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Возможности описания стратегий власти в определенном виде юридического дискурса (на материалах заседаний мирового суда)

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Возможности описания стратегий власти в определенном виде юридического дискурса (на материалах заседаний мирового суда)

Author(s): Nava-Vanda Sahverdova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2011

The present article aims at posing a conceptual and theoretical framework for the investigation of dominance relations in language. The general question of language data examination is how the asymmetry in dominance relations arises between professional and non-professional speakers in the course of trial processes. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author introduces theoretical frameworks for carrying out the investigation of language data – conversation analysis, and gives a short summary of the notion of power in recent linguistic research. In the second part, the author gives an illustration of previous points and presents a set of power and powerless strategies used by a professional and lay members of legal discourse. The conclusion is that asymmetry in the discourse of members of legal institutions can be successfully described applying the theoretical frameworks suggested above.

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From Etymology to Ethnology. On the Development of Stoic Allegorism

Author(s): Mikołaj Domaradzki / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2011

The purpose of the present article is to show that there is a clear line of continuity between the early Stoics’ and Cornutus’ works, as all of them assumed that the ancient mythmakers had transformed their original cosmological conceptions into anthropomorphic deities. Hence, the Stoics from Zeno to Cornutus believed that the names of the gods reflected the mode of perceiving the world that was characteristic of the people who named the gods in this way. Accordingly, the major thesis advanced in the paper proposes that the Stoics conducted their etymological analyses so as to gather ethnographical information about the origin and development of the existing religion. When doing so, they treated the conventional mythological narratives as sources of information about the early conceptions of the cosmos. Thus, the Stoics from Zeno to Cornutus employed etymology as a certain research strategy: they analyzed the names of traditional deities so as to extract the physical and moral beliefs that constituted the ancients’ world picture. Treated as ethnologists, the Stoics seem to equate piety with retrieving philosophical truths obscured under the guise of primitive mythical formulations. Furthermore, when unrevealing the original worldview inadvertently transmitted by the poets in their poems, the Stoics reconstruct the history of religion and contribute to the development of ancient anthropology

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‘Ought’, agents and ambiguity that matters

Author(s): Joanna Klimczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

According to a well-homed view in linguistic semantics, deontic logic and logic of agency, some ‘ought’ sentences, like ‘Kate ought to write there port’, are ambiguous between the so-called agentive sense as when Kate is the agent of writing the report, and the non-agentive, or evaluative sense as when, in the light of some norm or things being ideal, the proposition that Kate writes the report would come out true. Within this approach to the semantics of ‘ought’, the ambiguity in question is not due to any semantic ambiguity of the word ‘ought’, but the ambiguity traced to Kate writes the report.We may call the view in question, after Schroeder, the agency-in-the-prejacent theory, or APT for short. APT’s explanation of ambiguity has been put underheavy criticism by Mark Schroeder’s 2011 influential paper. Schroeder tried to undermine APT by exposing its central theoretical drawbacks, their being:(i) that APT badly overgeneralizes because if ambiguity is in Kate writes the report, then it should equally well be preserved under the non-agentive interpretation of ‘Kate ought to write the report’, but it is not, and (ii) that APT also under generalizes, since it ‘inscribes’ the same ambiguity as observed in‘Kate ought to write the report’ to a sentence that lacks it, e.g. ‘Bill ought to kiss Lucy’. I argue that both the ‘overgeneralization problem’ and the ‘undergeneralization problem’ are harmless for the criticized view, since Schroeder’s two central arguments against the respective problems are seriously defective.Also, the third problem identified by Schroeder, that APT cannot accommodate the deliberative sense of ‘ought’, is mistargeted. I argue that identifying the salient property of the deliberative ought is crucial for assessing whether APT is able to accommodate it or not, and that Schroeder failed to recognize this properly.

