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YAPIT ÇÖZÜMLEMESİNDE TOPLUMELEŞTİRİ, YAZIN TOPLUMBİLİMİ YÖNTEMLERİ VE LUCİEN GOLDMANN’IN OLUŞUMSAL YAPISALCILIĞI

Author(s): İrfan Atalay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 08/2016

Since new structures become compulsory in this new situation, which govern and lead the society, become inevitable. Despite of the efforts of enabling different economic systems into the global arena, superiority of capitalist system over others is an undeniable fact. This system changes and corrupts the nature of human beings and the relationships in society. From now on, mankind strives to gain materialistic achievements. This mentality, which dominates in the society, is reflected in art and literature. Methods and doctrines, which reflect the realities of the time, have been developed with the influence of this reflection and literary products have been considered in this context. Marxist and sociological criticism methods are added to the approaches, which have been employed and developed for the criticism of literary genres. Lucien Goldmann's method called genetic structuralism, which is based on sociology, aims to analyse the work by considering the realities of the society. Goldmann claims that in comparison with the ancient societies, today's societies lose their merits and they strive unnecessarily to find them. The protagonist, representative of this quest in the novel, has a problematical personality due to the society he lives in and inevitably his quest is a disappointment. Our study aims to provide an understanding to the comprehension part, which includes determination of inner facts in the text in the criticism process of the work and to the explanation part which includes connections of external structures with the problem in the work and also it is aimed to introduce the criticism method of Goldmann.

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Problem samodzielności stanowiska strukturalizmu czasoprzestrzennego

Author(s): Damian Luty / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2016

The aim of this paper is to place the considerations provided by a philosoph- ical family of positions called “spacetime structuralism” in the context of the debate between classical views: substantivalism and relationism in the philos- ophy of spacetime. Altough this task was somehow tackled in the past by other researchers, they never stated most generally, what exactly the problem with spacetime structuralism as a standpoint was. I view that problem as the prob- lem of its autonomy and potential reducibility to both of the classical views. I modestly suggest a general viewpoint on spacetime structuralism: as a pure- ly interpretative endeavour.

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Z dziejów Bożej niemocy

Author(s): Zofia Sajdek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2012

In the beginning the article is an attempt to answer the question whether there are conclusive arguments for non-existence of the God’s omnipotence. Maybe it is impossible to conclude because that depends on interpretation; e.g. Auschwitz can mean Yahweh abandoned His people or – on the contrary – it was a divine miracle they survived. On the other hand some philosophers argue that the radical evil eliminates freedom of interpretation – e.g. raping children cannot be a creation of a loving and powerful Creator. The study of the opinion of Slovenian thinker Slavoj Žižek leads to a „compromising” conclusion: the history of God’s impotence and people’s silence prove that an imperfect Creator is one before whom man can either fall to his knees or dance.

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CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF BAKHTIN’S CHRONOTOPE

Author(s): Mikhail Pushkin / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2017

Although Western academic circles have become familiar with intellectual work of Mikhail Bakhtin only a decade after his passing, its influence is impossible to underestimate. However, not only have his theories and concepts reached the Western academic thought indirectly via proxies of the likes of Julia Kristeva and Tzvetan Todorov, but they have also not been rigorously scrutinized for consistency and objectivity. Following postmodern nihilistic rebellion against the language itself by Jacques Derrida and the like, perceived as an instrument of hegemonic structures, it falls to current academicians to reevaluate modern thought, extract concise terms, concepts and categories to reconstitute contemporary unambiguous tools for research. It is in pursuit of such consistency that current research provides critical analysis of Bakhtin’s concept of chronotope exposing several logical inconsistencies and contradictions in its definition, constituents, origins and application, while recognizing its strength as going far beyond the scope of literary analysis and retaining applicability to written, theatric and cinematic traditions. Besides addressing the concept of chronotope as such, the necessity of specific distinct types of idyll is also questioned, suggesting that such could have been broken down to their more basic and more universal elements not bound to the folkloristic culture, but to the very human nature and events experienced universally regardless of literary or oral tradition.

