O SUPROTSTAVLJANJU ZLU SILOM

Author(s): Ivan Aleksandrovič Iljin / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Da li bi čovek koji stremi moralnom savršenstvu mogao da se zlu suprotstavi silom i mačem? Da li bi čovek, koji je religiozan i koji prihvata Boga, njegovo svetostvaranje i njegovo mesto u svetu, mogao da se zlu ne suprotstavi mačem i silom? Ovakvo dvojedinito pitanje, podstaklo je sva naša istraživanja. Šta može i šta treba da odgovori na ovo pitanje, ona moralno-blagorodna duša, koja se u svojoj ljubavi kreće ka Bogu i Božjem delovanju na zemlji - da odgovori religiozno ispravno, da odgovori puninom volje na navalu zla koja pridolazi izvana?

Engelsova misao o (ranom) hrišćanstvu kao preludijum za sociologiju religije

Author(s): Nataša Jovanović Ajzenhamer / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Engels’s study of the origins and ethics of early Christianity is an autonomous sphere of study that is independent of his works with Karl Marx. In several stages, Engels engaged himself in a critical study of historical sources on Christianity, as well as in the study of the revolutionary potential of religious movements in different historical periods. In this paper, we will first reconstruct Engels’ thought of Christianity, and then we will answer the question of whether Engels’ religious studies can be included in the corpus of research of the sociology of religion? The benefits of this way of designing the research problem are twofold: on the one hand, the history of the sociology of religion may pay more attention to Engels’s work and conclusions, while, on the other, it draws attention to another relatively neglected aspect of independent Engels study.

Engelsovo »Rano kršćanstvo«: model kako proleterskim pokretima mijenjati društvo

Author(s): Ivan Markešić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Friedrich Engels was philosopher, social theoretician, historian and journalist but also an incorrigible and an incorruptible heretic. In the society of religious-ideological obscurations he sought for truth and equality. To this end, relying on Bruno Bauer’s work on the historical origins of Christianity, he makes a comparison of the origins of the newly formed proletarian movement with the emergence of early Christianity, with the social, political and religious reasons for its emergence and survival as well as with the historical circumstances in which it from the unwanted became the desired state religion of the Roman Empire. With this text Engels wanted to sensitize so called “Christian” philosophical and theological public for his idea of creating a just society by the actions of emerging proletarian movements that were similar to the first steps of Christianity as a religion of slaves, freemen, oppressed and disenfranchised. However, societies of “real socialism” shows how great Engels’ illusion was.

Friedrich Engels, reformacija i rano kršćanstvo - Kratki doprinos za dijalog marksista i kršćana

Author(s): Mislav Miholek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This paper presents several topics related to the person of Friedrich Engels. It shows the basics of the critique of the religion by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Also, the paper presents the historical relationship between Christianity and Marxism, the creation and development of dialogue between Christians and Marxists in the Sixties of the Twentieth Century around the world and in Croatia. Part of the paper is devoted to Engels‘ thoughts about the Reformation and the reformers like Martin Luther, Jean Calvin and Thomas Müntzer, as well as Engels‘ relationship to early Christianity. The work is based on various sources, works of theologians of different traditions, philosophers and sociologists.

History of Religions and Cultural Fashions Revisited

Author(s): Jerry Cullum / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The academic discipline of the history of religions is intrinsically interdisciplinary, and perhaps in a position to contribute particularly useful insights to the dialogue across academic boundaries. This essay is intended to present a very thin slice of cultural responses to our contemporary condition, and to suggest a few possible resources for analysis of them.

Jainism and the West - An Overview

Author(s): Melanie Barbato / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Why then should we be interested in the Jaina tradition and its relations with the West? First, the numbers do not give an accurate picture of the importance of Jainism. Jains like Anju Jain, former co-CEO of Deutsche Bank, are influential in the world of business and trade. In India, Jains both male and female are much more likely to be literate than their Hindu compatriots. The Jain tradition is rich and beautiful, both in the historical and contemporary perspective. Jains have made central contributions to Indian culture. In Indian philosophy they sought to position themselves in the middle ground between the “one-sided” views of other schools.

Perspectives on Religious (In)Difference and (In)Tolerance

Author(s): Mihaela Gligor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We often wonder: What are the limits of religious tolerance? Why can we be very open to the idea of tolerance, as a principle, and still, when it comes about our own family/actions, to be, in many cases, intolerant?1 What is the difference between the idea of tolerance and its particular application? And why, so many times, we are tolerant in words, and intolerant in practice? Why does this difference occur? And why are we showing indifference when we should implicate ourselves and make a difference? Yes, we play with notions, but we actually do this in everyday life.

Between Colonial Laws and Religious Traditions: Hindu Women in the Nineteenth Century India

Author(s): Maria-Daniela Pomohaci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In order to understand social reforms regarding women’s rights in nineteenth century India, one needs to begin by taking a look at the ideas of “rule of law” and at the “rule of colonial difference”, which animated legislation initiatives in the field of gender and discrimination in colonial India.

