Bosna i Hercegovina u Uspomenama Leona Bilińskog
Translated from “Wspomnienia i dokumenty – TOM I 1846-1914”, originally published in Warsaw in 1924. This publication is »Knjiga 1« of »Edicija Memoari«.
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Translated from “Wspomnienia i dokumenty – TOM I 1846-1914”, originally published in Warsaw in 1924. This publication is »Knjiga 1« of »Edicija Memoari«.
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A rare and interesting study by Evdokia Peteva Filova, wife of the slain in 1945 Bulgarian prime minister Bogdan Filov.
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In the history of composition and performance an interesting and multiplot chapter of musical changes opens, together with development Romantic epoch. Then a different from the current concept of a piece of work is being born. The work, which reaching for various inspirations, is slowly turning away from classical, formal and melodic and harmonic formula and is heading for virtuosity. Musical findings of that period would not have been possible without specific trends and composing tendencies being pointed out in the early stage of the Romantic period. Among those a special place was reserved for brillant style. This technique joined formal elegance and beauty of Italian bel canto style with harmonic enriching and virtuosity, created on the basis of sentimentalism, became a bridge between Classicism and music 19th century.Trying to catch the essence and evolution of brillant style, nineteen cen-tury’s and contemporary researchers have been basing on analysis of great European composers, slightly neglecting this phenomenon within smaller e.g. national areas. Some Polish researchers, touching the issue, limited it only to a description of the problem, focusing just on one composer and they did not extend their study onto works of other Polish early Romantic musicians. Thus there is a gap around brillant style embracing heritage of tal-ented composers of the period of partitions, Warsaw Duchy and Polish Kingdom, who despite being remote from European music centre tried to follow its traces. Combining what was Polish and national with contemporary composing fashion, they created some interesting and worth analysing works, which are research material for the present thesis. A ‘blank page’ in the description of this piece of Polish music history makes one put questions: firstly, if and to what extend creation of local composers included some features oh widespread on the West trend for virtuosity interweaving with affectionate lirysm and secondly, how to perform and interpret works written by Polish creators according to rules of brillant style.The stimulus to undertake scientific consideration on ‘Polish’ brillant style was for the author only Chopin’s works. The studies on them initiated the process of searching for other but similar compositions by musicians creating just before or together with the great composer. These actions resulted in rediscovery of plenty oh interesting information about works by early Romantic composers, who have not been too famous so far. These mu-sicians, similarly to Western European ones, performed daring technical shows, joining them with melodious parts. In Polish works, following brillant style, we can observe domination of figuration, ornamentation and a principle of alterative use of deeply lyrical and exceptionally virtuoso moments. This combination revealed musical and professional mastery of a performer, which was particularly noticeable in piano, violin and chamber literature.The research of some compositions oh Warsaw composers mainly, al-lowed to describe the brillant style phenomenon, which has become the aim of the present thesis. A special place is here occupied by analysis of some works by Maria Szymanowska (Nocturn in B major), Ignacy Feliks Do-brzyński (Grand Trio in A op. 17) and Fryderyk Chopin (Fantasy on Polish Airs in A major op. 13), whose recorded on the enclosed record performance, is an integral part of the presented ‘description of a piece of art’.An attempt of doing a research and creating an in-depth description of the topic has determined the lay-out of the work. In the first chapter, the author made closer to a reader the phenomenon of the brillant style in historic and cognitive context. She has framed the epoch background, where based on the changing philosophy and new social structures, a profession of a virtuoso-composer was being born. This part of thesis was devoted to a description of oeuvre of leading European composers, who willingly and with great deter-mination created ‘brillant’ works. The author focused also on, resulting from composing fashion, problem of changes in, popular then, types of instrumen-tal miniatures and soloist concerts. She has also gave her account of Johann Nepomuk Hummel’s – the doyen of the brillant style – work, in which he framed formal, technical and esthetical guidelines of the presented style. In the first chapter she described all the collected information about