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This article attempts to reveal the relationship between Jung’s Archetypes and Plato’s Eidos. The thesis is advocated that, in the system of the individual psyche, the archetypal variety forms a two-unit hierarchy, representing the metamorphosis of primordial images into ideas and conditioning the 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒-𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 relationship.
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This paper proposes a new approach to the concept of psychopoetics, i.e., the psychological aspect of poetic manifestation based on the relationship between the psyche and the world. This approach identifies an allegorical relation between the cosmos and the soul, which goes back to Freud’s idea that the soul treats impressions from the outside as differences from a symbolic relation between the universe and the psyche. This method was developed by Jung in order to look for correspondences between the inside of the human being and the context. Symbolical psychopoetics is exemplified with Vera Pavlova’s 2018 anthology of poetry and prose Proverochnoe slovo (Control Word). The anthology consists of poetry and short prose writing, which in different ways imagine the relation between the soul and the world.
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The creative mental process is one of the most essential psychological elements of the conducting art, having a specific position in the shaping and interpretation of the music. It is of a great importance for the entire creative conducting process and underlies the establishing ideas regarding the shape of the music, its structure and texture, as well as the content of the piece in terms of its style, dramaturgy and philosophy. Various factors of the mental process and the qualities of the conductor’s mind are forming the basis of the successful work in any field of conducting – orchestra, choir, ensemble. The convergent and divergent thinking in the conducting process is very important and creates the individual features of the conductor’s personality. Strongly connected to the other basic cognitive processes (perceptions, memory, concentration, attention and performance), as well as to the emotions and willpower, the mental process is playing the role of an “engine” in the conductor’s creativity.
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The aim of this article is to analyse childhood wounds of Joe Jacobs, the protagonist of Deborah Levy’s novel Swimming Home, through the prism of psychoanalytically grounded trauma studies. By means of studying Jacobs’s family life and his precarious relationship with Kitty Finch, a woman he has just met, I demonstrate how trauma and an unceasing sense of homelessness construct the protagonist’s identity. I note that Jacobs, a Holocaust survivor, strives for – but is incapable of – coming home, while Kitty functions as a mirror that reflects his repressed self-knowledge. As it turns out at the end of the novel, it is Kitty who guides him home: home which, as a locus of trauma, happens to be accessible only through death.
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A widely publicized IPBES report from 2019 warns that close to one million species currently on Earth will soon be extinct. In addition to debates in the media and among professionals about the factual value of that number, a larger problem remains—we do not know how many species are on Earth. According to extensive studies and statistical modelling, there are at least six million species in existence that have not yet been described. The term “described species” means that the animal or plant has received a unique scientific name that confirms its identity and relation to other organisms. A question thus remains about how we value species that are not yet named, known, or discovered. The most common practice is to value only creatures that are directly related to human existence, yet there is growing concern that we should value animals for the sake of their existence, for their intrinsic value. In this respect, the anthropocentric concepts of “pest” and “invasive species” need to be re-considered.
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Rats have accompanied human habitats for millennia. This complicated coexistence has led to the development of culture-laden narratives that excluded these creatures from the sphere of human moral care. Currently, the existential standing of the genus Rattus appears paradoxical. Contemporary free-living rats are among animals that are widely despised and subject to the most intense extermination. At the same time, due to their social nature and neural structure that is homologous to a large extent to Homo sapiens, they serve as models for research into human psychological properties. Recently, the accumulation of discoveries regarding many nonhuman species’ cognitive abilities has reignited ethical debate about the welfare and even the rights of “higher” animals. However, rats remain outside its mainstream focus. Meanwhile, based on research on rodents one may arrive at the image which is contrary to common beliefs about rats. The article presents the stereotypical views of rats’ social status obtained from research on the perception of social groups in accordance with the warmth and competence dimensions of Susan Fiske’s Stereotype Content Model. Then, Mark Rowlands’ concept of a moral subject is presented. Against this backdrop, a review of the latest findings of cognitive sciences regarding the properties of the Rattus species is carried out, in order to confront those research findings with Rowlands’ concept. The article aims to underscore the contradiction between the tereotypical perception of the rat and the empirical data, to finally indicate fundamental ethical implications of such a state of affairs.
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The dispute over ritual slaughter has been going on for years, not only in Polish discourse. It is commonly indicated that this practice is unethical and inhumane. However, this dispute completely ignores the Jewish perspective on this issue. Jews believe that this is the most humane method of slaughtering animals, and has been commanded by God for their protection from suffering. They emphasize that God’s law cannot be subject to change. The aim of this article is to prove that Jewish ritual slaughter is an ethical practice and permissible under positive law in Poland. The author also points out that the discussion on the admissibility of such slaughter is mainly based on economic arguments. The text, first of all, discusses what the shechita is, and then how the rules of the Torah protect animals from suffering. It also shows the current legal status regarding ritual slaughter, Poles’ beliefs regarding this subject as well as the social teaching of the Catholic Church on religious slaughter.
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In the article, the author attempts at juxtaposing a theory of animal rights defenders – primarily the political theory of animal rights put forward by the authors of Zoopolis, Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka – with the practices in the field of dog sports and the methods of working with service dogs. She analyses Donaldson and Kymicka’s particular postulates and presents ways in which both the animal rights advocates and dog sports afficionados approach the subject of new citizenship. Her conclusions seem to suggest that those two groups hold rather contradictory views on domesticated animals.
