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Is Neurosis a Private Language?

Author(s): Paweł Gwiaździński / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2016

Sigmund Freud`s psychoanalysis was an extremely complex project in the field of research into the human psyche. His work is not only the proposition of a completely unusual solution to the dilemma of behaviour, new therapy – the talking cure – as one of his patients named it, but also a whole new hermeneutics, and theory of symbol. In this paper I would like to focus mainly on the latter, and investigate an idea of Jürgen Habermas, that neurosis could be understood as a private language. For this I would like to make use of Wittgenstein’s metaphor of language as a game, plus further analyse his argument of private language, to which Habermas refers, I would then like to investigate the way in which Freud defines neurosis. In conclusion I shall investigate the interpretation of therapeutic process by Habermas, as I believe it is the core of this problem.

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Filozofia jako demaskatorka zła w poglądach Terry’ego Eagletona

Author(s): Anna Słonimska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2016

The aim of the article is to highlight one of the roles in which philosophy has to operate in present times, namely the exposing of the evil that we experience, while additionally searching for methods and ways of overcoming it. It is also my intention to show how one contemporary philosopher, Terry Eagleton, expresses this problem. The philosophic/literary work of Eagelton is vast and topics of evil are raised in almost each of his titles. The British philosopher Boldly reveals roots of evil and their particular aspects, pointing out the consequences resulting from the postmodern era along with its principles. Eagleton presents results relating to the secularisation of societies, and although is a declared atheist, is not afraid to defend religion, revealing its irreplaceable role, which does not necessarily have to meet or be in sympathy with either culture or other ideology. The topic of terrorism, contemporarily inspiring widespread dread, is of particular interest to Eagleton, writing that it has accompanied humanity since the dawn of time. He does not stop merely at exposing indications of evil, but presents methods for overcoming it. He calls for ‘social love’ called by him ‘political love’, according to the Aristotelian conception. It is also necessary, in his opinion to foster the return of Europe to its foundations as a counterweight to Islamic fundamentalism. Although the British philosopher does not give a one hundred percent certain ‘recipe’ (because such probably does not exist) to control and overcome evil, his views ought to be considered. The work of Eagleton is an example of the necessity for philosophy in the modern world – against those gazing at Pragmatics – proclaiming that it is superfluous.

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Pragmatistističko gledište o racionalnosti i kulturnoj razlici

Author(s): Richard Rorty / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 0/1994

I shall begin by distinguishing three senses of the term "rationality". Rationality(l) is the name of an ability which squids have more of than amoebas, which language-using human beings have more of than nonlanguage-using anthropoids, and which human beings armed with modern technology have more of than those not so armed: the ability to cope with the environment by adjusting one's reactions to environmental stimuli in more complex and delicate ways. This is sometimes called "technical reason", and sometimes "skill at survival". It is ethically neutral, in the sense that this ability, by itself, does not help one decide to what species or to what culture it would be best to belong.

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Non-Stupidity Condition and Pragmatics in Artificial Intelligence

Author(s): Bojan Borstner,Niko Šetar / Language(s): English Issue: 64/2022

Symbol Grounding Problem (SGP) (Harnad 1990) is commonly considered one of the central challenges in the philosophy of artificial intelligence as its resolution is deemed necessary for bridging the gap between simple data processing and understanding of meaning and language. SGP has been addressed on numerous occasions with varying results, all resolution attempts having been severely, but for the most part justifiably, restricted by the Zero Semantic Commitment Condition (Taddeo and Floridi 2005). A further condition that demands explanatory power in terms of machine-to-human communication is the Non-Stupidity Condition (Bringsjord 2013) that demands an SG approach to be able to account for plausibility of higher-level language use and understanding, such as pragmatics. In this article, we undertake the endeavour of attempting to explain how merging certain early requirements for SG, such as embodiment, environmental interaction (Ziemke 1998), and compliance with the Z-Condition with symbol emergence (Sun 2000; Tangiuchi et al. 2016, etc.) rather than direct attempts at symbol grounding can help emulate human language acquisition (Vogt 2004; Cowley 2007). Along with the presumption that mind and language are both symbolic (Fodor 1980) and computational (Chomsky 2017), we argue that some rather abstract aspects of language can be logically formalised and finally, that this melange of approaches can yield the explanatory power necessary to satisfy the Non-Stupidity Condition without breaking any previous conditions.

