Panorama inna niż wszystkie
Book review of: Panorama współczesnej filozofii, Jacek Hołówka, Bogdan Dziobkowski (ed.), Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2016, pp. 559.
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Book review of: Panorama współczesnej filozofii, Jacek Hołówka, Bogdan Dziobkowski (ed.), Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2016, pp. 559.
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In this study are considered: Philosophy – included in the values of the organization and management culture; philosophy as a factor and a model in public management and the practical activities; philosophy and pragmatic orientation of management actions.
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The philosophical tradition of the world famous Bulgarian philosopher Prof. Dimiter Mihalchev is considered in the paper. The author’s approach is theoretical – he would like to analyze the basic character of philosophy as regards sciences.
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According to the concept of analytical psychology, the experience of the sacred and the mythological thinking are not stages of the development of man and mankind, but are components of the psyche, universal and inheritable. Most of the authors, working in different fields of science, support this statement. With the development of the conscious, with the running of history a new individual kind of culture develops. The archetype, as “an organ of the soul” finds expression in different forms and creates the core of different phenomena, universal in space and time, despite the variations in details. Not only the expressed form, but also the dynamics of the psyche have universal parameters, expressed in every human activity, because the psyche finds objectivation in it.
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It is an essay on the characteristics of a philosopher’s personality. For the author making philosophy is a creative art.
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The aim of the paper is adumbrating of approaches towards the explication of such type of theories and theoretical models within scientific knowledge that could be assessed to be non-classical. Criteria for such assessments ought to have in mind the specific character of the research domain and the mode of theorizing in the different scientific fields.
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This article is concerned with a short review of the development and the perspectives of the analytic philosophy of education. The first part of the text describes the historical development of the movement and some of the basic topics involved in the major works of the supporters of the analytical approach. The second part examines the reasons for using conceptual analysis in the field of education, and the latter – the need to apply conceptual analysis in conducting research on education in Bulgaria.
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Philosophy has always been a model and paragon of discursive knowledge.In its essence it is a dialogue of humans with nature, society, the others and with themselves and is characterised by reflexiveness, orderliness,universality and democratism. At present discourse is a dominant procedure not only in linguistics, ethics, social studies, etc., but it is also turning into a prevalent form of social self-control in political and human relations which is a fulfilment of the meaning and purpose of philosophy.
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Big Data technologies are about how to extract information from the rough data. The intermediate stage is represented by preprocessed data. But, even from preprocessed data to information the way is long and complex. First of all, we must understand what information means. There is no widely accepted definition for information. By proposing and using a working definition for the concept of information, we present the main techniques involved on the way from the rough data to the useful information. How the information is generated, extracted and how it emerges is shortly introduced. The role played by information in the knowledge process leads to the way information, as structure acting by its meaning, must reconsider the philosophical approach of existence.
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The growth of scientific knowledge should be investigated from the perspective of the philosophy of science and not merely from the perspective of the concrete results, registered by the history of science. From this hypothesis, the paper identifies key ideas and arguments (selected mainly from Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper) for a more accurate description and understanding of the growth of scientific knowledge starting from a distinction of the perspectives brought about by philosophy of science and, respectively, by history of science in what concerns the growth of scientific knowledge. The role of theory and practice in the growth of knowledge is also evaluated. Implicitly, this distinction involves also a distinction of the abstract, conceptual and qualitative aspects, different from the quantitative ones, (intuitively) associated with the specific of scientific knowledge and with that of the growth of scientific knowledge.
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In this paper it is not so much about the epistemology of waste, but about the epistemology of science from the standpoint of the system theory. Although science meant from its beginning the search for causes and correlations –thus necessarily considering the systems it has focused on – its modern history presents rather a kind of dialectic of holistic and fragmentary approach. In other words, the inherent analytical approach in the construction of scientific theories, the deepening of the professional character of science and special disciplines have seemed to leading to the separation of the main results from the aggregate of results and phenomena. No one has aimed at discussing the residual/secondary phenomena, because what seemed to be respectable in the scientific research was the correlation between the laws or regularities, emphasised through difficult measuring and arguments, and the main phenomena “reflecting” the laws or regularities and targeted and pursued by the scientists. As we know, the accumulation of data, information and aimed theories emphasises the shortcomings and contradictions in the given corpus of science. At the same time, the coherence of theories is confronted with the real phenomena, irrespective here of the definitions we forge for “reality”. In the middle of the last century, the current of the integrationof fragmentary theories related to the sub-systems targeted by scientists into a general system theory has appeared and, obviously, has shaped the scientific outlook on the world, with all the inertial continuation of fragmentary research.Nevertheless, the systemic tackling had –and still has –a serious deficiency: the much weaker attention to the residual/”unintentional”results. But the thesis of the paper is that this deficiency is not so much generated by the internal logic of science than by the extra science logic of decision-makers who control science. Illustrating this thesis, the scientific view of Aristotle-Ludwig von Bertalanffy line is counter-posed to the present distortion of the real world full of all kinds of waste.The epistemological conclusion is that the problem of waste/consequences imposes the re-thinking and transformation of the whole model of input-processing-output system.
