Na začiatku každej zmeny myslenia je inšpirácia
Review of: Zumrík, Miroslav: Filozofické aspekty korpusovej lingvistiky. Bratislava: Veda 2020. 80 s. ISBN 978-80-224-1826-3.
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Review of: Zumrík, Miroslav: Filozofické aspekty korpusovej lingvistiky. Bratislava: Veda 2020. 80 s. ISBN 978-80-224-1826-3.
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Ktoś powiedział, że człowiek jest istotą dwuwymiarową. Rzeczywiście, człowiek nie jest jednolity jak kamień, drzewo albo ważka. W jego naturze od zarania dziejów zmagają się ze sobą dwa pierwiastki i żadnemu z nich nie jest sądzone stać się zwycięzcą w tym starciu. Człowiek jest wahadłem wiszącym między niebem a ziemią, a jego serce niczym ptak ciągle miota się pomiędzy grudą ziemi i gwiazdą. Miejscem ludzkiej egzystencji jest wielkie Pomiędzy: między Bogiem i zwierzęciem, między ciałem i duszą, między naturą i nadnaturalnością, między koniecznością a wolnością. Człowiek zawsze dążył do harmonii, jednak osiągnąć ją można w jeden sposób – stając się albo aniołem, albo zwierzęciem, a więc przestając być człowiekiem. Dysharmonia jest losem i przekleństwem nas, śmiertelnych.
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The traditional culture is pre-eminently an oral one. Within its system, the word had sacred meanings, as the main sign of significances that were communicated and perceived. The tradition sanctioned a handful of texts that are bound to the ritual fund, to a greater or lesser degree. Such is the prayer, the nuptial poem, the fairy tales, the magic charm, the blessing, the oath, the pledge, etc. Using semantic relationships, they are connected to sacredness. Mostly from the second half of the 20th century, many of them lost their functions, significance, and cultural consistency. The author of the paper analyses two of them – the oath and the pledge. These customs develop more than others do purposes and meanings of socio-normative bonds, very important to maintain the proper functioning of the society. The author examines closely customs from various structures of the traditional culture, such as those about human age, stages of the year, the manifestation of social and economic activities, to determine the importance of the oath and of the pledge in the process of articulating and accommodation of communal life. As their names suggest, these forms of cultural practice aim to bind and legalize certain human relationships within the groups and the community, to validate and perpetuate their durability over time. However, after a closer examination, they prove much more complex links on the social, divine, and cosmic levels. It is, in fact, also the case of other cultural forms belonging to the same structures of the traditional culture.
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The importance of the role of language in acculturation and identification of one society is undisputable. From the aspect of Lacan’s psychoanalysis, the characteristics hidden in language are leading up to culturalization of the individual, further corresponding to their identification. Lacan views the culturalization of every person as a transition from the stage of ‘mirroring’ to the one of ‘symbolic order’. This process in the individual is possible due to language. The society is consisted of ‘the Other’, in the shape of laws, customs, values, norms as well as literature and myths. That is, myths as common language or common spirit, were transferred from generation to generation – and by the use of allegory and comparison – they have ensured their permanence in the form of tales and stories. This type of myths eased the culturalization and its transfer. Simorgh is one of the most notable Iranian myths. Iranian mind, taking away from the myths, did not only change its viewpoint, but it also constructed fuller meanings, and in particular relation to the symbolics of Simorgh, it generally gave it a meaning of the ‘fuller human’.
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Semantic externalism is the view according to which proper names and other nominals have the capacity to refer to language-independent objects. On this view, the proper name ‘London’ is related semantically to a worldly object, London. Chomsky’s long held position is that this relational conception of reference is untenable. According to his internalist framework, semantics should be restricted to the examination of the informational features of I-language items. Externalists reject this restriction by saying that without employing the relational notion of reference, it would remain entirely mysterious how we can talk about our perceptible environment. This paper offers a novel argument for externalism. The basic idea is that external reference proves to be indispensable even for Chomskyans who regard our talk about the environment as irrelevant for the purposes of semantics.
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The study aims to identify the mechanisms of communication humanization in the virtual environment with the help of new signs as the means of communication. The factors which limit emotional connections while using written signs in digital communication as a form of alienation are provided in the article. The scientific novelty is shown through the essential role of nonverbal signs and symbols used to overcome alienation under conditions of limited communication. The widespread use and evolution of nonverbal signs and symbols in the process of digital communication is becoming a new frame that promotes communication to expand in the interactive sphere and make it more human. Understanding new signs and symbols go with socio-cultural issues of the current age and provides integrity and unique character of the individual.
