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KITO PRASMĖS GENEZĖ HUSSERLIO KARTEZIŠKOSIOSE MEDITACIJOSE

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

This article analyses the conception of intersubjectivity in E. Husserl’s Cartesian meditations. E. Husserl is studying not the concrete forms of social life or the personal relation between the I and You, but the preconditions of the openness to the Other. Attention is focused on the constitutive genesis of the sense of the Other. Husserl has gone deep into the experience of the selfhood and shows its paradoxical alienation from itself. Both the one’s own body and the one’s own time experiences are revealed as insisting on the otherness: the living body isn’t fully where it is, and the temporal self isn’t fully coincident with the present. In other words, such experience of one’s body and time is impossible as the identity with oneself. Just because I experience my body as an inter-corporality, I can reject the prejudice of immanence and transcendence. Husserl describes the participation of otherness in the presence in terms of appresentation or implication. The notion of appresentation means that another intentionality is implied in the presence of intentionality. Both appresentation and implication point to the indirect participation in the presence, i.e. co-existence. The “pair off” is the main characterization of the corporeal copula with the Other. The truth is that despite all this experience of corporeal continuality, my own living body is always experienced as the central body. Does it mean that the experience of a living body is always egocentric? I think it doesn’t. It is the reflective twinning which allows perceiving another body as the centre of experience which is different from mine.

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JUSLUMO IR ANTJUSLUMO ASIMETRIJA ARVYDO ŠLIOGERIO PATYRIMO SAMPRATOJE

Author(s): Mantautas Ruzas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article analyses Arvydas Šliogeris’ conception of experience and contrasts it with Heidegger’s philosophy. In Šliogeris‘ conception an experienced object is treated differently than in Heidegger’s – the object is not articulated in the plane of immanence and not constituted by the intentional acts of consciousness or signification. In Šliogeris’ philosophy object is treated as a transcendent thing which can be experienced only from the radical dualistic standpoint based on irreducible dichotomy between consciousness and the thing. Šliogeris associates the plane of transcendent things with exterior pure sensuality. In Šliogeris’ understanding, sensual givens are experienced without conditions of the possible givenness and are given prior to the meta-sensual plane of language. Heidegger’s conception of experience, on the contrary, is based on the premise that the plane of language is prior to sensual givens. In Heidegger’s analysis, everyday life-experience fundamentally functions as hermeneutical practice, i.e. as experience which already understands and interprets.

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DEKARTAS, NEŠALIŠKAS APGAVIKAS IR RADIKALI INTERPRETACIJA

Author(s): Garris Rogonyan / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2016

The aim of this paper is to show how and why the method of radical interpretation can solve the problems that are formulated in a variety of sceptical scenarios. First of all, the method of radical interpretation deprives Cartesian sceptical scenario – both in its traditional and more recent versions – of the status of philosophical problem appealing to the difference between intended and unintended lies. The paper also formulates an argument in favour of expanded version of naturalized epistemology due to the introduction of social factors. In particular, there are always at least two necessary limitations imposed by the communication of our hypothesis about knowledge and delusion. In addition, the article explains the need of a moderate externalism (both perceptual and social) for the variants of Descartes and Hume’s sceptical scenario.

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Hegel’s View on “Philosophy and Its Variety” Based on the Preface of Phenomenology of Spirit

Author(s): Abdullah Niksirat / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Hegel's overall method is to offer his own theory not by rejecting rival philosophical theories, but by adapting them, or at least finding room for some of their elements in his own theory. In his view the human mind develops continuously throughout history in spite of the differences at various stages, and that the truth emerges from the whole. According to Hegel, philosophical schools not only are not mutually exclusive, but also supplement each other and indicate the progress and maturity of the human mind throughout history, with each stage becoming visible from within the previous stage. Hegel's main purpose is to propose philosophy as a science, so that philosophy is united with science instead of being a love of science (filo + sofia), because for him the philosophy in his time in the West had been indebted to science.