Animus i anima w pismach Gastona Bachelarda i Mircei Eliadego

Author(s): Ionel Buse / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

O wierze pewnego racjonalisty. Bachelard i jego „ateizm”

Author(s): Anton Vydra / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Religie și modernitate: reconfigurări ale morfologiei religioase în societatea pluralistă și seculară

Author(s): Ioan Dura / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The substance of the secularization theory, as formulated by most sociologists in the 1960s and 1970s, presupposed that modernity would implicitly lead to the decline of religion in society, ultimately to its elimination. Secularization, as a separation of the sacred-profane spheres, was the direct result of modernization. Today's reality contradicts this religious skepticism.

Verbum de verbo sive sententia desententia

Author(s): Georgi Kapriev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Two translation procedures from the 12th century are the subject of consideration in this critical essay: the way in which Anselm of Havelberg’s debates were translated in Constantinople in 1136 and the reading by Gerhoh of Reichersberg and his followers of the resolutions of the Synod of the Church in Constantinople in 1166. The aim of the analysis is to refute the widely held view that the nature of Latin translations in the 12th century was constantly the execution verbum pro verbo.

Yapay Zekâ ve Posthüman, Postseküler Din: Kişisel Asistanlarda İnanç Önyargısına Bir Bakış

Author(s): Çağdaş Dedeoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin sağlıktan eğitime, bankacılıktan sigortaya kadar çeşitli sektörlerde uygulanması, dünyayı deneyimleme şeklimizi değiştirdi. Dünya ekonomisinin kapitalizm sonrası eğilimleri, hükümetleri ve şirketleri yapay zekâ sektörüne yatırım yapmak için çekmeye devam ederken meselenin etik boyutu da gündemi işgal ediyor. Yapay zekânın muazzam potansiyeli, bilim insanlarını ve benzer şekilde filozofları konuya çeşitli açılardan bakmaya davet ediyor. Bir yandan, yapay zekâ ile ilgili felsefi tartışma, insan bilinci ve rasyonalite hakkındaki eski sorulara yeni cevaplar sunmanın yanı sıra yeni soruları da ortaya çıkarmaktadır (Copeland 1993; Dennett 1997). Öte yandan, transhümanizm ve tekillik ile ilişkili görüşler (Kurzweil 2015; Chalmers 2016) eleştirilere ve kıyamet senaryolarına yol açmaktadır (Bostrom 2014; Berardi 2017). Sunulan yaklaşımlar Aydınlan-ma (Horkheimer ve Adorno 2002) teknoloji (Heidegger 1997), teknoloji toplumu (Ellul) veya insan rasyonalitesinin tek boyutluluğu (Marcuse 1996) hakkındaki eleştirileri hatırlatmaktadır.

SENSURILE TEXTULUI SACRU ÎN EXEGEZA BIBLICĂ A SFÂNTULUI IOAN GURĂ DE AUR

Author(s): Eusebiu Borca / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In Chrysostom’s exegetical works, we find the main rules of hermeneutics, which must consider for a correct interpretation. Even if it is an inspired book and the lead author is God, the Bible is the result of cooperation between divinity and humanity. Like Jesus Christ was incarnated in human flesh, so the Word was "incarnated" in the letter of Scripture, to be accessible for his creature. Thus, the external form (the letter) is the human component, instead, the spiritual meaning, the spirit of Scripture reveals the divine Author. The interpretation of Scripture is an activity that must be carried out, combining both intellectual faculties, but especially spiritual ones. As a first step to deepening, Chrysostom recommends all Christians to read the Bible daily, incessantly. The riches found in this book, must be, then, spread to others, so that, they share the benefit of God's Word, so necessary for human life. All these divine precepts must not remain only at the level of thought or word, but these must be translated into deeds. The Bible is a book that should be lived, and through his life, Chrysostom has shown that this is possible. To discover the meaning of Scripture, Chrysostom was used historical and literal meaning. Because of this, he will be considered: the exponent of this method of biblical interpretation. However, Chrysostom calls for closer scrutiny to penetrate the meaning of Scripture and he recognizes the existence of a spiritual sense. By his exegesis Chrysostom has made important contributions to clarify the biblical texts but also to establish rules for the interpretation of the Bible. By his exegetical works, Chrysostom remained forever a model and an authority. .

THE EUCHARISTIC DIMENSION OF CHRISTIAN ЕDUCATION ACCORDING TO SOME HOLLY FATHERS AND ОRTHODOX AUTHORS

Author(s): Cvetelina Sapundzhieva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this paper is to present the dimension of the Eucharistic education in two directions: first, to determine that the Eucharist as the chief factor of Christian Education as viewed by some Orthodox authors; second, to revel the position of some Holy Fathers, concerning the importance of the Holy Eucharist for education. The introduction points out that the pivot of Christian upbringing is man’s incorporation into the living Body of Christ in the sacrament of the Holy communion trough faith, communion, and grace of the Holy Spirit. Christian authors emphasize the fact that the goal of Eucharistic upbringing is achieving on over all alteration of the person which means transformation of the human mind, heart and will. The most important part of this process is the alteration of the heart as viewed by the Holy Fathers quoted in this paper, namely, St. John Chrysostom, St. Gregory Palamas and St. John Damascene, St. John of Kronstadt . The inference from their writings synthesizes the chief aspects of Eucharistic education which are: reaching „deification", acquiring the Holy Spirit as well as changing one’s life trough thanksgiving, repentance for wrongdoing and love for God and the fellowmen.