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The process of learning is analogous to the process of motion, as well as it resembles the progress from less to more perfect. Plato, combining two opposites, attempts at reconciliation of the theories of Heraclitus and Parmenides, providing us with his amazing theory of Forms. In light of this, he speaks of language as a means of cognizance of the Universe. In his own turn, and much later, Ludwig Wittgenstein, combining incompatible, speaks of language as the single subject which requires explanation. As well as it can be seen from the history of the development of understanding, those who dared to combine two opposites have come up with amazing discoveries. New discoveries in the field of gravity are likely to throw some light on the solutions to Zeno’s paradoxes and, at the same time, reveal and explain to us the paradoxical nature of language acquisition. The article argues that the phenomenon of language possesses a paradoxical nature that seems not to be unambiguously explained by behavioristic theories. As a result, this view serves to the development and improvement of newer approaches to the learning of a second language, which is completely distinct from the process of primary language acquisition.
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Review of: Joanna Gruszewska - Richard Gombrich’s Buddhism and Pali, Mud Pie Slices 2018.
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Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most influential theorists of philosophy as well as literary studies. His reflections and work on dialogue and carnival has changed the way in which we read texts – both literary and cultural. The aim of the article is to place the reviewed book in the context of Bachtin’s reception in the social sciences and humanities. The title triad: laughter, dialogue, and subversion are the tropes in the moving of the literary researcher’s multithreaded thought. The book which is the main point of reference for this article shows that different components of Bakhtin’s concept of carnival and his theory of loughter can be a very good starting point for a modern and effective theoretical framework for discourse, and an anthropological praxis.
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Based on the transcript of a fragment from a philosophical practice session carried by Oscar Brenifier, I flesh out several aspects of this dialogical form of philosophical practice. First, it is a form of interaction grounded in the interlocutors’ interaffection. Second, the main mechanism of carrying through the dialogic interaction is the practitioner’s repeating the other’s words, writing them down, and then questioning them, thus extracting them from the other’s discursive flow and making them shared objects for an intersubjective gaze. Third, this form of dialogue is asymmetrical: while the other is providing the “content”, the practitioner is responsible for explicating it.
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How does understanding occur in encounters of living beings? What is experienced by the interaction partners and what happens in the ‘In-Between’? And how can this be captured? In this paper an enactive approach to interaction is proposed with the focus on reciprocal intercorporeal attunement and co-creation of meaning in a specific environment. As alternative framework this approach is applied to the interaction of d/Deaf persons and animals. In the interaction with an animal, verbal communication – which is challenging for d/Deaf persons – is of secondary importance, so this frame is well suited to focus on intercorporeal attunement. In the interaction discourse regarding d/Deaf persons as well as Human-Animal-Interaction the assessment of the interaction process as such and embodied research methodologies are scarcely to be found. With the enactive approach new perspectives on the mechanisms of interaction and the influencing conditions can be opened as well as new approaches to respective research options.
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The paper presents a concise history of enactivism in education, especially in mathematics education. Cases described by Davis’s, Proulx and Simmt’s work showcase the idea that enactivism is a viable alternative to constructivism or to classical views both in terms of practical teaching and theoretical models related to the process of learning. The idea that the student should solve a fixed problem, discover the universally correct solution, and eventually store that correct solution to find many other universally correct solutions to other fixed problems reduces the student to a very simple mechanism aimed at informational efficiency. This problem is met by the enactivistic tradition that began with Varela and Maturana’s work, now updated to the aforementioned researchers. Contra the classical perspective, enactivism proposes the idea that the student collaboratively produces the problem, being able to see multiple solutions, and eventually becoming a performer of knowledge. The article takes these ideas developed in mathematics education and finds their use in philosophical education. The article especially focuses on the student’s problem of being unable to link a new philosophical text discussed in class with their intuition. The last part of the article offers a lesson design example. The philosophical design focuses on making the students explore their own thinking regarding the topic about to be discussed by using a philosophy text before introducing the text.
