Wittgenstein 1929–1930 – problem dwóch kolorów w tym samym miejscu

Author(s): Szymon S. Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2015

Wittgenstein introduced his claim about colour incompatibility originally in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, where he stated that there could be only one colour in one place and time. It is commonly believed that Wittgenstein abandoned his conception of logical atomism when he realized the consequences of this claim. The aim of this article is to provide an interpretation of the colour incompatibility claim in terms of Wittgenstein’s phenomenology. I will focus on two works of great significance for the claim: Some Remarks on Logical Form and Philosophical Remarks. These two works were written between 1929 and 1930, which is the beginning of the “middle period” in Wittgenstein’s philosophy. I will focus not only on Wittgenstein’s formulation of the colour incompatibility claim, but also on how this claim was justified. The explanation of Wittgenstein’s justification of this claim will help to understand his phenomenology and theory of philosophical grammar.

Wittgenstein 1929–1930 – problem dwóch kolorów w tym samym miejscu

Author(s): Szymon S. Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2015

The colour incompatibility claim was first introduced by Wittgenstein in the Tractaus. It states that there can be only one colour in one place and time. It is commonly believed that Wittgenstein abandoned his conception of logical atomism after he had understood the consequences of his colour incompatibility claim.The main goal of this article is to provide an interpretation of the colour incompatibility claim in terms of Wittgenstein's phenomenology. I will focus on two works which are of great significance for the colour incompatibility claim, namely, Some Remarks on Logical Form and Philosophical Remarks. The period between 1929 and 1930 is the time when these two works came into existence, and it is the beginning of the “middle period” of Wittgenstein's philosophy. My attention will not only concern the fact that Wittgenstein formulated the colour incompatibility claim, but I will also address the issue of how this claim was justified. The grasp of Wittgenstein's justification of the colour incompatibility claim will help to understand his phenomenology and his theory of philosophical grammar.

Disappearing knowledge

Author(s): Ivan Nišavić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Following the exposition of the basic standpoints of contextualism in relation to invariantistic position, which takes the concept of knowledge in its rigorous and fixed meaning, the text continues to deal with the analysis of the concept of knowledge offered by David lewis, with a goal to solve common epistemological problems, one of those being the lottery paradox. Accepting fallibilism as the only plausible option regarding the possibility of acquiring knowledge, lewis claims that, with the postulated rules that allow us to properly eliminate alternative possibilities, it is possible to resolve the previously mentioned paradox. If we want to base knowledge on probability, and not on certainty, and to directly stipulate it with the context in which it is being imposed or expressed, than it is obvious that knowledge will depend on whether the requirements for knowledge are high or low. Thus, in one case it might occur that we have knowledge, and in the other that we do not, even though nothing is changed except the conversational conditions that are already ”in the game”. Such, elusive knowledge, that gets lost, De Rose labels ”now you know it, now you don’t” and considers it to be a direct consequence of Lewis’s analysis. As such, the analysis should not be accepted.

Tipovi karakterizacije logičkog

Author(s): Nijaz Ibrulj / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01/1999

U tekstu koji slijedi naša je namjera ocrtati[I] granice filozofije logike; funkcioniranje promjenjivog kritičkog i analitičkog idioma; probleme logike povezane sa pripadajućim calculusom; [II] problemsko jedinstvo različitih koncepata logike (ontološkog ili metafizičkog, atomističkog ili analitičkog, i holističkog ili holofrastičkog); rezonantnost problema logike, ontologije i epistemologije sa stanovišta filozofije logike; karakterizaciju ontoloških pretpostavki logike; karakterizaciju epistemoloških pretpostavki logike; karakterizaciju filozofije sa stanovišta filozofije logike; [III] funkcioniranje različitih ideala karakterizacije logičkog; karakterizaciju predikata "logično"; [IV] karakterizaciju logičkog u ontološkom konceptu logike; [V] karakterizaciju logičkog u atomističkom konceptu logike; [VI] karakterizaciju logičkog u holističkom konceptu logike; [VII] probleme konceptualne sheme; karakterizaciju principa logičkog; trostruku karakterizaciju strukture konceptualne sheme; [VIII] odnos filozofije logike i logike filozofije.

