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Kompleksowe podejście Unii Europejskiej do konfliktów zewnętrznych i sytuacji kryzysowych. Analiza instytucjonalno-prawna

Author(s): Zbigniew D. Czachór / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

In the pursuit of the objectives of the external action of the European Union the Lisbon Treaty calls for consistency between the different areas of EU external action and between these and its other policies. Following the entry into force of the Treaty and the new institutional context it created, the EU has both the increased potential and the ambition – by drawing on the full range of its instruments and resources – to make its external action more consistent, more effective and more strategic. The ideas and principles governing the comprehensive approach have yet to become, systematically, the guiding principles for EU external action across all areas, in particular in relation to conflict prevention and crisis resolution. The European institutions sets out a number of concrete steps that the EU, collectively, is taking towards an increasingly comprehensive approach in its external relations policies and action. This covers all stages of the cycle of conflict or other external crises; through early warning and preparedness, conflict prevention, crisis response and management to early recovery, stabilisation and peace-building in order to help countries getting back on track towards sustainable long-term development.

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Strategie wyborcze Ryszarda Grobelnego i Jacka Jaśkowiaka w ponownym głosowaniu w świetle badań exit poll

Author(s): Szymon Ossowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

This paper aims to analyze election strategies of two candidates for the office of President of Poznań, who competed in the second round of local elections in 2014.The author tries to answer the following questions: (1) between the first and second round, could Ryszard Grobelny have turned the tide of events and ultimately won the election? and (2) what mistakes did he commit in the last period of the campaign to have so clearly lost to Jacek Jaśkowiak? While answering these questions, we formulated two hypotheses. The first one is that it is impossible to clearly determine whether Ryszard Grobelny had a chance to win after such a low score in the first ballot, although there are indications that the key to victory was not so much the complaints of Ryszard Grobelny, but the decisions of other candidates, who did not qualify for the second round. The second hypothesis leads to the conclusion that the biggest mistake at the end of the campaign was the then incumbent President’s turn in the direction of the PiS party electorate and Tadeusz Dziuba. Verifcation of these hypotheses, in particular the second one, was based on the analysis of exit polls, carried out on the evening of the day of the second round of elections for the president of Poznan by the Gemini agency, commissioned by Wielkopolska Cable Television.

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Odwrót od wolnego handlu na przykładzie Partnerstwa Transpacyficznego

Author(s): Adam Gwiazda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

In the recent times some rightist’s political parties which have come to power in a number of Western states, seem to favour political arguments over the free trade advantages. The case of Trans-Pacific Partnership is the most illustrative as that regional free-trade agreement was aimed at “rebalancing” the economic cooperation within the Pacific region. It also was to create a trade bloc acting as a bulwark against China’s hegemony in that region. The United States has promoted the seven years negotiation process which brought about in 2015 the creation of TPP. However that trade agreement was not ratified by the parliaments of the member countries till the beginning of 2017, and in February president Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the TPP. This created a room for the China’s backed different proposition called the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and highly weakened trust in the USA among its Asian allies.

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Wyniki wojny sankcyjnej przeciwko Rosji

Author(s): Leonid Worobjow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2016

In the paper we have analyzed the negative effects of sanctions against Russia and embargo of the Russian Federation on the import of goods, on the European countries imposing these sanctions, especially for Poland.

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Realizacja polityki w zakresie wspierania innowacyjności małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce na przykładzie województwa małopolskiego

Author(s): Dagmara K. Zuzek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2016

The current economic policy in Poland in relation to innovation and entrepreneurship is concentrated on integrating and stimulating of innovative entrepreneurship and supporting the innovation of SMEs. Transfer and commercialization of technology is an important policy instrument towards SMEs. It spans specialized forms of innovation stimulating help in the SMEs sector, which make it possible for the enterprises to manage effectively the development of new services, products, technologies, marketing models. The author’s own study was carried out with the participation of 150 entrepreneurs from the Malopolska Province. The collected results were subjected to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis rank method and rank correlation gamma method.