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Metalinguistic value disagreement

Author(s): Erich Rast / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

In a series of publications Burgess, Plunkett and Sundell have developed a metalinguistic negotiation view that they call ‘Conceptual Ethics.’I argue that their position adequately captures our intuition that some cases of value disputes are metalinguistic, but that they reverse the direction of justification when they state that speakers ‘negotiate’ the best use of a term or concept on the basis of its prior social role. Borrowing ideas from Putnam(1975b), I instead suggest distinguishing two meanings of general terms and value predicates. Core meaning represents the lowest common denominator between speakers and is primarily based on our needs to coordinate behavior.In contrast to this, the noumenal meaning of a general term or value predicate is intended to capture an aspect of reality and represents what a term reallymeans. Like many other disputes about theoretical terms, terms for abstract objects, and predicates, metalinguistic value disputes are about noumenal meaning on the basis of a shared core meaning. This direction towards reality is what sets the account apart from mere metalinguistic negotiation.

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Indukcje i przepływy. Michael Faraday – mikrostudium o romantycznej nauce

Author(s): Małgorzata Litwinowicz-Droździel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Phenomena and social practices, which create what we call the “civilization of Romanticism”, appear to be a very strong creative factor. Was it not but new poetic language that enabled formulating new questions, completely impossible even-to-think-about half a century earlier? The breakthrough between eighteenth and nineteenth century opened a new imaginarium also in the world of sciences, and a new scientific language emerged. We treat it as one of the dimensions of civilisation of Romanticism. If one media important for this civilisation was the word (esp. poetic word) – we are allowed to consider the following question: to what extent has this appeared to be a source for natural science – its paradigm and language? The text refers to the chosen aspects of Michael Faraday’s works as the example of modern science’s deep roots in Romanticism.

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Aporia Phila z perspektywy teorii aktów mowy

Author(s): Bartosz Biskup / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this paper is to analyze the „possibility puzzle” presented by Shapiro (2011) in the context of the debate between conventionalism and non-conventionalism in speech act theory. Conventionalism claims that for every speech act there is a pattern (convention) which determines its illocutionary force. To perform a felicitous speech act is to fulfil necessary and sufficient conditions for this particular speech act. Non-conventionalism criticizes the view that for every speech act there is a conventional pattern and hidden conditions, which are to be fulfilled. This view maintains the conventional thesis for the so-called strict conventional speech acts (e.g. performatives), but negates using universal quantifier for so-called communicative speech acts whose aim is, in short, to express an intention and force someone to act by virtue of this intention. As in (Shapiro 2011), Phil said: in order for someone to have the power to make, change and apply rules, there has to be a rule that empowers someone to do so. This objection concerned „The First Legislator” only from the conventional perspective on speech acts. If it can be maintained that The First Legislator’s speech acts may be non-conventional, then Phil’s argument misses the point. Finally, I will emphasize that only lawyers analyze „the very first speech acts” whereas for philosophers, the problem of e.g. „the very first question” is less absorbing.

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O УНУТРAШЊОЈ ФОРМИ (ПРИЛОГ ИСТОРИЈИ ТЕРМИНА И ПОЈМА)

Author(s): Ivana Bašić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2010

The work examines the emergence and development of the notion of interior form by drawing, in particular, on Humboldt’s, Croce’s and Cassirer’s theories. The wide range of definitions of interior form, which varies from language dependent (perceptive or cognitive) activity to the “trace” of that activity, is conditioned by the very interior form of the term form. Definitions of interior form by means of similarly undetermined term motivation usually remain confined to tautology. Structuralist linguistics e deconstructions refute the notion of interior form, but their discourse represents a terminological camouflage and actually revives the meaning of Tatarkiewicz’s A form. The term interior form, the meaning of which is close to the term iconicity, still remains a necessary “third element” for linking the dichotomies, as well as a cruical theoretical term that links contemporary linguistics with other disciplines in an attempt to understand and explain linguistic phenomenon in its totality.

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Some Problems of Glavaničová’s Approach to Fictional Names

Author(s): Miloš Kosterec / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

In a recent issue of this journal, Daniela Glavaničová presented her theory of fictional names (see Glavaničová 2017, 396-402). As a part of the project within the field of philosophical analysis of fictional discourse (see at least Haraldsen 2017, Vacek 2017, Zouhar 2017 and Zvolenszky 2015), Glavaničová provided an analysis of fictional names based on the idea of fictional names modelled by necessarily empty individual roles. I limit my discussion of the proposal to the system of Transparent Intensional Logic (henceforth TIL),2 since Glavaničová states: “The paper examines two possible analyses of fictional names within Pavel Tichý’s Transparent Intensional Logic” (Glavaničová 2017, 384). Before that, though, I will sketch her proposal first.