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W. G. Sebald czuje. Melancholiczny zawrót głowy

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W. G. Sebald czuje. Melancholiczny zawrót głowy

Author(s): Sławomir Masłoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2016

In this article on W. G. Sebald’s writerly strategies Masłoń mainly draws on Walter Benjamin’s theory of tragic drama. His goal is to show the ways in which the reader, caught in melancholy discourse, is subjected to narrative manipulation; thanks to this manipulation the traumatic void (written about in order to be commemorated) is transformed into the aesthetic completeness of empathising with the writer’s ‘authentic’ sensitivity. Sebald’s writing is, therefore, sentimental in terms of both content and form: the procedures intended to suggest traces of trauma in the narrative – such as the characters’ depsychologisation or the fragmentation of the narrative – fail to make us question the possibility of representation. Instead, these procedures are overcome and absorbed in the author’s potentially infinite knowledge and erudition.

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Ieškant tobulos malonumo ir protingumo mišinio formulės: apie lietuviškąjį Platono „filebo“ vertimą

Author(s): Naglis Kardelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2018

The review of: Platonas. Filebas. Iš senosios graikų kalbos vertė, įvadą ir paaiškinimus parašė Tatjana Aleknienė. Vilnius: Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla, 2016. 642 p. ISSN 2538-693X, ISBN 978-609-471-086-5.

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Zobrazení vědomí fikčních postav v prózách Arnošta Lustiga

Author(s): Ingrid Chytilová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

The study focuses on characters in Arnošt Lustig’s prose. It primarily focuses on the consciousness in fictional characters. As a theoretical basis we chose publications Poetics (2001) Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, Story and Discourse (2008) Seymour Chatman, Individuals in the Narrative Worlds Uri Margolin and Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction Dorrit Cohn. Aristotle’s concept of mimetic character, as an imitation of human beings, which followed formalist and structuralist poetics, consisted mainly of subordination “acting person” storyline. The relation of the characters to the storyline, so in the case of Lustig’s character is superiority characters story, because in narrative occupy a dominant position. We are interested in the interior world of the characters in autor´s prose. We observe consciousness of characters, emotions and experiences in the fictional world. The aim of the study observes ways of presenting the characters in the narrative, both from the point of view of the narrator, so from the perspective of the characters. Uri Margolin Individuals in the Narrative Worlds provides information that the person in the narrative can be regarded as a series of temporary conditions attached to each other.

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Trauma Freud: Sigmund Freud as a Fictional Character in D. M. Thomas’s The White Hotel

Author(s): Miroslav Kotásek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

The paper views the novel The White Hotel (1981) written by D. M. Thomas as a specific model of a general situation of a human in Modernism. It points at specific instances where the text of the novel itself refers to certain limitations of such a view of trauma which interprets it as an effect of a real (primal) event onto the life of an individual (i.e. as a structural trauma), while the attempt to overcome the personal horizon, so as to apply a general psychoanalytic structure of human existence (structural trauma) onto an individual trauma implies unacceptable consequences. For the purpose of “criticizing” psychoanalysis the text of the novel employs different strategies, especially an imitation of the genre and structure of a Freudian “case study” (Krankengeschichte), making Sigmund Freud one of the main characters in the novel at the same time. The second part of the paper focuses on the article concentrates on the relationship between the traumatizing event and its possible or necessary deformations caused by its later attempted linguistic account. Especially relevant in this context is the way in which Anatoly Kuznetsov used the eye witness testimonies of the Babi Yar massacre survivor, while the article stresses the strategy D. M. Thomas employed when using Kuznetsov’s “documentary novel” in The White Hotel.

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C. G. Jung a Hermann Hesse: Umìní, terapie a zdroje tvorby

Author(s): Pavel Kalina / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2015

An intimate relationship of Hermann Hesse to analytical psychology, based on his personal contact with C. G. Jung and his disciple J. B. Lang, belongs to the well-known topics from the history both of literature and of psychotherapy of the past century. The foregoing studies were, however, writte in the time when Jung´s pivotal work, The Red Book, was not available to the public. The Book was written as a medieval manuscript where an important role is played not only by words but also by pictures which were painted by Jung himself. In this article I deal with the question how far it is possible to use Hesse´s texts, especially his novel Demian, for better understanding of Jung´s ideas, in particular his approach to images in the framework of the therapeutic process at the time when The Red Book was written. Besides, I will analyze the hypothetical pictorial sources which could have been used by Jung when writing The Red Book. These sources could have been the works of the Beuron school which could be known to Jung either from his own experience or from photos and postcards. The extensive visual culture of the time of the “print capitalism” could supply the visual inspiration both to Jung, and to Hesse.