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The subject of the paper is the way of conceptualization, linguistic depiction of the names of colours by adult persons who were born blind and the ones who became blind at the age of 3–5 and kept some visual images in their memories. The material for the study was obtained by conversations via phone. The respondents were nine randomly chosen members of a Facebook group “The blinds and the visually impaired ones – let’s be together!”, namely 4 women and 5 men. As the results of the study show, the extent and way of using other senses for describing colours depends on the moment when the sight was lost. The congenitally blind people defined the colours relying on the senses of smell and touch rather than sound, while the ones who became blind in the early childhood find the sense of taste the most helpful and the sense of smell the least useful in that.
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The aim of this article is to examine the difficulties faced by any analysis of lexical meaning. This study concerns the French noun journal and the diversity of interpretative effects. Magdalena Perz investigates different approaches adopted by linguists—notion of lexical facets, dense metonymy when analysing semantic complexity of certain words. The problems of word senses and word sense description are vividly discussed, yet there are still many questions, such as relations between linguistics forms and extralinguistic reality to be answered in this field of research. The major problem arising from polysemy is the precise distinction between polysemy, metonymy and various theoretical tools developed in the field of lexical semantics.
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Jean François Lyotard applies a new methodological approach to the expressions of postmodern thinking via a palpable binder of experience. The love for both knowledge and wisdom will plunge readers into a universe where writers and philosophers will be reborn by harnessing diverse artistic horizons. Interpretative innovation will gradually reveal itself, familiarizing ourselves with a modern Plato or a postmodern Aristotle. To put it in other words, Jean François Lyotard conducts a comparative analysis between the visions and concepts of ancient philosophers and the characteristics of postmodernist society. The father of postmodernism builds bridges among philosophy, spirit, education, childhood and the capacity of self-taught experienced by both teachers and reformers. He proves to be a subtle observer of the human being, whom he encourages to attain higher goals, that encompass both spiritual and cognitive growth during a literary journey that cherishes the most important role of children, that of philosopher. Would adults and philosophers be able to preserve their inner child defined by desire for knowledge, playful spirit and emotional candor?
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In my study, I investigate some questions related to Plato’s discussion of the origins of Evil in the individual’s soul and of the possible solutions to the presence of Evil in it. The lack of the correct equilibrium between the parts of the soul exposes the individual to the moral degeneration; conversely, exclusively the correct equilibrium between the parts of the soul leads the individual to the correct composition between the parts of the soul. In particular, exclusively the development of the rational part of the soul, and its consequent leadership over the other parts, brings the indivi-dual to the right formation of the soul. The development of the rational part of the soul will not come about by itself: it needs an appropriate education, which can be reached only after a long and difficult process. The development of the rational part of the soul can be reached only through the disciplines preparing the philosophical education and through the philosophical education itself. The development of the rational part of the soul brings the individual nearer to the dimension of Being, thus opening for the individual a new dimension of experience, of knowledge and of life. At the same time, the philosophical education diminishes the attention of the individual’s soul for the dimension of Becoming. The cultivation and strengthening of the rational part bring about a progressive diminution of the force of the other parts of the soul, in particular, of the appetitive part of the soul. I concentrate my analysis on passages of Plato’s Republic.
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This paper intends to offer an example of the way philosophy and artistic creativity could be connected. Using philosophical concepts and their profound meanings one can get a deeper and larger image of what art could reveal. We are going to use the already mentioned concepts as they were studied by two of the most relevant philosophers, Hegel and Heidegger. Those concepts prove their utility in the understanding of how the human thought functions and how it is capable to make the human being aware of his condition and also to make possible the human creativity, in art especially. We will discover that this process of creativity is based on the freedom of the human consciousness capable to surpass the nature restrictions imposed by human natural condition. This freedom of consciousness develops during life and experience and generates all the individual diversity. The human being as consciousness gets thus a wider capacity of expression assured by the wide range of determinations the thought gets during life. The artist is one of those capable to express this in various symbolic forms using however simple materials. The artistic works reflect thus exactly the superior consciousness and self-consciousness to which the artist elevates himself proving thus the ontological character of the human thought. We chose the works made by Yves Klein, a French artist of the mid of the 20th century.
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The following text aims to offer and illustrate a new concept for grasping the phenomenon of conspiracy theories. Based on field research in the form of semi-structured interviews and previous research, it provides a triadic schema for navigating the conspiracy landscape and understanding the transformations and functions that conspiracy theories provide to their adherents. After introducing the topic, the first part of the text briefly summarises previous research relevant to the article and describes the theoretical position on which it is based. Subsequently, it uses H. S. Versnel’s schema to introduce the three levels of meaning of conspiracy narratives: substantivist, functionalist, and cosmological. It then concludes by reflecting on the possible applications of this framework and its relevance for future research.
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When reaching the limits of rationality regarding explanation, Plato told myths. Instead, Hegel, when he wanted to make himself easier to understand, resorted to metaphorical expressions. The vast and grandiose spectacle of universal History can be more properly expressed by a metaphor than by abstract concepts or uncomprehending, arbitrary and chaotic erudition. Here we briefly present some metaphors related to the object: Heraclitus' River, the metaphor of the death and rebirth of vegetation in ancient myths, the metaphor of the Sea in Hegel or the metaphors of Henri Bergson and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.
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The great socio-economic, scientific-technical and cultural transformations have attracted after them, in the field of social sciences and philosophy, numerous discussions and disputes. A provilegiated area of conflicting debates and discussions is "free time". Counter-narrative opinions on the significance of this notion are constantly encountered throughout history, from antiquity to the present day.
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