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Armatorzy, szyprowie i marynarze w portach południowego Bałtyku w XVIII wieku

Author(s): Ewa Łączyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The term ‘people connected with the sea’ sensu largo includes not only those who sailing through the oceans risked their lives, but also those who sent the former risking their possessions. The present analysis covers the groups of the people connected with the sea in the main Baltic ports (Gdańsk, Szczecin, Elbląg, Stralsund, Kołobrzeg). Shipowners reacted swiftly to the changing economic situation; it should be noted that their activities were more and more influenced by the central government’s economic policy (through the systems of taxation, monopolies and excise). Shipowners started undertaking commercial activity and creating shipping companies, related informally by blood and friendship; being engaged in trade became popular. In periods of prosperity the number of sailing ships was increasing, and it was easier for skippers and sailors to find a job on board a ship. Their employment was regulated by law (e.g. Danzig Willkür). Yet there were neither state and municipal social regulations nor life, health and family insurance; such things depended on private initiatives or the guilds.

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Polityka makroostrożnościowa jako nowe wyzwanie banku centralnego

Author(s): Monika Kępa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2015

In the herein publication I will discuss the role of and vehicles for macro-prudential policy in affecting stability of banking sector. The experience of the latest financial crisis leads to the conclusion that the past structure of financial security system lacked an organ monitoring and identifying threats to financial stability, but also taking measures to reduce and constrain them. In response to this weakness of the system a regulatory reform that encompasses laying down formal and legal frameworks of macro-prudential policy has emerged. Therefore, this publication aims to present issues connected with organization of macro-prudential policy. The release includes theoretical issues as well as an analysis of the financial crisis standpoint.

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Wpływ stóp procentowych Rady Polityki Pieniężnej na spadek bezrobocia

Author(s): Janina Bolejko,Bogdan Leszkiewicz,Zbigniew Pleśniarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2014

May the Monetary Policy Council, by decreasing the interest rates, have the impact on the employment rate? By setting the bases for monetary policy, the Government can control the unemployment rate. Since January 2003 to January 2009 the unemployment rate in Poland decreased by 10%. The aim of this article is to investigate if the decrease of the interest rates did affect the unemployment rate.

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Comparative analysis of Fiber-to-the-Home market liberalization in the EU: The case of Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands

Author(s): Williams Idongesit / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2017

The penetration of Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) in the EU is low. This is because deploying FTTH is capital intensive. The liberalization of the FTTH market in three EU countries is studied in this paper. The aim is to identify the challenges that affect the growth of FTTH in the EU. This is a qualitative study. The Actor Network Theory is used to study the Obligatory Passage Points (OPP) in these markets. SWOT analysis is used as analytical tools to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in these markets – with respect to the OPPs. Based on the outcome of the study, this paper concludes that competition at the wholesale market aspect of the FTTH market should be given more priority than competition at the retail section of the Fiber-to-the-Home market. This prioritization in regulating competition will enable greater market penetration of Fiber-to-the-Home infrastructure.

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Political Instability, Corruption, and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries

Author(s): Emin Ahmet Kaplan,Alpaslan Akçoraoğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The major aim of this paper is to examine the empirical relations between economic growth and a broad group of political instability factors including corruption, government instability, internal and external conflicts, religious and ethnic tensions, democratic accountability and bureaucracy quality. Moreover, one of the main objectives of our paper is to explore the effects of serious problems such as political instability and corruption on economic growth for a panel of OECD countries by using the system-GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) estimator during the period 1984-2012. Our findings confirm most of the literature that political instability is negatively associated with economic growth. We found strong evidence in favor of the hypothesis that corruption negatively affects economic growth. Our paper presents strong evidence in favor of the view that government stability and internal and external conflicts are obstacles for rapid economic growth. However, the results of system-GMM estimation indicate that democratic accountability, ethnic and religious tensions and bureaucracy quality have no statistically significant impact on economic growth of OECD countries.

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Pojęcie ,,przedsiębiorstwo” w acquis communautair

Author(s): Jakub Kociubiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2011

The paper presents how the concept of “undertaking” works in European Union’s law. It is a communautaire concept, however it is not defined in the Treaties. On the other hand EU competition rules, both at the level of primary and secondary legislation are addressed to the “undertakings”. Pinpointing the exact meaning of this term will therefore allow to define the scope of EU competition law. The paper presents on the basis of what criteria European Commission and the European Court of Justice assesses if an entity could fall under category of undertaking in terms of EU law. At the same time what kind of activities would never be considered as economic and thus its provider be considered an undertaking. The article presents the extensive case-law of the European Court of Justice dedicated to the discussed issue.