the de-scribed stylistics, revealing some significant negligence in researches of Polish early Romantic brillant current.Based on earlier opinions and definitions, in the second chapter, a pic-ture of fashions and composing tendencies of the 19th cent. Polish music salon has been presented. Introducing political, cultural and social unique-ness of Poland of the turn of the 18th and 19th century, the author described composing experience of popular, among whom we may find Józef Elsner, Franciszek Lessel, Józef Deszczyński, Józef Krogulski, Antoni Kątski, a vio-linist – Karol Lipiński and Henryk Wieniawski. Next, analysing in detail some compositions, the author emphasised achievements of the most inter-esting (according to her) artists: Szymanowska, Dobrzyński and Chopin. The choice came from searching and comparing elements of brillant style in possibly various genres – from early miniatures through chamber forms up to concert pieces. Putting the works together allowed to show not only stylis-tic development from its modest use to ideal symbiosis of virtuosity and lyrical and sentimental motives opening the way for the mature Romantic period, but also to distinguish features which make Polish brillant style dif-ferent from European compositions. Probably as an effect of complex Polish political situation and coming with it need to kindle Polish national spirit, Polish music of this period is full of national and folk references.A detailed analysis of works by Szymanowska, Dobrzyński and Chopin allowed to notice how together with the development of the brillant style it came to quoting of native melodious expressions. Works by Szymanowska, which followed gentle salon character, show the beginnings of virtuoso stylis-tics, which strongly absorbed national elements only in Dobrzyński’s and then Chopin’s works. Of course, a crowning achievement of this tendency became the virtuoso Fantasy op. 13 by Fryderyk Chopin, which was to stay forever almost symbolic image of early Romantic composing fashions and a founda-tion stone of Romantic national schools. Presenting by the author almost unknown so far Grand Trio op. 17 by Dobrzyński, has become big contribu-tion to discovery of forgotten works by Polish composers. Its detailed analy-sis allowed to trace the way in which composers implemented brillant style to piano chamber compositions and made allusions to traditional national motives. In four-part composition by Dobrzyński’s even fragments use char-acter of popular Polish dances – mazur i krakowiak. The second chapter which is entirely devoted to Polish compositions unfolded a wide perspec-tive onto music of early Romantic Polish salons, which were dominated by piano brillant style and joined virtuosity and lyrism as well as quotations from national melodies. The last chapter made an attempt to answer the question how to interpret and perform Polish works in brillant stylistics. The author was searching for this in statements by Chopin himself and also in his stu-dents’ recollections. The conclusions were confronted with some remarks of another great Romantic virtuoso – Ferenc Liszt. Quoting opinions about ways and methods of playing of two so distinguished European representa-tives of virtuoso current allowed to have broader perspective on performance aspects of brillant stylistics. Seeking a way of, the closest to early Romantic epoch, interpretation of here described works, the author reached for the concept of intertextual interpretation by Mieczysław Tomaszewski and Irena Poniatowska’s point of view. These researchers claim that a piece of art is somehow a mirror of the times in which it was created. This conclusion makes one focus on early Romantic writers’ remarks, so that after analysis of all of the factors making up for the interpretation, such as beauty of the sound, phrasing or pedalisation, it was possible to quote in the summary a concluding opinion by Chopin himself: ‘The simplicity is the top. Having overcome all the difficulties, played thousands of notes, you come to charm-ing simplicity being the top of arts’ (Op. cit. J. Eigeldinger, Chopin in the eyes of his students, Cracow 2010, p. 80).Framing of the epoch, leaning over early Romantic developments of Polish music salons and meticulous research of some pieces by Szymanowska, Dobrzyński and Chopin, paying special attention to finding and defining elements of brillant stylistics, allowed the author to prove that in Poland at the turn of 18th and 19th century a virtuoso composing trend was developing. This trend was able to work out its own, innovative features compared with Western music. Taking into account time, subject and spatial scope of the work, based on critics of the sources, analysis of accessible heritage of mentioned above creators and pianistic experience of the most distinguished virtuoso-composers, the author proved the existence of a very interesting current and valuable Polish music literature of the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, which was wrongly forgotten for such a long time.