Man as co-creator Theological presuppositions of the ethics of reproduction

Author(s): Vantsos Miltiadis / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

While God is the creator and giver of life, man can become co-creator in having offspring by following His command to “increase and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it” (Gen 1: 28). Man's synergy in the creation of life is expressed by the free will of the future parents and is reflected in the resemblance between the parents and the child, due to the laws of heredity. Parenthood is therefore not determined solely by God, but it is also shaped by man based on his personal desires and goals. At the same time the notion of man as a cocreator indicates that his reproductive freedom should be in accordance with divine providence and wisdom. Therefore, procreation should not only be understood as a personal right, but also as a significant responsibility, both towards God and the child who comes into existence. The theological understanding of man as co-creator allow us to come to some conclusions regarding the ethics of termination of the unborn human life through abortion, and the human desire to overcome the obstacle of infertility through the methods of assisted reproduction.

The Benefit of the Patient in the Hippocratic Oath and the Golden Rule of Christian Ethics

Author(s): Marlena Zerva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Modern medical science aims at the benefit of the patient which is achieved through the treatment of the patient. The physician must act in the best interest of the patient and consequently his health. In an ideal world every doctor besides treating a patient would also love him. In this text, there will be examined two fundamental ethical imperatives that can be applied in the doctor – patient relationship. On the one hand the position, do not do unto others as you would not like to do unto you, on the other hand the positive formulation of that sentence which is, do to others whatever you would like them to do to you. The first of those two positions can be found in the ancient oath of Hippocrates, whereas the second position is the basis of the Golden Rule of Christian ethics. These two ethical imperatives will be examined in the context of modern bioethics as well, since the benefit of the patient is the major concern of two of its basic principles, namely the principle of beneficence and that of non-maleficence. The oath of Hippocrates moves in the realm of the moral idea that you should not do to others what you do not want to be done to yourself. The above position is based on the affirmative propositions that are imprinted within the oath. On the other hand, the Golden Rule of Christian ethics consists of a positive exhortation, to do to the other what you would like to happen to you. Each Christian is called to love his fellowman as he loves himself, since the supreme good in Christian morality is the love of God and fellowman that fulfills the purpose of man’s existence, which is the communion with God. Both positions examined in the text have relevant content, aiming at the benefit of the patient, the patients good, either by a direct positive obligation, or by preventing the doctor from harming the patient.

Съпоставка на някои митове за сътворението

Author(s): Reni Stoyanova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Mythology is the basic feature of every ethnicity.The Creation of the world is an important starting point and is differently represented by every nation. In addition, myths are spread into pieces. Here is a brief comparison of the Chinese, Greek, Japanese Egyptian, Indian and Hittite Anatolia mythology. Each of them has its unique features, but they also have some overlapping points. Generally speaking there are one and the same elements, people or things appearing in the myths mentioned above. For example we can find the conception of the Chaos not only within the Chinese myths but also in the Greek and Indian ones.

CREAREA ZBURĂTOARELOR ÎN ZIUA A V-A (TEORIA EVOLUȚIONISTĂ ÎN FAȚA CREAȚIONISMUL BIBLIC ȘI A BIOLOGIEI)

Author(s): Eusebiu Borca / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Creationism is the biblical teaching that God created the heavens and the earth, bringing everything into concrete existence through His creative Word and will. Through this creative act, God shows that Creation has its principle and purpose in God, making Him transparent. All varieties of birds were created from water. The expression "after their kind" is used only when life is being built, in the last three days of Creation, to understand that God, during this interval, built all living creatures on earth. This expression means that the type of animal is preserved by reproduction, which entitles us to say that the species did not evolve but remained the same. The noun "kind", "type", "classification", "species" shows there are fixed types or classifications. It is true that, within genetic limits, animals can evolve, but one species cannot transform into another. The main causes of the theory of biological evolution: natural selection and mutations eliminate from its assumptions the existence of a Creator. In arguing with evolutionists, creationists point out that for a flightless animal to become "flying", almost every anatomical structure would require changes, a theory that is not supported by any (fossil) evidence. Although we cannot fully understand the divine reason, Christians today can extract useful meaning from this creative action. Thus, we do not read them as myths, but try to value the sacred text and discover its divine message. Saint Ambrose shows that birds can provide "a parable for our living", because in them, "social and military leadership is natural", but in humans it is "forced and enslaved". The entire creation testifies to the Unity, Omnipotence and Wisdom of its Creator, which also manifests itself in the existence of a purpose for living beings, that of living, to offer oneself, which for man constitutes a path to salvation.

КУЛЬТУРНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЕ МЕСТО И ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ ХРИСТИАНСКОГО МИРОПОНИМАНИЯ

Author(s): Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Очищение христианства от исторической скорлупы ведет к его уничтожению, как в протестантизме. Не в целом, а все-таки есть определенный рисунок христианского миропонимания. Зло – в отсутствии церковного миропонимания.