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O poststrukturalističkoj teoriji diskursa kroz raspravu o uvođenju pojma ‘brak’ u hrvatski ustav

Author(s): Sanja Đurin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 29/2017

The discourse theory still occupies a rather marginal position and faces considerable scepticism in the Croatian academic community. By examining the core arguments of the discourse theory, this paper aims to transform the present attitude. The discourse theory assumes that every linguistic and non-linguistic production (including speeches, reports, manifestos, historical events, ideas, interviews, archives, policies, documents, organizations and institutions, narratives in museums, motion pictures, etc.) represents discursive forms which constitute a ‘discourse’ and its ‘reality’. Based on Foucault’s theoretical legacy, and by elaborating the concept of discourse as defined in Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s Hegemony and social strategy, the discourse theory uses discursive forms to “describe, understand, and explain how and why particular discursive formations were constructed, stabilized and transformed” (Torfing 2005:19). Recent discussion on the definition of marriage in Croatia and its introduction in the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia serves as a particular and specific example which has allowed the examination of the main aspects of the concept in this paper.

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Activist Philosophy and the Occurent Arts

Author(s): Brian Massumi / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2013

This text deals with a number of interrelated concepts – from something doing to the bare fact of activity, from bare activity to event and change, from change to potential and the production of the new, from production of the new to process as becoming. But process of becoming is also self-creation, and as such is double. It consists of relational and qualitative dimensions, which are also in their turn political and aesthetic, that is aesthetico-political and speculative-pragmatic. Practices we call politics and practices we call art are all integrally aesthetico-political, and every aesthetico-political activity is integrally speculative-pragmatic, and as such can be approached through the concept of techniques of existence. They are inventive of subjective forms in the activist sense – dynamic unities of events unfolding – so they qualify whatever domain in which their creativity is operative as an occurrent art.

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Nemogućnosti metajezičkog položaja u tekstualnom procesu: kritičko-komparativna analiza psihoanalitičkog i poststrukturalističkog diskursa

Author(s): Bojana Matejić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 03/2013

In this article I have dealt with critical comparation between Lacanian psychoanalytic and Derrida’s poststructuralist thesis on the impossibility of metalanguage in the textual production. The aim of the article is to show that the potentiality of their political intervention quality may be effective successfully both with aspect of the ideological theory, based on the psychoanalytic model, and from the positon of the deconstruction theory, depending on the mode and context in which the given process is taking place. The thesis of this paper is that the procedure of deconstruction does not necessarily exclude, but only pushes the critical potentialities of political and ideological theories to the margins.

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Естетичні феномени у постструктуралістських сюжетах Мішеля Фуко

Author(s): Dariya Skalska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2007

Дослідження естетичних феноменів у постструктуралістських концептах полягають насамперед у розумінні тих еволюційних процесів, які супроводжують динамічний перехід та співіснування доби Модерну /сучасності/ та Постмодерну /постсучасності/. В них відбилась як специфічна форма антропологізації світогляду, так і ситуація, яку можна позначити станом постантропологічних перспектив. Людська природа та людський світ виявилися надзвичайно багатоликими, внутрішньо суперечливими й неоднозначними, а це призвело до проблеми протистояння і комунікації різних парадигм філософії людини ХХ ст.

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Prawda jest kobietą

Author(s): Agata Han / Language(s): Polish Issue: 73/2014

The feminist critics of western epistemology reveal political implications of a conception of truth. As a consequence of this a legal process is also in a broad sense inflicted by politics. The feminist jurisprudence claims that the modern law is founded on patriarchal values and interests and neglects voices of social groups which are located on the edge of the society.

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KATEGORIE WIEDZY I WŁADZY W DYSKURSIE PUBLICZNYM

Author(s): Małgorzata Rzeszutko-Iwan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2014

The aim of this article is to present how the categories of knowledge, power, and order function in the public discourse on the basis of the judicial and media discourse. The source of their understanding are the works of the philosopher Michel Foucault. The immanent order manifests itself through the category of knowledge and power and these categories constitute and create a discourse which plays a significant role of the institutional tool to maintain internal order. It guarantees consistent relationships between subjects, situational, contextual, thematic as well as ideological, axiological, social. The category of order is manifested in three areas: symbolic, non-verbal, and verbal. Knowledge is understood as: looking for, searching for the truth and the interpretation of the truth, revealing the truth. In contrast, the category of power gains institutional meaning – real and/or linguistic – symbolic.

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Homecoming: poezija kao vratolomija koja preporađa svijet

Author(s): Bjanka Alajbegović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 69-70/2018

Predavanja Petra Sloterdijka objedinjena u knjizi Doći na svijet, dospjeti u jezik, počinju fenomenološki obojenim riječima Paula Celana: poezija se ne nameće, ona se izlaže. A poezija se izlaže jer je, kako kaže Sloterdijk, analogna egzistenciji – bezobjektna otvo-rena vratolomija (1992: 5). U tom trenutku, on nedvojbeno priziva Heideggera2 i Merleau-Pontyja.3 Izlaganje svijetu jeste egzistencija i stvaranje, odnosno, poetičnim rječnikom Jean-Luc Nancyja, iz-koženje sebe. Nancyjeva misao, baš na tom mjestu iz-stranjenja, ko-respondira sa Sloterdijkovom: Ekspozicija je potpis sušte kože, kao kože bivstvovanja. Egzi-stencija je svoja vlastita tetovaža (2018: 130).