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Vypravujte – Poslouchám...

Author(s): Helena Slachová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

The article is devoted to stories of attachment in fairy tales. The authoress sights the fairy tales by optical AAP (Adult Attachment Projective Picture System). The attention is payed to internalized attachment models, to Self defensive processes (adaptive and maladaptive). The stories of attachments are illustrated by two examples of them. The preoccupied attachment is illustrated by the fairy tale About Swan on motives B. Němcová and the unresolved attachment by Third Prince on motives K. J. Erben About Two Brothers. The individual studies are sighted by the structure of the drama.

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Psychoanalýza a neurovědy: Freudova teorie snů ve světle moderního vědeckého výzkumu dle Marka Solmse a perspektivy psychoanalýzy v neurovědeckém světě podle Erica Kandela

Author(s): Radan Březina / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2014

Freud predicted the future integration of psychoanalysis and neurobiological research of the human mind. Some psychoanalysts and neuroscientists think that the time for reintegration is coming now. Neuropsychoanalyst, Mark Solms, tries to verify psychoanalytical theories – here the theory of dreams – by modern neuroscientific methods. Neuroscientist, Eric Kandel, features aims for psychoanalysis, which are unvoidable for integration into neuroscience.

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Lidský jedinec je architektem sebe a svého života

Author(s): Jan Vymìtal / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2014

The review of: Maslow, Abraham H.: O psychologii bytí. 1. vydání, z angličtiny přeložila Hana Antonínová. Praha: Portál, 2014.

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Ëndrra si toponim gjeografik “Makondo” e G.G Marquez-it dhe “Rrafshi” i Ismail Kadare-së

Author(s): Donjeta Gashi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

Often in literature, particularly when confronting literatures with each other, we see similarities in elements, themes or motifs between the two worlds, which in the first sight it would seem extremely distant, different and impossible. Creating a physical and geographical identity, an orientation of the topic of the author development, a daydreamer orientation, remembering his home and country, is a product of art written by both authors. Rrafshi, a fiction story (an invented world – imaginary place, a dream) aiming to explain a different viewpoint to the existing reality, it helps Kadare to reveal the harshness of life, love and death but also universalize the homeland. The same thing, even though miles away, we see in Marquez with the same aim to create an identity between life, death, love, fate and sacrifice, hence creating an afterlife, imaginary and daydreaming. “Makondo” and “Rrafshi” became synonyms of a reality full of pain, love and death, as a sacrifice for life! This study shall be based on these elements of the author. A confrontation of societies in a parallel word, with issues regarding the identity and origin, which reflect the myth of existence of human in space and time, a product of social and habit paradoxes of characters full of intrigues. For the readers, authors’ writings are a reflection of likeliness (the unrealistic) to a historical and geographical reality of a paradox which reveals boldness towards fear; reveals love towards hate as well as life towards death. What exactly represent these two literature themes, fictional stories that orient the reader towards an environment, with special features, which in fact do not exist? What are the similarities and differences between them? Why did Makondo and Rrafshi universalize? This work aims to confront these two authors/writings as well as demographic and topographic orientations in literature, a comparative confrontation and clash of values as well.

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Hegelianism and Meta-Religion: Ernst Bloch’s Archetype of the Fall

Author(s): Dritëro Demjaha / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2020

This paper concerns Ernst Bloch’s notion of “meta-religion,” which is an attempt to inherit the religious without inheriting religion, while distinguishing itself from a merely secular atheism. I assert that the key to this meta-religious inheritance is the structural abandonment of the Fall. Focusing chiefly on Bloch’s late work Atheism in Christianity, I provide an account of Bloch’s appraisal of Feuerbach as a progenitor of his meta-religious project, before moving on to what I argue is the key problem for what Bloch terms the “meta- -religious” inheritance of Christianity: the question of the Fall. I argue that as Bloch’s own thinking regularly suggests, the archetype of the Fall is a necessary correlate of the archetype of freedom, and actually grounds an important aspect of Bloch’s meta-religious inheritance of both Christianity and Hegel as part of the same dialectical theorisation of the sources of Marxism.