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The Role of the “Private” in Inter-Gender Misunderstanding

Author(s): Ondřej Beran / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

In this paper, I use Wittgenstein’s private language argument for reflecting on some folk-linguistic misconceptions. In Section 1, I show that elements of the private language semantics inform common ways of looking at some situations referred to as “misunderstandings”. I suggest that it would be appropriate to conceive of the alleged misunderstandings as practical attitudes of mistreatment. This suggestion is explored in Section 2, which is devoted to a commonly assumed prominent example of the problem: the so-called inter-gender misunderstanding. It is believed that men and women use language in systematically different ways, as a result of which they do not understand each other properly, because they miss what their interlocutors “mean”. The conceptual apparatus of mentalist semantics presumed here is abused in order to advocate morally reprehensible actions against women. In Section 3, I suggest that the Wittgensteinian accounts of language and mind offer arguments for denying private conceptions of understanding on the grounds of both philosophy of language and ethics.

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Sense, Reference, Speech Acts, Norms and Other Issues. Replies to Organon F Papers (Part I)

Author(s): Petr Koťátko / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

If I found the first 2015 Supplementary Issue of Organon F in the library shelf, I would be struck by its strong assembly of authors: brilliant philosophers and at the same time people whom I have had the pleasure and honour of personally knowing for quite a long time. But I have been presented the volume on an occasion which made it clear that it is somehow (rather intimately) connected with me – despite my repeated pleading not to be reminded about my (regrettable) anniversary.

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Logika verzus jazykoveda o vetných spojkách

Author(s): František Gahér / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2015

The author proposes bridging disparate explications of sentential connectives (operators). Logicians take sentential operators to denote truth functions and distinguish 16 such binary operators. On the other hand, linguists recognize much more sentential operators and, even for the same truth function, distinguish several connectives with different properties. For example, the conjunction “and” can in some uses have an adversative or conditional or restrictive feature, and sometimes has a temporal or causal meaning. The author favors logico-semantic tools over pragmatic ones and proposes distinguishing operators as truth-functions from complex constructions of truth-functions. The same truth function can be constructed in different ways, which enables one to explain the different properties of a single connective discussed by linguists. The author proposes two conditional connectives – namely one for the necessary conditional relations and another for the sufficient conditional relation – the negation and the logical conjunction as the basic operators. Using these simple connectives, he defines constructions of other sentential operators and demonstrates their various properties.

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PhiLang 2015 – The Fourth International Conference on Philosophy of Language and Linguistics (University of Łódź, Poland, 14-16 May 2015)

Author(s): Martin Vacek / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

PhiLang 2015 – The Fourth International Conference on Philosophy of Language and Linguistics (University of Łódź, Poland, 14-16 May 2015)

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Tichý’s Possible Worlds

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

Pavel Tichý originally published his interesting conception of possible worlds in 1968. Even though he modified it over the following twenty five years, its core remained unchanged. None of his thirty journal papers or books containing the notion of possible worlds was a study in metaphysics. Tichý (and most of his followers) always introduced the notion in the context of other investigations where he applied his Transparent intensional logic either to the semantic analysis of natural language or to the explications of other notions. Tichý presented his conceptions using rather short descriptions occurring on a number of places; his proposal appears not only fragmentary but also somehow incoherent. The main contribution of this paper is thus not only a complete survey of Tichý’s development of his conception but also a certain completion of the very proposal.

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Constructional vs. Denotational Conception of Aboutness

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

Following Carnap’s Principle of Subject Matter, Pavel Tichý proposed a methodological principle I call the “Denotational Principle of Aboutness”. It says that expressions are about their denotata. Denotata are modelled as possible world intensions or (common) extensions. Nearly the same principle was recently defended by Marie Duží and Pavel Materna under the name the “Parmenides Principle”. However, Duží and Materna did not react to Tichý’s late proposal which I call the “Constructional Principle of Aboutness”. It says that the subject matter of expressions consists not in their denotata but in their meanings. The meanings are explicated by Tichý, and also by Duží and Materna, as so-called constructions; constructions are complex entities akin to algorithms, they construct intensions or extensions. In this paper, I argue in favour of the Constructional Principle of Aboutness. I show that there are not only single arguments, but the whole net of methodological principles which support it. This is why the topic largely transcends the debate among Tichý’s followers.