Tworzenie nadbudowy wyzysku ekonomicznego w świetle teorii dysonansu poznawczego

Author(s): Michał Pytlik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2015

The most important legacy of Marxist philosophy is dialectical and historical materialism. One of exemplifications of how social psychology is inspired by this legacy is the theory of cognitive dissonance by Leon Festinger (1957) as a dialectical moment in human’s mind. This dialectics signifies that dissonances in cognition direct towards consonances in an infinite process of practical exploration conducted by individuals entangled in social relations and, at the same time, their creators. Cognitive dissonance, an unpleasant affect of contradiction between subjectively significant cognitive and behavioral elements, always tends to be reduced by either material praxis (behavioral component) or shift in consciousness’ content (cognitive element). Individuals privileged by exemption from physical work, disposing private propriety of means of production and capturing surplus value are in position of cognitive dissonance with the principles of primary commune’s social functioning. As multiple research in field of psychology has shown, it is more plausible to justify the contradictory and morally inappropriate behavior than to adjust to immoral deeds the behavior itself. Hence, privileged individuals make a shift in consciousness, creating new contents of cognition. These contents, justifying privileged position in social order, may or may not be transmitted from individual to social consciousness and become a part of ideological superstructure. Cognitive dissonance does not touch the falsehood or reality of subsequent edition processes of these new contents, but determines the plausibility of their appearance.

Wittgenstein über das Problem der Subjektivität

Author(s): Kazimierz Rynkiewicz / Language(s): German Issue: 20/2016

Wittgenstein hat sich mit dem Problem der Subjektivität gründlich befasst, insbesondere im „Tractatus logico-philosophicus“ und in den „Philosophischen Untersuchungen“. Eine besondere Perspektive im Verlaufe der Analyse der Subjektivität ergibt sich dann, wenn die Philosophie als therapeutische Maßnahme für menschliche Subjekte betrachtet wird. Der epistemische Erfolg der Subjekte hängt prinzipiell davon ab, wie sie mit der Sprache umgehen. Damit wird der Zugang zum Bereich der Intentionalität gesichert, die Wittgensteins Bildtheorie entscheidend ist. Im Kontext der Bildtheorie offenbart sich das epistemische Subjekt vor allem als denkende, sich vorstellende und bewusste Entität in der Welt. Wenn das Subjekt unter einem bestimmten Aspekt gesehen und betrachtet wird, lässt sich kaum eine Konfrontation mit dem Standpunkt des metaphysischen Solipsismus vermeiden.

Institucijski paradoks manifesta

Author(s): Ann-Marie Pelletier / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 288/1983

Koren ove zabeleške nalazi se u biranju opredeljenja: biranju neznanja ... Odričući se privremeno već iskvarenog pitanja: »Šta je manifest?«, ona uzima za polazište ono bezazlenije i prethodno: »Gde naći manifeste?« Svakako, ideološko priznanje, isto tako kao i intuicija ili pronicljivost, otprve predlažu da se ispita opsežna skupina tekstova koji odgovaraju nazivu. Međutim, izgleda opravdano upitati se da li granice diskurzivnog polja, što ga nadahnjuje taj prvi talas tekstova, ne dopiru mnogo dalje, s one strane tekstovnog prostora koji se kupa u svetlu zvaničnosti. Neće li biti da je manifest jednako predstavljen na diskurzivnim područjima, manje dostupnim ali jednako predstavljačkim?