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Nie-ludzkie emocje

Author(s): Milena Cygan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 71/2021

This article is a review of Frans de Waal’s book Mama’s Lust Hugs. Animal Emotions and what They Tell Us about Ourselves, which was released in Polish in 2019. The book deals with the problem of animal emotionality. One of the author’s conclusions, which is underlined in the review, is that that there is no such thing as unique human emotions that animals would not have. Emotions are universal; they are shared by both humans and animals. Although the book is intriguing, it does not contain anything new in terms of content, as it deals with the topics that de Waal has previously addressed in his writings. The publication, on the other hand, can be an excellent starting point for reflection not just on animals (their emotionality and rights), but also on people and their place in the world, thanks to collecting and integrating topics relating to animal emotionality into a single book. It confronts the reader with the issue of human nature. As a result, as this review attempts to demonstrate, Frans de Waal’s book is an excellent example of how scientific issues lead to philosophical insights.

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Daniela C. Dennetta hipoteza językowej genezy świadomości

Author(s): Witold Marzęda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

The paper discusses the lingual genesis of consciousness. The author reconstructs Daniel C. Dennett’s naturalization strategy, showing how, according to Dennett, language enables the emergence of consciousness in the evolution of humankind. This naturalization assumes a behavioristic view according to which consciousness is a covert verbal behavior. The author shows that Dennett adopts and transforms Mead’s, Skinner’s, and Jaynes’s original behavioristic approaches inscribing them into a course of human evolution. This inscription leads to specific problems discussed in the final part of the paper:There are actually two definitions of consciousness in Dennett’s philosophy—first says that consciousness is a kind of verbal behavior, second says that it is a virtual memetic machine.There is no explanation of the execution rule that could show how given mind content becomes conscious; Dennett introduces the competition metaphor instead. Some contentful events in the brain (mind contents) simply win with others. Inscription of the possible scenario of consciousness development in the evolutionary landscape does not mean that one can testify the theory yet.

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Knjiga o samospoznaji i bogospoznaji ‘najvećeg učitelja’

Author(s): Haris Dubravac / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 89/90/2021

The review of: William C. Chittick, Sufijski put spoznaje: Ibn al-Arabijeva metafizika imaginacije/ The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-‘Arabi’s Metaphysics of Imagination, s engleskog preveo: Rešid Hafizović, Naučnoistraživački institut “Ibn Sina”, Sarajevo, 2021., 643 str.

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Budismi semiootika I - Tartu-Moskva koolkonna panus: Pjatigorski ja Mäll

Author(s): Andres Herkel / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 17/2020

The article examines Buddhist studies within the Tartu–Moscow school of semiotics. At the beginning of Tartu semiotics there was a pleiad of orientalists and indologists using the semiotic approach for Buddhist studies. Alexander Piatigorsky and Linnart Mäll were important contributors. Piatigorsky and Mäll refrained from using theories and terminology from Western philosophy to interpret Buddhism. However, they used semiotic tools to describe such basic problems as: the hierarchies of thestates of mind; personological classifications; the difference between psyche and consciousness; Buddhist metalanguage and terminology; the term dharma; the impact of texts on the mind; the mechanisms of the production of new texts; zero and infinity as symbols for texts and sates of mind, etc. Their several articles in Tartu semiotics have timeless value for Buddhist studies. With the help of semiotics they were able to successfully deal with texts corresponding simultaneously to different states of consciousness and different levels of interpretation.

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Dzieło życia

Author(s): Jacek Wojtysiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

Review of: Jacek WOJTYSIAK - S. Judycki’s Epistemologia, vols. 1 and 2, Poznan and Warszawa: W drodze and Instytut Tomistyczny, 2020

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Rein Vihalemm: ‘On Stages of Cognition’

Author(s): Rein Vihalemm / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

In all epistemological studies one has to employ, in one way or another, the concepts of “sensuous and rational knowledge,” “empirical and theoretical knowledge,” “essence and phenomenon.” But, unfortunately, the logical relationships of these concepts are not understood unambiguously, which prevents many epistemological issues from being examined with sufficient theoretical clarity. The author of many articles and dissertations on the categories of essence and phenomenon, V. S. Nikitchenko, considers the process of transition from phenomenon to essence in cognition as a transition from sensuous knowledge to rational knowledge.

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