengthen the expressive effect of thought, Wittgenstein pragmatized the narrative, in particular, used metaphors, images of learning, took into account the historico-cultural context. It is important for him to show that the form of the narrative influences what meanings the interlocutor will comprehend. Through a system of micro- and macro-narratives, Wittgenstein intended to express his opinion as clearly as possible, although he made the reader an active participant in the narrative. The thinker did not deviate from the analytico-scientific standards of philosophizing, although he showed that the relevant analysis of the narrative is significantly complicated by the ambiguities of its interpretation, the uniqueness of human experience and the identity of each narrator’s value system. It is argued that a pragmatic approach to narrative analysis significantly expands the research methodology of the analytic thinker and, accordingly, makes it possible to deepen our understanding of reality and human existence, as well as more clearly define the specifics of their knowledge.

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EPISTEMOLOGICAL QUESTIONS FOR A PSYCHOLOGY OF DIALOGUE

Author(s): Michael J. Baker / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Notwithstanding the magisterial work of the psychologists H. H. Clark and A. Trognon , in comparison with sociology and linguistics a veritable psychology of dialogue still remains little elaborated. This paper analyses epistemological obstacles facing such an enterprise, arguing that dialogue can not be understood as a ‘window’ on the individual mind. A vision of dialogue as a process of collective thinking, with the exchange as the fundamental unit of analysis, is sketched out. Dialogue is a complex system, involving multidirectional relations between situational representations, communicative action and emergent thinking.

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ÉMERGENCE DU PROBLÈME ET DYNAMIQUE DES RELATIONS LORS DU DÉMARRAGE D’UN ATELIER DE PHILOSOPHIE

Author(s): Anda Fournel,Anne-Nelly Perret-Clermont / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2022

Problem emergence and relational dynamics at the start of a philosophy workshop. This research aims to better understand how a common object is constructed (or not) during an interaction when the purpose of the interaction is to think together philosophically. After presenting what the practice of philosophy for children advocates, we analyze what happens when it is implemented by observing the unfolding of a philosophy workshop involving secondary school students and their teachers. We adopt an empirical approach and a precise follow-up of the contributions of each participant. At the beginning of the workshop, we are interested in looking for those moments when a common problem emerges. Our observations suggest that the process of theoretical elaboration of a philosophical theme and that of the relational dynamics between the participants are intertwined.

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DIRECTIONS DE RECHERCHE SUR L’INTERACTION

Author(s): Ligia Stela Florea / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2022

Research directions on interaction. This article proposes to consider interaction as a concept and an object of study based on pragmatics and textual linguistics, according to three approaches: discursive genres (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 1990, 1992), place relationships (Vion, 1992), dialogism and polyphony (Bakhtine, 1970, 1984 and Ducrot, 1980, 1984). These approaches are illustrated by the analysis of several interaction situations: a political debate organised on Romanian television during the 2004 election campaign, two extracts from literary works Les Parents terribles by Jean Cocteau and La chute by Albert Camus, and a forum in the newspaper Le Figaro (09/2009).

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DE L’INTERMÉDIAIRE DANS LA PHILOSOPHIE DE L’ESPACE : PRÉCARITÉ, CRÉATION, LIBERTÉ

Author(s): Ciprian Mihali / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2022

“The Intermediary” in the Philosophy of Space: Precariousness, Creation, Freedom. The reflection proposed by this text is the result of a dialogue spread over several years between philosophers and geographers. The best common ground between each other – in the right middle of the road – is undoubtedly the concept of the “intermediary”, which describes, negatively or affirmatively, the future of our physical, social, conceptual spaces and which speaks to us about discontinuity, hybridization, flow, contiguity, but also vulnerability, counterpowers and freedom. We wanted to show that far from being a concept of the residual, the unassimilable, the incomprehensible or even the irrational, the intermediary is the place of hospitality, the open work of alternative creativity, resistance, or affirmation of those who, excluded from dominant discourses, claim a right to speak and freely participate in social life.

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