Wittgenstein i argumentacja krytyczna

Author(s): Richard Shusterman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2016

In his paper Wittgenstein and Critical Reasoning, Richard Shusterman analyses the influence which Wittgensteinian aesthetics has had on contemporary criticism. Concentrating primarily on the second phase of Wittgenstein’s philosophy, Shusterman first demonstrates how the idea of language games and related concepts undermined both essentialist deductive and quasi-scien- tific inductive models of criticism. In place of these two approaches, Shusterman argues, Wittgensteinian aesthetics offers a new one, which he describes as perceptual-persuasive. In the next step, however, Shusterman observes that Wittgenstein’s followers often commit the very fallacy that Wittgenstein wanted to avoid, by imposing the perceptual-persuasive model as the only valid solution for criticism. However, in order to be more in line with Wittgensteinian aes- thetics, he argues, we should rather recognise the plurality of possibilities – perceptual-persuasive, deductive or inductive – whose choice depends on the language game currently played.

Analitička filozofija istorije

Author(s): Rade Kalik / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 294-295/1983

Filozofija koja nema za cilj postavlianje novih filozofskih stavova, već za svoj osnovni zadatak smatra samoočišćenje od svake metafizike, svodi svoju aktivnost isključivo na filozofsku analizu pojmova. Stoga i filozofija istorije, unutar ove tradicije, postaje jedna u nizu ovih analitičkih aktivnosti, usmerena na značaj i istinitost istorijskih stavova, na njihovo objašnjenje, objektivnost, uzročnost i vrednovanje. Ako samo pogledamo sadržaj jedne od ovakvih filozofija istorije, nailazimo upravo na poglavlja pod ovim naslovima, pa i na sklonost da se i samo ime »filozofija istorije« zameni novim - »objašnjenje istorije«.

LANGUAGE, DESCRIPTION AND NECESSITY. WAS WITTGENSTEIN’S PHENOMENOLOGY A HUSSERLIAN PHENOMENOLOGY?

Author(s): MICHAŁ PIEKARSKI / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In this article we would like to prove that the so-called Ludwig Wittgenstein’s phenomenology wasnot the phenomenology in Husserlian sense. Ludwig Wittgenstein’s thought is most often associatedwith analytical philosophy, pragmatism or a specific metaphilosophical programme. Conversely,the philosopher is rarely considered as belonging to the phenomenological school. What remainsproblematic is whether 1) Wittgenstein did in fact practice some form of phenomenology and, ifso, 2) what school of thought should it be related to? Both problems may be brought down to onebasic question of 3) what is phenomenology? The answer to this last question, albeit tentative, willhelp us answer questions one and two. We can give a preliminary answer to our third question. Wecould say the following: phenomenology is a method to describe what is given for description andhow it is given in terms of analysing the conditions under which an object may appear. As such, it isa transcendental way to encapsulate conditions determining the possibility of any experience. Wemay ask now whether Wittgenstein was a phenomenologist by this definition of phenomenology.If we conclude that he was not, we will try to answer our second question — can we talk ofWittgenstein’s phenomenology in any other sense, much as we do in the case of phenomenologiesof Mach, Einstein or Austin. Ludwig Wittgenstein used the word phenomenology to describe hisphilosophy twice. First, in his notes from 1929 which later served as material for the posthumouslypublished Philosophische Bemerkungen, and then in 1951 in a collection of notes published asBemerkungen über die Farben. Let us consider what he wrote in 1929.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO NON-CONCEPTUAL CONTENT

Author(s): CORIJN MAZIJK VAN / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Over the past years McDowell’s conceptualist theory has received mixed phenomenological reviews.Some phenomenologists have claimed that conceptualism involves an over-intellectualization ofhuman experience. Others have drawn on Husserl’s work, arguing that Husserl’s theory of fulfillmentchallenges conceptualism and that his notion of “real content” is non-conceptual. Still others, bycontrast, hold that Husserl’s later phenomenology is in fundamental agreement with McDowell’stheory of conceptually informed experience. So who is right? This paper purports to show thatphenomenology does not have to choose between any of these positions. Central to the outlineI offer is that there are multiple approaches to non-conceptual content in play today. By separatingthem we can begin to oversee the diversity of phenomenological contributions to the debate aboutnon-conceptual content. I conclude that current literature presents us with at least three soundphenomenological accounts of non-conceptual content, but also that these are generally notincompatible with conceptualism.