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Being Moved by Art: A Phenomenological and Pragmatist Dialogue

Author(s): Simon Høffding,Carlos Vara Sánchez,Tone Roald / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article integrates John Dewey’s Art as Experience, Mikel Dufrenne’s Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience, and phenomenological interviews with museum visitors to answer what it means to be ‘moved by art’. The interviews point to intense affective and existential experiences, in which encounters with art can be genuinely transformative. We focus on Dufrenne’s notion of ‘adherent reflection’ and Dewey’s notions of ‘doing and undergoing’ to understand the intentional structure and dynamics of such experiences, concluding that being moved contains two merged forms of intentionality: one overt aspect of perceptual intentionality directed at the work, and a covert affective intentionality directed back at oneself in one’s situated existence. These are operational simultaneously but can work in loops, one leading to an intensification of the other and vice versa. As such, these analyses emphasize the value of phenomenological interviews and advance the integration of phenomenological and pragmatist thinking in the context of aesthetic experience.

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Wincentego Lutosławskiego jarstwo w praktyce – od doświadczeń osobistych do „programowej wstrzemięźliwości”

Author(s): Agata Świerzowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 84/2022

The article presents Wincenty Lutoslawski (1863–1954), who, by his actions, contributed to the propagation of the ‘Lebensreform’ diet in Poland. His activities are painted against the background of a brief characterization of the structure of the Polish ‘Lebensreform’ movement. Lutosławski promoted the vegetarian diet, understood as a lifestyle subject to the rules of abstinence. The article reconstructs the sources from which the philosopher drew his knowledge on the subject of vegetarian food and discusses his views on the importance of a meatless diet not only for the preservation of physical health but, above all, for the spiritual development of man. It also shows how the philosopher propagated these recommendations in a programmatic way and how his followers gathered in the Eleusis Society applied these recommendations.

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Emotivno vrjednovanje iskaza pomoću komunikacijskih priloga u hrvatskom i poljskom jeziku

Author(s): Neda Pintarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

Communicative adverbs are pragmatic units called pragmemes. Those are emotive marked words utter by speaker to the listener. Marking is the most important characteristic of human relations. In early childhood a child shows its pleasure when smiling or crying. Parents approve or rebuke them for their deeds. During our schooling we are marking for getting knowledge. Comparison of adjective and adverb consist only of three degrees, but interlocutors use a lot of emotion grades in communication choosing various adverbs, sinthagmes or phrases during their turns. We analised three types of communication adverbs and their grades: admirable type (e.g. not bad, very good, exellent, perfect, wonderful, super, cool etc.), blameworthy type (e.g. bad, very bad, horrible, blamable, dreadful, awful etc.) and ambivalent type (with adverbs which can be used as positive or as negative ones) . As we can see, there are a lot of communicative adverbs (lexemes, synthagmes or phrasemes) due to which our utterances are emotivly enriched.

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Governing the Commons like a Pragmatist: The Case of John Dewey

Author(s): Nemanja Anđelković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

As a result of the process of neoliberal policies, commons have been in a state of enclosure and exploitation. That kept the debate on governing the commons is very much alive. This paper examines what John Dewey can contribute to the debate through his method of inquiry. As part of his method, we will examine mechanisms such as public deliberation and democratic experimentalism. In addition, his contribution to the re-conceptualization of the commons will be discussed.

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Moralia wychowawcze (w) Myśli Lucjusza Anneusza Seneki – „O 13. sprawach”

Author(s): Kazimierz Wojnowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 62/2021

The moral views of Lucius Annaeus Seneca express the pragmatic axiology of education which aimed to bring up a Roman citizen, a law-abiding person who followed common sense and an ethical code. At the same time, that citizen was aware of the public good and his self-esteem. These views of Seneca express a stoic concept of the human being’s autonomy. These views have been instrumental in defining the pedagogic ideas and are still significant for contemporary axiology of upbringing. Seneca’s moralia include axiology for education, which focuses on bringing up a human who is wise, reasonable, responsible, and efficient. This axiology is timeless.