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This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets.At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets. At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. Famous Transylvanian historians and the members of the Language Protective Society will work on this topic.From the reports of the diets, leaflets, petitions and private letters emerges a very colourful Transylvania, with several religious cults, nationalities and political ideologies. Among these, Governor György Bánffy, tried to create a “unified Transylvania”. Bánffy’s idea is based on the Transylvanian traditions and laws. That is why Bánffy’s programme became Transylvania’s official ideology. The main argument for his theory is that it may have succeded in controlling the contrasts between the multiple nationalities and religions. Bánffy’s aim is to reach peace among the nationalities by trying to reach a network of compromises. The scientific institutions, which are supported by Bánffy, will use the same ideology in their texts. The second chapter of my dissertation deals with the Manuscript PublishingSociety. It follows the tradition of those treatises which have been written about this topic earlier. It centers on the description of the structure and the aims of the institution. This chapter has two significant results. On one hand, it interprets manuscripts which have never been analysed before. On the other hand, it deals with the paratexts of Schesaeus-epic, published by the society. From these texts we can extract elements of the “unified Transylvania” ideology.The third chapter is about the Transylvanian Language Protective Society. I start the description with the analysis of György Aranka’s leaflets and the problem of the Hungarian official language. Based on these leaflets we can discover the main aim of the society: to develop the Hungarian language and to make its use possible in both political and legal communication. Moreover, its objective was to spread it among the different nationalities that live in the country. The chapter also figures out why the researchers and politicians considered this theory possible. This chapter describes the structure of the society, the changes it went through and its most important members. It differentiates the institutions, firstly from a circle of friends who gathered in 1803, secondly, from a scientific society which was founded and supported by Farkas Cserey in 1806. And thirdly, it intends to separate the Language Protective Society from the group which gathered in 1818, leaded by Gábor Döbrentei. This segment studies the Aranka-correspondence as the primary source for revealing the relationship among the members of the society.In addition, it analyses the reports of the societies in order to discover the facts that caused some changes in the structure of the institution, dividing its work into six periods. This chapter also analyses the “colourful” publication of the institution called The First Work of the Hungarian Language Protective Society. The aim of this book was to show that Hungarian language is appropriate for assembling several types of writing (e.g.: review, comical poems or odes).With the help of new sources, my paper tries to explain the reasons which led to the end of the Language Protective Society’s work in 1801. The last chapter of the thesis is about two texts in which the members of the Language Protective Society were extremely interested. These texts are the following: the Szekler Chronicle of Csík and a description of Transylvania which used the Szekler Chronicle of Csík. This description was compiled as a response against August Ludwig Schlözer’s Kritische Sammlungen. From the analysis of these works it turns out that the Language Protective Society also followed the theory of the “unified Transylvania” and tried to create representative documents that show the Hungarian as an appropriate language for legal, political or scientific communication. The description of Transylvania, which was written for thise purpose, defines the situation of the Hungarian, Szeklers and Saxon nationalities on the basis of traditional historical view. Using the Szekler Chronicle of Csík it considers the Szeklers to be the aboriginals of Transylvania who even helped the Hungarians to find their new homeland in the 890s. Another innovation of this description is that it also regards the Romanian nationality as residents of Transylvania.In the last part of the third chapter readers can get acquainted with the societies which were formed later and which tried to pose as successors of the Language Protective Society. Although these societies and their texts were created on the basis of other political ideologies, they aimed to inherit the support and the collection of their predecessor. They wanted to define themselves as the pursuers of the work of the late 18th century society. However, they wanted to hide the idea of the “unified Transylvania” which was very significant in the life of the Language Protective Society.
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The movement we know as the Renaissance used to be regarded as the replacement of one system of ideas and literary and visual conventions (the “Gothic”) with another system (the “Classical”). However, it has become increasingly obvious that Gothic and Classical coexisted for a long time, and also that they interacted, producing hybrid forms not only of thought, art, literature and especially architecture, but also of language, literature, music, philosophy, law and religion. As the Renaissance movement spread outside Italy, to other parts of Europe and also beyond, from Goa to Quito, different local traditions made their contribution to the mix. Given the interest in cultural hybridity long shown by Natalie Davis, this theme allows Burke to pay homage to the work of Davis as well as to explore what was for long a neglected theme in Renaissance studies.
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The essays in this book provide stimulating contributions to the ongoing debate concerning the representation of differing cultures, i.e., the “image of the Other” in the early modern period. They deal with images, projections, and perceptions, based on various experiences of coexistence. Although the individual contributions contain sources and references of iconography, this is not just another volume of art history or visual studies. As examples of practices in diverse historical contexts, the book includes a variety of textual material, such as literary productions, rhetorical exercises, dramatic applications, chronicles, epistles, and diary-like historical accounts that express ethnographic sensitivities. Another novel feature of the volume is the deliberate digression of traditional scholars’ focus, and the investigation of rarely examined regions and practices. This approach allows the contributors to spotlight their special areas of research and to share a fresh new look at early modernity. Thus, supported by a thorough research apparatus, these studies propose a new cultural history of the early modern coexistence of various communities, as identified in current research by young scholars.
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The volume presents the results of the excavations of the joint Mongolian-Hungarian expeditions: among others the relics of the Late Bronze Age - Early Iron Age, the stag steles and the tombs of the Asian Hun (Hiung-nu) people from the 1st-2nd centuries A.D. Besides the scientific description of the finds, it also gives the details of their historical-archaeological background, on the basis of the data in the earlier literature, including foreign parallels. He also reflects on the theory of the Turcs in a distant connection with the Khazar and Avar archaeological relics. In Appendix: New data on the palaeoanthropology of northern Mongolia by Tibor TÓTH; The palaeosomatology of the Naima-Tolgoy population by Ildikó PAP; A pathological study of the skeletal material from Naima-Tolgoy by Antónia MARCSIK.