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Elementy personalizmu – podmiotowość i indywidualność – w postmodernistycznej dyskusji filozoficznej

Author(s): Ignacy Bokwa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2012

Postmodernity has made a fundamental calculation of the Enlightenment and modern concepts of subjectivity and individuality. The Enlightenment was associated with hope of finding a fixed anchor of interpreting and shaping the world in an autonomous subject. It was to the Enlightenment and modernity not only a center of power capable to take over the world, but actually performing this work on the road to subjugate the natural world through science and its use in the technology. Although the postmodern subject is an individual, it no longer carries the strength of transcendental generality. It seems to be shaped only by speech and communication systems in which they live. Under the conditions of postmodernity, a man is not so much a man in the middle of a homogeneous history, focusing on self-determining identity, but he lives in a situation of patchwork made up of multi-faceted, heterogeneous stories. The social form of life seems to be primarily empty space, which opens up more and more differential community. The space of social existence of a subject is gradually filled by unable to mutual agreement elements of different traditions and the resulting side effects. The place of clear- to this moment- reality, starts to be filled by the incomprehensible shape remains of previous life. The result of these processes is the inability to build in conditions of postmodernity, a coherent identity of one’s own biography as an unbroken unity. Under the conditions of postmodernity, a man lives in a situation of increasing drama of his life story. Individualization of the worlds of life imposes on an individual an increasing obligation of interpretation and integration. It consists of daily necessity for determining, shaping your life, step by step. New grammar, which allows this life to be re-read and "invented" must stand by it.

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ПРЕДИЗВИЦИТЕ НА АФЕКТИВНАТА ТЕОРИЈА

Author(s): Loreta Georgievska-Jakovleva / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 70/2018

This paper aims at representing affective theory as one of the newer tools in the field of cultural studies, history, and political science that focuses on non-linguistic forces, that is to say affects. The text starts with the basic premise that affective theorists position, namely that affects cannot be socially constructed, thus representing an opportunity to discontinue the reproduction of the given normative and move towards another alternative. The text makes a distinction between affective science and affective theory, thusly it distinguishes between the two semantic meanings of the term affect. Establishing the influence of psychoanalysis (mostly Tompkins and Deleuze), the text offers an overview of the most influential positions of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and Brian Massumi, as affective theory’s first proponents. The key arguments attributed to post-deconstruction are being examined, namely, a doubt in the capacity of the post-deconstructivist model of the subject to explain holistically the position of the individual or of groups in the world; a doubt in the capacity of quantitative empiricist approaches and a textual analysis of post-deconstruction so as to reveal a complete resonance of a social world that aims at self-understanding; a doubt in the abilities of binaries such as power/resistance and public/private to fully explain political processes. These doubts are highlighted with the aim to address how affective theory can offer common analytical tools and how highly individualized and social contact zones - bodies and histories - can write their own materiality in space (the understanding of incarnate realities). Henceforth, affecive theory speaks about how power systems circulate within bodies. The text offers its analysis of the political aspects of affective theory, by examining closely Sara Ahmed’s The Promise of Happiness and Lauren Berlant’s Cruel Optimism.

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Інтерпретація несвідомого в термінах культури: концепція Ж. Лакана

Author(s): Andriy Petrushkevych / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2012

The article reviews the main features in the interpretation of the notion of the unconscious in Lacan’s concept of culture, as a base for understanding the nature and essence of cultural mechanisms.

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Феномен творчої діяльності у проекції постмодерністської філософської думки

Author(s): Olena Petrovna Chumachenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2012

The article deals with different approaches to the problem of phenomena of creation in the context of philosophical theories in the period of postmodernism. The emphasis is laid on importance investigation of philosophical conception of creative activity as a factor of historical dynamics of socio-cultural development in the period of postmodernism, and the definition of creativity as form of interconnection between different cultural-information channels.

