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Reforming the Eurozone: Assessment of the Reform Package by the European Commission – Treating Symptoms or Root Causes?

Author(s): Bodo Herzog / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The paper studies the reform package proposed by the European Commission on 6 December 2017. First, institutional and economic implications of the reform proposal are analysed. The paper finds that some proposals are beyond the present Treaty provisions. For instance, the proposal of a fiscal capacity does not tackle the economic root causes without a supranational transfer mechanism. In fact, the proposed budget neutrality over the medium-term is unfeasible due to cross-country heterogeneity in the Eurozone. At the end, the paper develops policy conclusions.

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GOSPODARKA FINANSOWA JEDNOSTEK SAMORZĄDU TERYTORIALNEGO NA TLE SEKTORA PUBLICZNEGO

Author(s): Kazimierz Górka,Marcin Łuszczyk,Agnieszka Thier / Language(s): Polish Issue: 518/2018

The increased indebtness of self-government entities taking place within 2009-2011 raised many concerns about the condition of the self-government sub-sector. However, some time later, a visible improvement occurred due to economic revival and government legislation. In 2016, self-government entities generated higher revenues than expenditures. The situation of the government subsector is radically different. State deficit has remained relatively high, and the adverse processes are aggravated by the increased social spending and the decisions taken on the pension system. This leads to a steady growth of public debt – both visible as well as hidden. Hence, there is a justified anxiety that in case of a drop in the global situation the country troubled by high indebtness of the state budget will have a negative effect on the activity of self-government entities.

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POLITYKA SPÓJNOŚCI UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ JAKO ŹRÓDŁO FINANSOWANIA DZIAŁALNOŚCI INNOWACYJNEJ NA FUNKCJONALNYCH OBSZARACH MIEJSKICH

Author(s): Natalia Konopińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 518/2018

The aim of the article is to show the role of EU cohesion policy in financing innovative activity in functional urban areas on the example of the Jelenia Góra county. The article discusses the growing importance of innovation in urban areas as one of the main priorities of cohesion policy. A comparative analysis of the innovative potential of Poland, the Lower Silesia Voivodship and selected metropolitan areas with the countries, regions and cities of the European Union was carried out. The projects implemented in the research area in the years 2007-2013, which received co-financing under the structural funds, were analyzed. Conclusions about the effectiveness of using financial support were made in order to raise the level of innovation in the Jelenia Góra urban functional area. The article was prepared on the basis of desk research analysis of secondary data: reports, communicates and cartographic materials. Statistics from the Central Statistical Office, Eurostat and the EU Grant Map provided by the Ministry of Investment and Development were also used.

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INNOWACYJNE WYKORZYSTANIE METODY AHP W PODZIALE ŚRODKÓW BUDŻETU OBYWATELSKIEGO

Author(s): Jakub Kubiczek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 518/2018

The study aims to present the idea of a participatory budget as a tool to activate residents and to improve the efficiency of spending money by local governments. The author presents the division, tasks and rights of local government units in Poland according to currently applicable legal acts. The study presents in a simplified way the process of adopting the city budget and types of expenses. The author also discusses the problem of dividing money in the participatory budget into individual areas of the city; proposes the use of one of the multicriteria decision making methods − Analytic Hierarchy Process. It presents its assumptions and algorithm; uses it to make an exemplary division of money for the city of Sosnowiec. It performs an assessment of the effectiveness and rationality of its use and compares the results obtained with the amount of funds set by the Municipal Office in Sosnowiec.

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POTRZEBY I MOŻLIWOŚCI REWIZJI TERYTORIALNEGO PODZIAŁU KRAJU WOBEC UNIJNEJ POLITYKI SPÓJNOŚCI PO 2020 ROKU

Author(s): Marek Obrębalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 518/2018

Regions of Poland are characterized by distinct development disparities, which is becoming a challenge for the national and EU cohesion policy. The statistical basis for financial support under the EU cohesion policy is the hierarchical nomenclature of territorial units (NUTS) and cyclically measured levels of their development determined on the basis of GDP per capita. The EU cohesion policy is aimed at supporting economically weaker NUTS 2 regions. In order to increase the effectiveness of this policy and to eliminate regional disproportions in the post 2020 programming period in many cases a revision of the current statistical territorial division of the country is recommended. This is visible, among others in the following voivodeships: Lower Silesian, Lesser Poland, Silesian and Great Poland. Therefore, effective governmental and self-governmental initiatives in this area can certainly contribute to increase in the size of financial support, especially for peripheral regions.