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ZARZĄDZANIE RÓŻNORODNOŚCIĄ W KONTEKŚCIE DYNAMIKI RYNKU PRACY I ZARZĄDZANIA PRZEDSIĘBIORSTWEM – DOŚWIADCZENIA POLSKIE I REKOMENDACJE DLA UKRAINY

Author(s): Mieczysław Pakosz,Anna Bojanowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

Diversity management is a peculiar newness for enterprises, as well as for public finance in Poland. Current situation at the labour market is exceedingly dynamic due to the law changes, spawned retirement age, the decrease of birth rate and exponential ageing of population. Furthermore, situation is intensified by migration processes in our region. Cooperation between people with different ethnicities, religions, worldview and huge age differences will be necessary more and more often. It could cause conflicts and, as an effect, a huge increase of management costs for private, as well as public enterprises. The European Union have placed its hopes in the diversity management, which is aimed at reduction of costs bonded with the human resources management. In the article earlier Polish experiences at the field of implementation of diversity management are described. Thereafter there will be made an attempt to evolve recommendations for Ukraine, which is a country fully aspiring to the European Union.

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REFORMA EUROPEJSKIEJ SIECI BEZPIECZEŃSTWA FINANSOWEGO A EKSPOZYCJA NA RYZYKO SYSTEMOWO WAŻNYCH INSTYTUCJI FINANSOWYCH

Author(s): Klaudia Alicja Zielińska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

With the introduction of strict capital and liquidity requirements, it would seem that Europe has reinforced its control over its financial sector. The European Commission has properly spotted and grabbed the opportunity to strengthen integration between the Member States through the introduction of a banking union. But the question is whether the safety of the financial sector really increased. The capitalization of the largest banks has undoubtedly increased and so has their liquidity, but this came at a price. Compliance with the new regulations is expensive, yet the expectations towards the banks’ profitability remains high, pushing them to seek risky but profitable investments. This article will attempt to analyse the net impact on security. The article consists of three parts. First of them is presenting the definition and significance of the financial safety net. Second quantifies and discusses the impact of the new requirements and thresholds. The last part concludes the study, pointing out the weak spots of the regulations and suggesting further steps towards strengthening the resilience of the largest banks in Europe.

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Processes of decision making on energy issues: micro and macro analysis (the case of Poland 2015)

Author(s): Katarzyna Iwińska,Paweł Ruszkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2015

Article tackles the idea of environmental and participatory democracy in Poland. Due to Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters known as the Aarhus Convention people should be involved in decisions concerning environment and energy issues in the country. All large investments, and those are certainly investments in energy infrastructure, are associated with a variety of interest groups and organizations. The main goal of this article is to show the decision making processes do not come across the knowledge and public information on nuclear energy in Poland. We present the context and background for the structural model of energy decisions using and reinterpreting survey data from 2014 and 2015 from the opinion polls on various sources of energy in Poland. From this point of departure we distinguish the micro-, meso- and macro- level of energy decisions.

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Japan Returns to Atom. Current Status and Prospects of the Japanese Nuclear Energy

Author(s): Łukasz Tolak / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2015

In a year and a half after the events of March 2011, Japan excluded all their nuclear reactors, returning to fossil fuels as a basis in the energy field. The shock associated with nuclear disaster seemed to indicate an ultimate end of Japanese adventure with the atom. The situation has, however, significantly changed during the last several months, and the first nuclear reactor connected again to the electric network, is a proof of the change of the energy policy. The article aims to identify the current state of knowledge on the future of nuclear energy in the Japanese energy sector and adjustments proposed in the future energy mix. At the same time, it is an attempt to analyze the reasons that led the current Government of Prime Minister Abe to take very unpopular decisions to return to nuclear energy.

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Iceland and Economic Integration: In or Outside the European Union?