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(NIE)ROZUMIENIE ZJAWISKA PRZYWÓDZTWA W PRZESTRZENI EDUKACYJNEJ

Author(s): Małgorzata M. Ptak,Mirosław J. Śmiałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2021

In the contemporary and dynamic educational reality, also known as socialization, a young person (or is it just a young one [sic!]) in a process of gaining experience, instead of understanding the environment better with time, gets lost, has problems with self-determination, struggles between the important and the irrelevant, the desired and the redundant, good and harmful. The wisdom and educational experience, the educational process and recognized educational influences should become helpful. The pragmatism of the theory of cognition often allows for conclusions and reflections on every process of scientific cognition. In the area of axiology, it may constitute a “pillar of pedagogical initiation”. In view of the holistic format of the majority of educational phenomena, the subject as a balanced dialogue and consistent in the autonomy of leadership (especially educational!) fits perfectly well the latest theories and trends of modern pedagogical, psychological and social knowledge as well as theories of inter-/intrapersonal management. The above indications are the basis for a wise leadership in education and an upbringing in leadership. Knowledge of leadership issues, understood as the process of socialization, may wisely support and strengthen educational influences. Otherwise, by unwise influences, from the pedagogical point of view, something can be irretrievably lost and wasted.

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DIGESTIVE JURISPRUDENCE RESTATED: ON BREAKFAST AND DIGESTION AS BIAS-AROUSERS

Author(s): Giovanni Tuzet / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

“Digestive Jurisprudence” is the view that judicial decisions depend on what judges had for breakfast. The view is usually associated with Frank’s version of Legal Realism. The paper shows that, disputable as it is, that view comes from the philosophical background of Peirce’s pragmatism and the legal background of Holmes’ prediction theory. Peirce’s pragmatism was an account of concepts in terms of their predictable consequences. Holmes’ prediction theory was an account of law in terms of predictions of what judges will do. And Legal Realism focused on judicial behavior as determined by various factors including, in its most extreme and provocative version, breakfast quality and digestive processes. The paper does not ascertain whether the digestive view is true (to some extent); rather, it makes the working hypothesis that breakfast quality, or digestion quality, is not a sufficient condition of a certain outcome but, most likely, a bias-arouser.

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ABDUCTIVE REASONING AS A MODEL FOR MUSICAL CREATION IN JULIO ESTRADA’S MUSICAL WORKS

Author(s): Manuel Domínguez Salas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The paper deals with two philosophical postulates that although at first sight both do not have a direct link, it is my hypothesis that there may be a connection between them since in each one imagination plays an important role in the process of scientific discovery. On the one hand, it deals with the abductive reasoning by Charles Sanders Pierce (1839–1914), focusing on the problem related with abduction and scientific imagination, graphicacy or the ability to represent ideas through images, beelddenken or “pictorial thinking” as a form of communicating ideas without the use of any verbal form, and synthetic topology responsible for studying the qualitative relations of any 3-D geometrical structure. On the other hand, the author presents the philosophical postulates of the Theory of Composition: discontinuum-continuum by Julio Estrada (*1941), where reality and imagination play an important role in the process of musical creation, presenting a two-fold methodology of creation, (1) the macro timbre where the homogenization of the components of the rhythmsound takes place, and (2) the chronography, a graphic representation of the rhythmsound in movement. The latter is exemplified in this paper with the three examples of Estrada’s musical compositions, (1) the graphical score of eua’on UPIC (1980), (2) graphical recording for the series yuunohui’ (1983–2020), and (3) the topological variations included in the ishini’ioni String Quartet (1984–1990).

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From Biography to a Net of Interpretations: The Plurality of Approaches to Vladimír Karfík’s work

Author(s): Nina Bartošová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this study is to justify a partial shift from the biographical approach in the author’s ongoing research into the work of architect Vladimír Karfík’s, especially if that research is directed towards raising present-day appreciation of his output. The inspiration comes from pragmatic aesthetics, as understood by philosopher Richard Shusterman, which considers the possibility of appreciating a work of art and architecture without the premise of one universal truth. The “net of interpretations” metaphor suggests that different interpretative lines can be perceived as equivalent in all their diversity, and there is no single “true” image of the work that lies underneath. The proposition of the study is argued both on a theoretical level and through the analysis of existing publications devoted to Karfík’s work and personality.

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КОРЕЛЯЦІЯ СВОБОДИ І ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ У ФІЛОСОФІЇ НЕОПРАГМАТИЗМУ: НА ПРИКЛАДІ ТВОРЧОСТІ ІСАЙЇ БЕРЛІНА

Author(s): Olexander Petrovych Dzoban,Artem Bulich / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2023

The article notes that, according to neopragmatists, the minimal freedom of an individual, protected from external intrusion, can have different names and justifications: human rights, the principle of utility, individual inviolability, categorical imperative, inviolability of the social contract, etc. These concepts are united by “negative” freedom. The evolution of human rights is analyzed from the point of view of the concept of “negative” and “positive” freedom. Berlin”s point of view on the transition from the ideas of “negative” and “positive” freedom to gnosticism and despotism is analyzed.