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NADWYŻKA OPERACYJNA A WYDATKI MAJĄTKOWE W POLSKICH SAMORZĄDACH W LATACH 2012-2017

Author(s): Grzegorz Siwek,Justyna Sobolewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 518/2018

The article answers the question whether the link, raised in the literature, between the operating surplus and the investment expenditures of local government units can be found in the practice of Polish local governments. This article covers the analysis of the data from the Ministry of Finance on the implementation of local government units’ budgets in the years 2012-2017. The study indicates that there is no direct link between the operating surplus and investment expenditures. Most probably other events affect the amount of investment expenditures, such as local government elections. Thus, the budget operating surplus is necessary to carry out the investments, but it does not determine its occurrence in the year in which the current income exceeds the current expenditure.

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SAMODZIELNOŚĆ FINANSOWA GMIN W OPINII SKARBNIKÓW GMIN W POLSCE

Author(s): Dorota Wyszkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 518/2018

The aim of this paper is to present a subjective assessment of the level of financial autonomy of communes in Poland made by the treasurers of these units. The study covered 160 deliberately selected communes from 2478 communes in Poland. A research questionnaire was sent to the treasurers of these communes. The study was conducted in December 2016-February 2017. In the opinion of the treasurers of communes, the level of expenditure autonomy of communes is higher than revenue autonomy, which is in contradiction with the literature that revenue autonomy leads the way and determines expenditure autonomy. At the same time, the treasurers pointed to the most desirable sources of revenue, which are not related to the increase in the income-related autonomy of these units. The implementation of the assumed objective required the use of literature studies, analyzing the budget data of communes and conducting a survey among the treasurers of municipalities in Poland.

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KLASYFIKACJA GMIN WEDŁUG WYSOKOŚCI I STRUKTURY DOCHODÓW BUDŻETÓW

Author(s): Beata Bal-Domańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 517/2018

The structure of municipal revenues is one of the elements of their financial independence assessment, and thus their ability to implement a wide range of local tasks resulting from the needs and specificity of a particular area and community. Two methods of identifying municipal classes were used in the article, which allowed assessing the diversity of revenue models and their spatial characteristics. The applied methods are the median based classification and the Global Moran’s I statistics. They allowed to indicate municipal classes presenting a similar revenue structure with distinction of three basic groups of receipts (own revenues, general subsidies and earmarked subsidies). The analysis was carried out in 2016 and covered municipal budgets (excluding cities with poviat status). The analysis shows that the tendency for creating clusters of neighbouring municipalities featuring a similar level of revenues in terms of total and own revenues is small and concerns only selected locations with high economic potential, such as e.g. the vicinity of large cities.

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LOKALNY WYMIAR FUNDUSZY EUROPEJSKICH W POLSCE I CZECHACH

Author(s): Marian Kachniarz,Szymon Szewrański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 517/2018

The paper presents an analysis of the use of EU funds by municipalities in two neighboring regions − the Lower Silesian Voivodship (Poland) and the Hradec Kralove region (Czechia). In total, 580 communes were analyzed (168 on Polish and 412 on the Czech side). The main aim of the paper was spatial analysis and the demonstration of differences in the distribution of structural funds. The hypothesis of the scale effect − greater efficiency in gaining subsidies by larger units − was especially tried. The results of the research allow for a few key conclusions. Polish municipalities have a greater influence on shaping local politics, which means that they obtain more funds than their counterparts on the Czech side. Our research has not proved the economies of scale, both on the Polish and Czech side. No significant spatial dependencies have been demonstrated either.

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ROLA BUDŻETU BIEŻĄCEGO W GOSPODARCE FINANSOWEJ GMIN I MIAST NA PRAWACH POWIATU

Author(s): Agnieszka Krzemińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 521/2018

Municipalities run their financial management on the basis of the budget. One of the obligatory rules of these units when preparing it, is the principle of budget balance. The Public Finance Act 2009 introduced regulations on balancing the budget of local government units, which involved the need to balance the budget of these units in the current part. The financial management of local government units was reformulated to generate a larger operating surplus in order to conduct investment activities by these units. Thus, the role of the current budget in the financial management of local government units increased. The aim of the article is to examine whether the existing obligation to balance the current budget can have a significant impact on the directions of spending public funds by municipalities with particular focus on current expenditure and limit the level of tasks implementation by these units. The study covered municipalities and cities with county rights of the Wielkopolskie and Lubelskie voivodships from among the sixteen voivodships in Poland.