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Ellipsis

Author(s): Miloš Kosterec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2013

The paper deals with semantic content of elliptic sentences and its relation to semantic content of the corresponding non-elliptic sentences. On the basis of certain kinds of examples it is shown that syntactic theories of ellipsis have serious limits. It is also demonstrated that the so-called Property Theory, which is an example of a semantic theory of ellipsis, bears serious limitations. Another semantic theory, namely that of Minimal Indexicalism, is analyzed thereafter. Theoretical tools of the theory - in particular, its criteria of linguistic expressions identity and three layers of content - that are vital to its handling of ellipsis are discussed in some detail. Finally, a new theory of ellipsis based on Transparent Intensional Logic is proposed and argued for.

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Elipsa a anafora

Author(s): Marie Duží / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2013

Tento članek je kriticky polemickou reakci na članek s nazvem „Elipsa“, autora Miloše Kosterce, ktery vychazi ve stejnem čisle časopisu Organon F. Ačkoli je minen jako kritička polemika, neznamena to, že bych považovala zmineny članek o elipse za špatny či bezcenny. Prave naopak, Kostercuv pri- spevek k teorii semantiky vet s pragmaticky neuplnym vyznamem považuji za velice cenny a inspirativni. Presto citim potrebu se k nekterym aspektum Kostercova pristupu vyjadrit, nebod jsou ponekud diskutabilni.

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Are Quantifier Phrases Always Quantificational? The Case of ‘Every F’

Author(s): Pierre Baumann / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

This paper argues that English quantifier phrases of the form ‘every F’ admit of a literal referential interpretation, contrary to the standard semantic account of this expression, according to which it denotes a set and a second-order relation. Various arguments are offered in favor of the referential interpretation, and two likely objections to it are forestalled.

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Základy explikace sémantických pojmů

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2012

It is a truism that semantic concepts (concepts of meaning, denotation, reference and even truth, etc.) are relative to language. I distinguish two kinds of them in accordance to their relativity to language L; the relativity is either explicit (“true in L”), or implicit (“trueL”). If language is explicated, the concepts of the former kind can be easily explicated in a plausible way and we resist semantic paradoxes. In the case of the latter concepts, the explication is also accessible and paradoxfree. One can find then new interesting facts concerning famous Tarski’s theorem.

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O paradoxe havranov, o novej záhade indukcie a o ich predstavení

Author(s): Eugen Zeleňák / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2012

V roku 2011 Lukáš Bielik publikoval dva samostatné články, v ktorých postupne predstavuje a kritizuje úvahy Carla Gustava Hempela o paradoxe havranov1 a Nelsona Goodmana o novej záhade indukcie. Tak o spomenutom paradoxe ako aj o súvisiacej novej záhade indukcie boli dodnes napísané mnohé práce, ktoré ich analyzovali, hodnotili, domýšľali, resp. sa ich snažili vyriešiť. Bielik sa tiež zapája do tejto diskusie a pokúša sa ukázať, prečo je Hempelova úvaha problematická a prečo údajne nevzniká nová záhada indukcie. Žiaľ, už samotné Bielikovo predstavenie paradoxu a záhady obsahuje isté chyby a za otázny považujem i jeho výklad a kritiku oboch záležitostí. Preto sa v tomto príspevku pokúsim o korektnejšie priblíženie Hempelových a Goodmanových postrehov.

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How to Assess Theories of Meaning? Some Notes on the Methodology of Semantics

Author(s): Lukáš Bielik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

The paper presents a two-level approach to an assessment of meaning theories. To begin with, language is distinguished from language- model and, analogously, meaning is discerned from a model of meaning. The first level of a theory assessment is presented as dealing with the relation of a model of meaning to intra-theoretical aims and assumptions of a theory with specific language-model. The second level of assessment concerns ontological, epistemological, logical and other assumptions underlying the respective language-model. Finally, several questions are set forth as methodological directives for elucidating hidden assumptions behind the theories of meaning.

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