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What Do Cyborgs Gossip About in (Cyber)space?: Tracing Posthuman Discourses in the Rosetta Space Mission

Author(s): Tamara Szűcs / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This paper examines machine/human boundary-breaching examples in social media discourse on the Rosetta mission, a recent European space mission to a comet visiting our solar system, in order to speculate on the posthuman and perhaps even post-cyborgian implications of these transgressions.Using Donna Haraway’s conception of the cyborg as a “hybrid of machine and organism, creature of social reality as well as creature of fiction”(1991, 149) as my springboard to critically think through how the machine/human boundary was complicated and made ambiguous during the climax of the space project, I aim to show that the unstaffed spacecrafts of the mission (named Rosetta and Philae) largely fit the Harawayan definition of the cyborg in that they are both discursively constructed ‘living’organisms and artificially made ‘lifeless’ objects. In other words, I argue that the spaceships are indissoluble assemblages of the human and machine; they are ambiguous associations that are made elusive and, somewhat paradoxically, all the more integrated by being spatially and temporally dispersed in cyberspace and outer space.

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Zašto naše iskustvo započinje iz sredine? O tri „Meditacije o posredovanom iskustvu“

Author(s): Boris Bosančić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2018

From a particular point of view that engages in several areas of human knowledge and activity, the paper attempts to trace possible sources of our experience based on signs and their interrelationships, as well as the process of attributing meaning. The main thesis of the paper is that our experience starts from the middle, and as such, it is always mediated, either by signifiers, as suggested by Jacques Derrida’s poststructuralist theory on writing, or by the process of attributing meaning according to Heinz von Foerster’s constructivist approach to the cognitive process, or by means of the signified as an occurrence that is generated in experiments of quantum physics only by the very act of observation, presupposed by the philosophical implications of the quantum theory by Werner Heisenberg.

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Thomas Pynchon’s Against the Day: A Deleuzian Reading of Pynchon’s Language

Author(s): Ali Salami,Razieh Rahmani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This study explores Pynchon’s mammoth novel, Against the Day, in terms of the minor practice of language as proposed by Deleuze and Guattari in their book Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature, which opens up new possibilities for literary criticism. With his idiosyncratic, intensive, and inventive practice of language, Pynchon shatters the already existing notions of appropriate and homogenizing forms of major language. The novel demystifies the language’s institutionalized system of signification and defies identifiable decipherable meaning in many ways, such as covert and overt deterritorialization of language, escape from “territorial” and “representational” language, defiance of signification, neutralization of sense, asyntactical language, phantasmagorical and absurd tales, quizzical jokes, silly songs, and asubjective free indirect narration. Against the Day’s practice of language prefers the territory of asubjective insignification to subjective, symbolic, and signifying usage of language so as to dismantle the territory of representation; thus, it pushes the major language towards or even out of its limits.

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Dispozityvas ar išorės geismas? Michelio Foucault ir Gilles’io Deleuze’o galios sampratų skirtumai

Author(s): Kasparas Pocius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2017

The article scrutinizes the conceptions of power of Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, emphasizes their differences and characterizes the historical causes which have allowed the emergence of these differences. Deleuze, in the theory which he has created separately and together with Félix Guattari, conceptualizes the notion of immanent outside of power while observing the possibilities to resist in the lines of flight which the assemblages involve. Meanwhile Foucault creates a concept of dispositif, where the person’s conduct presupposes his/her subjection to power: a person becomes the object and simultaneously a subject, who realizes herself in some power diagram. While, after 1975, Deleuze develops the strategies of resistance to any power, Foucault seeks self-realization in the strategies of individuation and self-creation, which, from the historical perspective, were not unrelated to the emergence of neoliberalism at the end of the 20th century.

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Etinio subjekto re-konstravimas

Author(s): Danutė Bacevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2017

The article deals with the problem of constitution of the ethical subject considering the challenges that emerge in the age of technology. The questions are whether the technological and instrumental systems allow the process of self-constitution of the ethical subject and how the measure of responsibility of this ethical subject is founded. The hypothesis is examined that Michel Foucault’s later philosophy could help us to rethink the question of the constitution of the ethical subject taking into consideration the ways of its being and behaviour as practices that are formed in contact with challenges that emerge in the areas of social and ecological ethics. Firstly, the Foucauldian problematisation of the question of the ethical subject is reconstructed and the paradoxes of his approach are investigated. Secondly, the correlation of the genealogy of technology with the question of the constitution of ethical subject and Foucault’s notion of the “techniques of the self” is analysed. Thirdly, two models of the ethical relations with oneself and others – the juridical model and the model of positive enjoyment – are discussed and the question is raised whether the ethical practice that is grounded on the model of enjoyment could provide the positive alternatives for contemporary ethical thought.

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