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My paper relates Bachelard’s main epistemological thesis –the new scientific spirit–in the 30s and some present tendencies in science. In its “Noumène et microphysique”, from 1931, Bachelard reveals a revolutionary change in the 20th century natural science: the definite proof of insufficiency of the traditional pattern of experimental physics of macro-bodies and searching for observable causes – where the starting point of the research was the empirical observation, where the end was to measure the material elements and the values of movements, where the pattern of decomposition were the object and at the same time the aim of researchers –to a complex “intellectualist” model where the most important moments of the research are the (new) theories/new conjectures which no longer assume the logic of isolating the phenomena from their context, where these phenomena are rather relations and effects than material particles, and where the scientific theory follows just the relations and effects which constitute the new objects, and not so much the material objects as such as in the Newtonian science.And: where the understanding of this relational reality is the result of mathematical forms which are not a simple calculus of visible phenomena, but expressions of the internal deep constitution and laws of existence. In this new type of research, the empirical observation is only a starting point and a moment between the theoretical construction and its mathematical clearer manifestation and proof back and forth.All these elements are developed by Bachelard and are considered here as a mirror (or, rather, a beacon, or, not in a metaphorical language, a criterion) for the present epistemology as this one is visible in some aspects focused on by the present sciences.Indeed, nowadays – and in the trail of Bachelard – and though there is an inertial tendency to put only physics at the origin of the scientific knowledge of the world (and in this sense, to confront the classical model of Newton and Einstein physics), epistemology considers at least three aspects configuring the scientific outlook and, perhaps, world-view: the sciences of the living,givingusnew ways of understanding, including the inanimate material logic, as well as its qualitative progress; the inter and trans-disciplinary relations of the scientific steps,givingnew realms of the world; the holistic approach as methodology and (practical/technological) representation of the world. Therefore, the evolutionary epistemology – whose early representative was Bachelard –allows us to use the same comparative pattern, but concerning a broader space and leading to more refined perspectives about the world.
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This paper studies the viability of philosophy as a system of knowledge and its efficacy as a tool for decision making. Decisions are the key to life, given the existential predicaments human beings constantly confront and the fact that man is a purposive being. A being with a defined purpose is inevitably a being possessing rationality. Rationality is about the meaning and communication of our thoughts and actions. It is about the way that we manage our behavior and experience as humans. Our experiences commit us to courses of action- decisions, as seen in both the public and private domains. We are often confronted with choices or options about pathways or world views to follow or adopt. Such choices compel us to make decisions or take actions that have profound consequences on our lives and eventually on the lives of others. In some cases, decision making can be a mind boggling or tricky thing. Therefore, we may ask: Is there a way that philosophical thinking or knowledge can add value to the decisions made by people or even the capacity of people to make some decisions (moral, logical, epistemological, esthetic or political)? If the answer is yes, then what logical and empirical features of philosophy can facilitate constructive and valuable decision making in daily life or at higher levels of abstract thought. Through the use of examples and analysis, the paper shows that philosophy as knowledge system is particularly illuminating with regard to the ways our human minds form ideas or principles, and the role of ideas and concepts in building tools for coordinating the physical and mental aspects of reality. Reality is partly based on facts and phenomena, as well as value judgments, opinions, beliefs, tastes and preferences. How does philosophical knowledge help us to manage these dynamic and different elements in reality? This work emphasizes the qualitative or social elements that philosophy brings to bear on the material and mental aspects of human existence.
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The specialized understanding of natural kinds (NK) has a theoretical impact on the concept of emergent properties (EP) in particular, as well as on the understanding of the phenomenon of emergence as a whole. The problem is closely related to the tendencies towards their essentialization and theoretical demarcation. The theoretical tension is inevitably manifested in the attempts to consolidate the two concepts, which are generally considered in essentialist terms. A naturalistic, non-essentialist, approach could integrate them into a unified theoretical method, avoiding the problems of their traditional analysis. In the article, NK will be considered as reaction clusters, and EP as complexes of reaction clusters. Both will be directly related to the introduced concepts of reaction potential and stability. The relationship between these concepts will be defined and operationalized, thus explicating the result, considering the phenomenon of emergence as enhancing the reaction potential of a given structure or a complex system, which is in a proportional relation to its net stability.