Indirect Communication as a Language-Game: Kierkegaard Through a Late-Wittgensteinian Lens

Author(s): Bojan Blagojevic / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

Kierkegaard’s influence on Wittgenstein is widely recognized, but is most commonly treated in terms of (shared or opposed) views on religion, philosophy, ethics or non-sense. This paper will attempt to interpret Kierkegaard’s writing strategy known as ‘indirect communication’ in terms not of the Tractatus, but of Philosophical Investigations, namely as a language-game of sorts. We will attempt to show the deficiencies of Cavell’s and Conant’s interpretations and, by placing the concept of such communication in context, referring it to similar concepts, such as Socratic irony, we will aim to sketch its grammar and its relation to the ‘ordinary’ direct communication. Further, we will argue that indirect communication, pertaining to Kierkegaard’s concept of subjective truth, avoids the charge of being a private language.

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and the Perception of Reality from the Visual Field of the Other: Analysis of the Relation between Ordinary Language Philosophy and Poststructural Critique of Vision

Author(s): Margareta Jelić / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

The first objective of this work is to establish a parallel between the ordinary language philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein as well as the philosophy of Stanley Cavell and poststructuralism and its theories through their apprehension of vision and seeing as conceptual categories. The second objective is the analysis of perception of reality from the visual field of the other (children, women, other civilizations and peripheral parts of society) as a place of position of the subject in the frame of Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic poststructural theory, Jacques Derrida’s deconstructivism and psychoanalytic poststructural feminist theories (Irigaray, Kristeva).

Wittgenstein’s Language Game and Musical Language (of The Second Viennese School) – Meaning and Understanding

Author(s): Milica Lazarević / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

The three fundamental and closely-related concepts from Wittgenstein’s late work Philosophical Investigation – the concept of language game, of meaning and of understanding – are exemined in this study in the context of the problematization of music as a musical language and a musical language/piece of music (used in the traditional European sense) as a musical-language game, as well as the questions of its meaning and understanding. In connection with this, the period of radical changes in the traditional tonal musical language in the compositions of The Second Viennese School turned out to be peculiarly provocative, hence, on this occasion, we are attempting to point out the specificities of the changes of a (musical) language built and upgraded through the centuries.

The Influence of Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Language on the Textual Production of the Vienna Group

Author(s): Luka Bešlagić / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

The entirety of Wittgenstein’s problematization of language was of particular importance for numerous Austrian postwar artists and art movements, but was possibly most evident in the poetics and heterogeneous practices of the Vienna Group. Analysis of selected texts of the latter neo-avantgarde movement – namely, Konrad Bayer’s the philosopher’s stone1 (1963) and Oswald Wiener’s the improvement of central europe, novel (1969) – unveils the direct influence of both of the early and late Wittgenstein, paradigmatically represented by his two major books: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) and Philosophical Investigations (1953). Texts of the Vienna Group to which this article refers to are not interpreted as literary works, but rather as diverse examples of textual production; instead of being analyzed as aesthetic objects, these texts are examined as platforms of potential inscription of Wittgensteinian critique of language.

Modernism, Tehatricality, and Scepticism: Michael Fried and Cavell’s Conception of the Ordinary Language Philosophy

Author(s): Nikola Dedić / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

The paper treats the relationship between the art historian Michael Fried and the philosopher Stanley Cavell, as well as their readings of Wittgenstein’s late philosophy. It argues that Fried’s entire historic-artistic method rests on Wittgensteinian grounds; there is special emphasis on theses concerning the grammatical criteria of language and scepticism. Namely, Fried, like Cavell, interprets modernism as a crisis of a priori criteria by which we come to think a given object as a successful work of art. Fried labels an artwork’s failure to convince, to communicate with the recipient, with the term theatre. This text establishes an analogy between Fried’s concept of theatre, Cavell’s concept of scepticism, and Wittgenstein’s thesis of the impossibility of a private language, situating those theses in the wider context of discussions of modernism.