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ZMIENNOŚĆ WIELOLETNIEGO BUDŻETU UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ – UJĘCIE RETRO- I PROSPEKTYWNE

Author(s): Tomasz Dębowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 509/2018

The upcoming new financial perspective, in which significant transformations are expected, is the basis for taking up the subject about volatility of the multiannual EU budget. This article is an attempt to compare the occurring changes in the next multiannual budget of the European Union after 2000. The presentation of budgetary changes, taking place in the three financial perspectives (i.e. in the years 2000-2006, 2007-2013 and 2014-2020) is the purpose of this article. There are also interpretation and evaluation of these changes and a look at the planned modifications of the budget structure expected in the years 2021-2027. Achieving the goal requires a review and an analysis of individual sections in the last three multiannual budget terms, presentation and interpretation of the amount of expenditures and approximation of assumptions, on which the new Multiannual Financial Framework will be based with a high degree of probability.

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POSTĘP SPOŁECZNY W REGIONACH KRAJÓW UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ

Author(s): Grażyna Karmowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 509/2018

The study aims at the assessment of social progress at the level of NUTS2 regions, and its impact on economic activity of the population, its willingness to learn and reduction of unemployment. The research object was 272 regions of EU countries in 2009 and 2016. The analysis tool was the EU RSPI index and indicators of economic activity of the population. Analyses showed an increase in disparity between regions, both in terms of the number of inhabitants and their wealth measured by GDP per capita, and pointed to the lack of significant variation in average age of the economically active population. A strong correlation between GDP per capita and social progress was revealed and well described by power regression. On the other hand, opportunities for social advancement and personal freedom (dimension of the EU RSPI) have only a minor, 35% influence on the economic activity and the willingness to learn.

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TERYTORIALNE ZRÓŻNICOWANIE NADWYŻKI OPERACYJNEJ I INWESTYCJI W GMINACH I MIASTACH NA PRAWACH POWIATU WOJEWÓDZTW WIELKOPOLSKIEGO I LUBELSKIEGO

Author(s): Agnieszka Krzemińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 509/2018

The requirement to balance the budget of local government units in the current part from 2011, and from 2014 the individual debt index, calculated on the basis of operating surplus, resulted in a reformulation of the financial management of these units to generate a larger operating surplus for the purpose of conducting investment activities by these units. The operating surplus in the budget of local government units increased. The higher operating surplus is, the more investment opportunities there are. The aim of the article is to analyze and assess the differentiation of operating surplus and investment expenditure in municipalities and cities with county rights of the Wielkopolskie and Lubelskie Voivodships. The implementation of the set target was used to analyze such indicators as average income and current spending, operating result and property spending. Characteristics of the studied voivodships and communities were also made.

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ROZWÓJ RYNKU FUNDUSZY INWESTYCYJNYCH W POLSCE PO AKCESJI DO UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W ROKU 2004

Author(s): Paweł Kulpaka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 509/2018

The paper examines the development of the mutual fund market in Poland in the years 2004-2016. The number of investment fund companies increased from 20 to 62, and the amount of registered mutual funds rose from 144 to 929. The net asset value in the management increased from 37 billion zloty to 275 billion zloty and the relation between the net assets and gross domestic product rose from about 4% to over 14.9%. Consequently, in the research period the significance of mutual fund industry in Poland rose substantially, both on the domestic financial market and in the whole economy.

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POLSKI HANDEL ZAGRANICZNY KACZKAMI ŻYWYMI I MIĘSEM KACZYM W LATACH 2012-2016

Author(s): Dorota Pasińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 509/2018

The main purpose of the article is to present the Polish duck market in the years 2012-2016 in the context of changes in foreign trade with selected duck products. During the considered period Poland was a net exporter of duck meat and offals, and a net importer of live ducks. In 2016, compared to 2012, the livestock of ducks (and others) increased by almost 43%, while their slaughtering increased and the export of duck products increased. The interest of consumption of this type of meat in the country, which is favored by the fashion for eating other types of meat than chicken positively affected to the development of the market. Despite the fact that the production of duck livestock in Poland was small, in 2013 Poland was its sixth producer in Europe and in 2016 Poland was even the third largest producer in EU. A significant part of the domestic production of duck meat was exported, mainly to Germany. In general, duck meat and offal were exported, and live ducks were generally imported.