Author(s): Hilmar Þór Hilmarsson / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Iceland is a member of the European Free Trade Association, the European Economic Area and Schengen.It was a European Union candidate country until recently, when its government decided to withdraw its European Union membership application. The European Economic Area agreement currently ensures Iceland’s access to the European Union’s common market. The question remains what is the most feasible arrangement for long term prosperity of Iceland? Should it continue to rely on the current arrangement? Should it seek European Union membership in the future and perhaps subsequently become part of the Euro Area? What are the possible benefits and disadvantages for Iceland joining the European Union and the Euro Area? These questions have economic, political as well as security dimensions.

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THE INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINATE OF COMPETITIVENESS: SURVEY OF SELECTED EMERGING AND EU COUNTRIES

Author(s): Slagjana Stojanovska,Rabi Kar,Niti Bhasin / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2017

The paper focuses on the influence of the institutions determinate of competitiveness in emerging and EU countries. Based on survey of literature including Scott’s (2001) idea of three institutional pillars: regulatory, normative and culturalcognitive pillar, we constructed framework of institutional competitiveness index. Our framework also offers a modified methodology for the estimation of a theoretically grounded and empirically validated measure of the institutional competitiveness which is expected to contribute to the development of literature for emerging countries. This paper captures interrelated drivers that collectively represent each of these pillars and estimate this framework using multiple data sets covering 22 emerging economies and 14 EU countries over the period 2006-2014. The findings indicate and confirm a positive and separate influence between the institutional mechanism and competitiveness as both are very much interrelated and they depict the general level of efficiency of a particular country. While the institutional mechanism in emerging nations is developing, results for the EU countries present positive and significant relationship between rule of law and national competitiveness. These insights might be useful in the formulation of improved national economic policies and institutional reforms towards attainment of national competitiveness.

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DE-EUROISATION - IS IT NECESSARY AND VIABLE PROCESS FOR THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES?

Author(s): Violeta Madzova,Krste Sajnoski,Luljeta Sadiku / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2017

The process of unilateral euroisation in the economies of the Western Balkan countries is encouraged by the progress in financial markets integration, harmonisation oflegislation and increasing free movement of capital and labour. While low and moderate euroisation brought to these countries certain financial stability and economic growth, the massive euroisation has shown significant drawbacks, particularly for central banks, in terms of reducing the effectiveness of monetary policy and creating certain financial stability challenges. This was emphasized particularly in the period of recent European sovereign debt crisis, when fearing from the crisis spill-over effect, as well for the euro survival, Western Balkan countries started the reversible process of so called de-euroisation. However, the process of de-euroisation turned out to be slow and not very certain process, as there are varieties of factors preventing this effort. The paper aims to analyze the positive impact and drawbacks of euroisationon Western Balkans countries ‘economies, as well as the factors that are preventing their authorities’ effort to de-euroise their economies.

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Avrupa Birliği’nin Kirim’in Ilhakina Bakişi: Rusya’ya Yönelik Yaptirimlar

Author(s): İlhan Aras / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 53/2017

Sanctions as a foreign policy tool have been widely used especially since second half of the 20th century; states and international organizations have been imposed various sanctions to self interests. From a historical viewpoint, it is seen that economic sanctions have largely become ineffective even they have been imposed frequently. European Union, like other actors, has also imposed various sanctions. In this context, European Union has appealed various sanctions in reaction to Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014. In this framework, in study firstly the concept of sanction has been theoretically examined and the practice of the European Union sanctions has been mentioned. In next chapter, sanctions of the European Union towards Russian Federation and Ukraine are dealt with over the period 2014-2016. Consequently, it has been shown that European Union has approached to the developments in Crimea on the basis of economic sanctions; however, this approach has not changed the situation in Crimea.

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Azerbaycan-Türkiye-İran Üçgeni: PoIitik Sorunların Gölgesinde Ekonomik İşbirliği Çabaları

Author(s): Fatma Aslı Kelkitli / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 53/2017

This article aims to throw light on the trilateral diplomatic and economic relationship between Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iran in the post-Cold War era. The three countries have managed to build up a sustainable rapport over the years despite the unveiling of serious political matters such as the Nagorno-Karabakh problem, the status of the Caspian Sea and the disagreements on some Middle Eastern issues. The economic ties which play an indispensable role on the consolidation and development of the political association between Baku, Tehran and Ankara have yet to improve further set aside some regional transportation projects which came into existence within the confines of the Economic Cooperation Organization along with prospective energy and investment initiatives.

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