Stanley Cavell, Classical Hollywood and the Constitution of the Ordinary (With Notes on Billy Wilder)

Author(s): Tatjana Jukić / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

When in his Tanner lectures Stanley Cavell sets out to define Ordinary Language Philosophy or – rather – to explain how it demarcates philosophy as such, he takes up psychoanalytic literary criticism in order to articulate the terms of this task. Yet the constitution of the ordinary, in Cavell, is never quite accessed from within psychoanalysis-cum-literature alone; instead, it takes another relation, that of psychoanalysis and literature to classical Hollywood, for Cavell to address the ordinary in terms of its constitution. I propose to discuss this complex using two films by Billy Wilder as a passageway to Cavell’s analytic procedure.

The Central Concepts of Ordinary Language Philosophy in the Art of Marcel Broodthaers and Dimitrije Bašičević Mangelos

Author(s): Ivana Bašićević Antić / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

While claiming that there are no fixed meanings behind words, Wittgenstein has focused attention on the possibilities of manipulation with linguistic categories. ‘Language game’ can be changed by rotations of the semantic field. On the trace of this philosophy, language became the most important media in many practices of visual arts of the second half of the 20th century. I will focus on two cases: Dimitrije Bašičević Mangelos and Marcel Broodthaers.Wittgenstein’s concept of ‘language game’ and Austin’s concept of the ‘performative’ have become the main tools in building delicate art projects like Broodthaers’ museum or Mangelos’ noart strategy. Here I’d like to prove that Broodthaers’ construction of a museum (Musée d’Art Moderne) was based on the same concept as Austin’s ‘performative’ and that the revolutionary act in this art project was to show that saying that something is art is not a given, it is not a statement. Who is declaring what art is, and how is this ‘action performed’ (Austin), is the main subject of Mangelos’ Picasso phenomenon. When Mangelos asks the spectator to think about the concept of ‘kitsch’ he draws our attention to those who have the power or the license to declare that some art is ‘kitsch’ and some is true art. This issue could be related to Clement Greenberg’s attempt to discard everything popular, commercial in art by naming it ‘kitsch’.The main ideas of ordinary language philosophy were important for both Mangelos and Broodthaers. The idea that the language and more precisely, grammar of the language that defines the rules of connecting names and things is a place where the solution (solution meaning the answer to questions about the nature and definition of art) is hidden (behind the obvious), provided a very fruitful basis for their research.

Marko Đorđević, Institucionalna kritika i problem subjektivizacije u savremenoj umetnosti [Institutional Critique and the Problem of Subjectivization in the Contemporary Art], Belgrade, Faculty of Media and Communications–Orion Art, 2015. 128 pp, ISB

Author(s): Marija Maglov / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2016

Mel Ramsden’s Theoretical Critique of Institutions: A Close Reading of “On Practice”

Author(s): / Language(s): English Issue: 07/2015

The work offers a detailed reading of Mel Ramsden’s “On Practice”. The introductory paragraphs bring insight into contemporary discussions concerning definitions of the term “institutional critique” and exhibit different approaches to the historization of these practices. The main thesis is that Marxism was present in the critical practices of the New York-based conceptual artists associated with institutional critique, while the expanded thesis is that their Marxism was a form of interpretation/intervention in the institution of art. The central part comprises a reading of Ramsden’s text. The reading divides the text into three segments: a critique of bureaucracy in art, a critique of the art market, and a call for alternatives. Special attention is paid to the third segment. The communal art alternatives that Ramsden proposes are juxtaposed with the concrete practices of the “social turn” in contemporary art. The final remarks offer conclusions regarding the main and expanded theses and raise the question of the type of intervention that Ramsden’s text performs in the contemporary institution of art.