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ZAGADNIENIE POMOCY PUBLICZNEJ DLA PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW W SEKTORZE LOTNICTWA

Author(s): Piotr Podsiadło / Language(s): Polish Issue: 509/2018

The aim of this article is to present the conditions of admissibility of state aid in the European Union, with particular emphasis on state aid in the aviation sector. Source research in this field was carried out on the basis of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, the case law of the Court of Justice and secondary legislation. It is intended to verify the statement that − due to the fulfillment of the Lisbon Agenda and Europe 2020 strategy guidelines on state aid – the value of sectoral aid for enterprises in the aviation sector has been growing, while the principle of limited state aid has been maintained. As a result, state aid in the air transport sector has currently the largest share of total aid for the transport sector in the European Union. This thesis has not been proven.

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OCENA WYSTĘPOWANIA POLITYCZNEGO CYKLU BUDŻETOWEGO W POLSCE

Author(s): Adam Wyszkowski,Łukasz Zegarowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 509/2018

The purpose of the article is to examine the existence and strength of the connection between the election cycle and the condition of revenues and expenditures in the public finance sector in Poland. The implementation of the adopted objective required the review of literature and the use of statistical analysis. Within the scope of the analysis the public finance sector in Poland was divided into three subsectors: central government, local government and social security funds. The occurrence of cyclicality has been verified based on the construction of econometric models with a periodic component representing various categories of public expenditure and tax revenues, and their evaluation. The analysis enabled a positive verification of the hypothesis that in Poland the occurrence of a political budget cycle that appears in “loose” fiscal policy prior to elections and restrictive policy right after elections can be observed.

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ZAKRES WYKORZYSTANIA KREDYTÓW BANKOWYCH PRZEZ PRZEDSIĘBIORSTWA W POLSCE NA TLE KRAJÓW UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ

Author(s): Agata Sierpińska-Sawicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 513/2018

The scope of enterprise financing through bank loans is of fundamental importance for the country’s economic development. It depends on the macroeconomic situation, stability of the banking sector, the financial condition of enterprises and the type of collateral loans. The study demonstrated that in Poland, interest-bearing debt is less commonly used for financing enterprises than in other European Union member states, except for the Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Romania. Bank loans account for more than half of enterprise debt, while their change dynamics in the years 2007-2016 were considerably lower than the dynamics of factoring or bond issuance. Large enterprises in Poland use between 40% and 43% of the total loan pool. Loans in PLN dominate in the loan structure, with foreign currency loans comprising between 25% and 29% percent of the total amount. The use of working capital loans and investment loans is similar in scope. In the total amount of loans granted to business entities in Poland, the share of loans and borrowings contracted for the purchase of real estate and other purposes is systematically growing.

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El Proceso De Integración De Municipios De La Red Mercociudades. El Caso Del Acuífero Guaraní

Author(s): María Beatriz Lucuix / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 3.1/2016

The Guaraní Aquifer is transboundary. Crosses the founding countries of the MERCOSUR. It is a commons that allows you to identify the local politics on a fundamental good and the positioning of the local governments, primarily the members of the Network Mercociudades, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay are members of the Guarani Aquifer Project, which aims to enhance the knowledge of the resource and develop standards for their protection And sustainable use. The work is thought of three variables: trust, reputation and reciprocity. Presents the progress of the research group studies of social institutions and MERCOSUR.

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La Economía Del Conocimiento Como Estrategia Para El Desarrollo Regional En México

Author(s): José Luis Benítez Contreras / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 3.1/2016

The knowledge economy can replace the production style and innovation of the traditional economy, where human capital is the main asset, so that the knowledge possessed by such capital will be the engine for economic growth of a country or a region with In order to convert the society that dwells in knowledge societies. A study of the situation of the middle cities in the central-western region of Mexico was conducted in order to identify if these cities have what it is needed to be within the knowledge economy. A comparative study was conducted with data from Census 2000 and 2010. It was found that 29 medium-sized cities in the region of study have the foundation necessary to be within the knowledge economy, thus reflecting the potential to become into geographic spaces with the conditions for society to reap the benefits that represent the average cities with characteristics of the knowledge economy.

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