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Niekam nekyla abejonių dėl to, kad gyvename supami daiktiškos, materialios aplinkos. Jos egzistavimo nereikia įrodinėti, pakanka apžvelgti artimą savo aplinką, paliesti netoli esančius daiktus, žmones. Lygiai taip pat neabejojame dėl savo vidinės, sakome – psichinės, dvasinės aplinkos. Tačiau, skirtingai nei su regimais dalykais, neregimieji reikalauja nuolat juos pažinti, nuolat su jais kurti savo individualų arba grupei būdingą santykį. Taip yra su žmogaus vidiniu pasauliu, taip yra ir su socialine aplinka: ji nuolat kinta visuomenei keičiantis, kitados galiojusios tvarkos griūna arba yra peržiūrimos ir įvertinamos naujai.
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The paper aims to elucidate the elementary premises of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations based on the principle of “language games” through the prism of intertextuality within which his book leads an active dialogue with other texts, by its content belonging to the field of philosophy of language. Wittgenstein’s theory in which examined are the questions of the essence of language, philosophy and meaning, intertwines with the most relevant linguistic movements and theories – especially when the problem of specific perspective on the world is considered, the comparison of language and chess game, as well as the thinking about the inner language, a relation between language and thinking and deep and surface structures. Wittgenstein is being linked to Humboldt, then with the founder of general linguistics de Saussure, Vygotsky and his work Thinking and Speech, and Chomsky’s generative-transformative theory. Since Wittgenstein’s philosophy as a specific paradigm had a response in literature, Julio Cortázar’s Hopscotch, being a representative of postmodern novel, will be used as a form of language review and illustration of the described philosophical game.
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Fairy tale characters have a special status for children, as they become the bearers of values and emotions with a major impact on the development of the young viewer in whose universe anything is possible. Children often place the action at a subordinate level of their brain and the text loses its value to the character construction, which they remember at the expense of the actions the characters perform. Young audiences' conclusions about a character can boil down to two simple characterizations: GOOD or BAD, but their subconscious picks up complex information that can affect the core values and influence future decisions or actions. This assessment of the moral character that a fairy tale character has is only valid because the fairy tale is used for an educational purpose and is supposed to contribute to the development of cognitive and affective processes in the formation of fundamental character traits. The aim of the critical approach of this research is to identify the real values of a character through behavioural analysis in order to render it scenically.
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Review of: Mate Kapović - Ranko Matasović (2019), [recenzija knjige: Anđel Starčević, Mate Kapović & Daliborka Sarić 2019, Jeziku je svejedno, Sandorf, Zagreb], Suvremena lingvistika 45/88: 279–284
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In some of his writings, Kuhn criticized Putnam’s causal theory of reference for natural kind terms put forward in his classic paper “The Meaning of ‘Meaning’” claiming that Putnam’s theory cannot explain the reference changes of natural kind terms. After looking into Kuhn’s objections to Putnam’s reference theory, some of the main features of Kuhn’s incommensurability thesis and some traits of Putnam’s later version of his theory, we will argue, on the one hand, that Putnam’s later reference theory contains some components that enhance the explanation of the reference change of natural kind terms, and on the other hand, that Kuhn’s and Putnam’s views on reference do no differ that much, especially in virtue of certain similarities between Kuhn’s incommensurability thesis and Putnam’s thesis of conceptual relativity.
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The purpose of this paper is to argue that assessment relativism entails the assessment-sensitivity of the sentential truth-predicate, but not of the propositional truth-predicate. The central idea of assessment relativism is that a single token claim evaluated within a single world can have different truth-values when considered in different contexts of assessment. John MacFarlane in Assessment Sensitivity: Relative Truth and its Applications (2014) and also Max Kölbel in the article ‘Global relativism and self-refutation’ (2011) have argued that this position leads to relativism about the propositional truth-predicate. I argue that this is not the case—it entails relativism only about the sentential truth-predicate.
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The review of: Tomislav Brlek, Tvrdi tekst: Uvid i nevid moderne hrvatske književnosti; Fraktura, Zaprešić, 2020.
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What Abduction Can Do in Philosophical Dialogue? According to Peirce, abduction is a hypothetic-forming process that is necessary to explore unknown areas of knowledge, but also a real scientific method associated with the enquiry. If there is philosophical enquiry, could abduction serve as an appropriate method for such an approach? If so, how can it be used and with a view to what result(s)? We ask whether abduction can bring a potential both for discovery and a logical requirement to the philosophical questioning. In this paper we focus on a philosophy that "is done", in the form of a common enquiry, the "community of philosophical inquiry". The present research explores the advantages and limitations of requiring such a method, in the context of the practice under study.
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