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FILOZOFIJA, ODGOJ I NASTAVA: OD ANTIKE DO DEWEYA I SUVREMENOG DOBA

Author(s): Martina Musa,Ivana Jovanović,Renata Šimunović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2023

Education is a basic human category and need. Man is born without any knowledge and experience, and in the process of upbringing and education, he needs to realize himself as an autonomous being. Therefore, it is the task of participants and creators of educational policies to provide methods to achieve this goal. Also, it is necessary to provide a competent teacher who will be able to ensure the fulfillment of educational intentions. Education is dealt with by philosophy and pedagogy. Pedagogy deals with specific issues related to education, and philosophy, within the framework of the philosophy of education, deals with phenomena related to education and educational practice, approaching holistically. In this paper, we will present certain educational attitudes from antiquity, the pragmatist theory of J. Dewey, and indicate which competencies a teacher should possess in modern teaching.

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Některé myšlenky k filozofi i výchovy a její aspekty v teoriích učení budovaných na bázi filozofického pragmatismu

Author(s): Jiří Zlámal / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2007

Philosophy of education is the theme in pedagogical practice, which is often unjustly neglected. Curriculum documents of educational systems, general and fi eld didactics are built on the basis of philosophy of education. Teachers should respect this reality and always think of the content, aim and didactic technology of teaching unit prior to starting teaching the pupils.

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A spectacular world of modeled reality

Author(s): Eleni Alexandri / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2023

The purpose of Alexandri’s chapter is to provide an in-depth investigation of the concept of the spectacle, as it was established by the French philosopher Guy Debord in 1967, concentrating on the pragmatics of the phenomenon, identifying its core mechanisms, and analysing their structure and function. This in-depth analysis of meaning-making processes and perception enables a deeper understanding of how spectacles have such a major impact on both individuals and communities, a very relevant issue in modern culture. Beginning with the predominance of the visual modality, the study continues with an examination of the significance and dual function of distance in the world of the spectacle. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal dimensions of the phenomenon are explored, and the relationship between the perception and experience of time and the concept of free will reveals the absence of agency in the spectacular world. The comparison between the human mind to a black box ultimately leads to the chapter’s thesis, which suggests that the spectacle should be seen as a modelling system. Main academic interest covers the field of Eastern Asian forms of art and entertainment. Her work concentrates on Korean popular music (K-Pop), Korean music videos, global perception, marketing tactics, and their impact on popular culture, as well as representation and identity.

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Rzeczy bezużyteczne, skarby same w sobie

Author(s): Olga Drenda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 693/2023

Dla współczesnej pragmatycznej kultury bezużyteczność stała się grzechem. Tymczasem w gęstym doświadczeniu życia nie ma rzeczy i czynów zbędnych. Swój potencjał, wiedzę i skarb niosą również brud, nuda, odpadki.

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PET PREKRETNICA U EMPIRIZMU

Author(s): Willard Van Orman Quine / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2020

Pet je tačaka u kojima je empirizam bio unapređen tokom protekla dva veka. Prva je prelazak sa ideja na reči. Druga je prebacivanje semantičkog interesovanja sa izraza na rečenice. Treća je prebacivanje semantičkog interesovanja sa rečenica na sisteme rečenica. Četvrta je, kako ju je opisao Morton Vajt (Morton White), metodološki monizam: napuštanje dualizma analitičko-sintetičko. Peta je naturalizam: napuštanje ideje o prvoj filozofiji koja bi imala prioritet u odnosu na prirodne nauke. U nastavku ću podrobnije razmotriti svaku od ovih pet tačaka.

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THE REASON AND PRAGMATIC KNOWLEDGE: RETRIEVING THE INTEGRATIVE MEANING

Author(s): Eugenia Bogatu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article discusses the social responsibility of scientists in the context of practical work. Knowledge has a major role, both in the development of an individual and of society as a whole. Today’s society is a society of knowledge. Knowledge cannot evolve separately from information. The amount and quality of information depends to a large extent on its processing by artificial intelligence. The involvement of knowledge in the field of artificial intelligence is not possible without critical thinking. A knowledge society is not perceived without the involvement of researchers. They are the ones who promote and develop scientific knowledge. This type of knowledge is found in all areas of society.

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