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The article shows that Ludwig Wittgenstein used mostly pragmatic analysis to study the problem of knowledge in the later period. Without giving clear definitions of epistemological concepts, he argued that our interpretations of knowledge depend on the context of language-games, ideas of truth, certainty and justification, as well as the level of education and culture that form our way of life. It was found that the ideas of pragmatics were useful to Wittgenstein in order to more clearly define the nature of true knowledge, to outline the specifics of our refleсtions about certainty, as well as to analyze in detail all aspects of the justification. It is stated that his epistemological researches and discussions around them raised a wide range of not only linguistic but also psychological, cognitive and metaphysical issues, which made our understanding of the nature of knowledge much more comprehensive.
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The article examines Ludwig Wittgenstein’s views on the world and human beings in it. It is emphasized that the philosopher, in addition to paying a lot of attention to the study of language, which determined the basis of his method of cognition, followed a number of worldview ideas about reality. They were supported by the achievements of physics of that time, although Wittgenstein himself argued that the study of reality is not possible without understanding the metaphysical issues concerning the unspeakable, supernatural, spiritual, and so on. It shows how Wittgenstein interpreted the world and reality, distinguished between different levels of being, studied logical atoms, not laws, analyzed facts, not things, comprehended not only the macrocosm but also the microcosm, and as a result built a pragmatic ontological-cosmological conception, in which human and the way of their being in the world occupied a significant place.
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When philosophy of mind goes into every detail in explaining about consciousness and its every aspect, the problem of other minds being its part is not spared. In such context going against the traditional way of giving justification Wittgenstein novel approach to other minds is remarkable and is close to the phenomenological understanding. The analysis of the sensation of pain as one of its important factors in solving the other minds problem is unique and it is this that proves how Wittgenstein dissolves the problem rather than giving a solution. This article focuses Wittgenstein’s two important factors: Private Language Argument and the concept of the sensation of pain in dissolving the issue. And in this I have made an attempt to show how his novelty in approaching this problem gains importance even today.
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Man is often told that life begins with birth. Hindu tradition is one of those examples that highlight the fact that life begins much earlier, with early stages of pregnancy. We shall not adopt a position from a medical or ethical point of view, but will emphasize this claim judging by the care and effort put into the well-being and good health of foetus and expectant mother by members of this religious tradition from ancient times. Archaic Hindu society was very strongly under the spell of the supernatural and magical, which surfaces in many sacred texts. It is interesting to notice and understand how the supernatural, religious and social intertwine and bring order into the lives of its people.The present paper focuses on pre-natal rites of passage as having an ordering quality in man’s life, mentioning key examples from sacred texts related to cultural and religious details that are the backbone of Hindu tradition. It is a shy attempt to bring to light features in the thought process of the ancient Hindu society in order to better relate and comprehend the treasures of its rich past.
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The article shows that in matters of philosophy of religion, when the sphere of interest of Wittgenstein went beyond logical and linguistic analysis, he attached special importance to a pragmatic approach to the interpretation of religious experience. Wittgenstein’s philosophico-religious studies were largely inspired by the events of his own life , as well as the ideas of individual thinkers, including the pragmatic philosopher William James. In Wittgenstein’s work one can find both a substantiation of the originality of religion and its impossibility of analysis from the standpoint of science, and a conviction in the expediency of religious experience in human life. It is revealed how Wittgenstein, analyzing the main manifestations of religious experience, pragmatically eliminated contradictions in the comprehension of knowledge about God (as unspeakable), pointed out the importance of transition from skepticism to belief as a basis for experience of absolute safety, took into account socio-practical aspects of various ethico-religious experiences such as feeling guilty. The author finds out how Wittgenstein interpreted the practical value of religious experience, analyzed the language of religion, as well as revealed its socio-psychological and ethical aspects.
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This article investigates one of the main notions of pragmatic linguistics, namely, the theory of speech acts. Aleksandra Paliczuk analyzes relations between thought, word, and action. The project involves examining the structure of language and of its components through the ideas of different linguistic schools. It aims to answer the question posed in one of John L. Austin’s works, How to Do Things with Words (1955/1962). It endeavors to explain the capability or the possibility of understanding some words, expressions or sentences, even if their literal meaning differs from the intended one. This article defines the concept of the speech act, also in relation to the contemporary possibilities of communicating in the virtual world, and explains why it entails the three components of thought, word, and action. As a result, we find out that there are many complex relations regarding different human abilities and other forms of activity.
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