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The Hearts’ Lantern is one of the oldest and most important didactic prose works dealing with matters of religion and ethics written in the Persian tongue.In Persia itself, but also outside it (mostly on the Indian subcontinent, in Turkey and in the Balkans, and especially in Bosnia-Herzegovina), for centuries it was known and circlated via manuscripts. After the invention of the printing-press, it was at various times published in Iran and Afghanistan. However, none of those editions fulfil even the basic and necessary conditions for presenting a text to a scholarly audience, nor even to an ordinary cultured reader; namely, none of those printed editions made use of the most relevant primary manuscript sources. Even if we bear in mind that the fate of the autograph is still unclear, the repeated lack of proper philological preparation for publication was a serious methodological flaw which meant that The Hearts’ Lantern was mostly published in versions which for the most part do not correspond to its original form.This lack of scholarly editions, as well as the fact that the identity of the author is unknown, contributed to a marginalisation of this work, as it came to be classed as a popular work, and even as a common pamphlet, meant for a wide, and popular, readership. Such unfavourable development was helped along by several centuries-worth of ideological manipulations of the text wreaked by irresponsible scribes. Irresponsible or badly educated scribes were also responsible for two further misfortunes that plagued this work: probably convinced of the infallibility of their own linguistic ear and literary and aesthetic sense, whilst copying they would allow themselves to make changes and interventions in the text, shortening it or lengthening as they saw fit; and, secondly, incompetent scribes who were not well versed in the classical Persian, altered the classical prose style of the text to make it closer to the Persian language of their own time, which meant that the prose of The Hearts’ Lantern, over the long stretch of time in which it was circulated through manuscripts, lost many of its original linguistic and stylistic features, and with them its quality and value.In such circumstances, the value and the significance of this work was known only to specialist researchers, and this only based on the most relevant manuscript sources. Thus the preparation of the variorum edition presented itself as the main stepping stone towards the proper reception of the work, as well as its critical reassessment within both the Persian literary tradition and the wider Oriental andIslamic literary and cultural context.
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The author analyses the original project of the exhibition, its travels around the world and the specific character of its presentation in Poland, as well as the phenomenon of humanistic photo report seen as a visual language in transnational communication, characteristic of the modern thinking about the medium.
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The monograph explores the relation between experiencing a journey in its physical aspect and the practice of its literary rendering. In the narratives of Herman Hesse, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Mircea Eliade and Carl Gustav Jung the author sees the figures characteristic of these authors: magic bridges, a triangle, a labyrinth and a mandala. They help express the meaning of the authors’ travels to India, giving substance to the topos of a journey.
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The monograph discusses the literary, scholarly and publishing endeavour that was the so-called Polnische Bibliothek (Polish Library) edited by Karl Dedecius, which was issued between 1982 and 2000 by Suhrkamp Verlag in Frankfurt am Main with financing from the Robert Bosch Foundation (Robert Bosch Stiftung). This impressive undertaking had immense significance for the cultural transfer between Poland and Germany (as well as other German-speaking states), for reconciliation through books, and for the strengthening of European unity following deep (post-)war divisions.
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The author attempts to describe scientifically the most important and representative calvaries located in Poland. Apart from the well-known, seventeenth-century places such as Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Pakoska, Wejherowska, Pacławska, Krzeszowska, Wambierzycka or the eighteenth-century ones such as Kalwaria Annogórska, he also writes about less known architectural and landscape objects from the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century and describes the modern ones from the end of the 20th and 21st centuries.
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The monograph is the third volume of Bohuslav Martinů's correspondence with his family in Polička. It comprises 56 items of correspondence from 1934 and 1935. Although one-sided, as only letters sent by the composer were preserved, the correspondence contains Martinů's unique and authentic remarks on both his personal and his professional life, in which he shared his news, intentions, and opinions both with his closest relatives and, through them, to a broader circle of friends in Polička and Czechoslovakia. The Czech version provides a true diplomatic transcription of Martinů's manuscript letters and includes facsimiles of the correspondence. Comprehensive annotations give historical context. The monograph includes a parallel English translation.
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This unique collection of letters form the last ten years of Bohuslav Martinů's life addressed to Zdeněk Zouhar is a key testimony to Martinů's works, life and relationship between the composer and the interpreter of his works who premiered the cantata The Opening of the Springs, the cycles Three Part-Songs and Three Sacred Songs and initiated the origin of the primrose cycle. This edition captures Martinů's specific literary style in authentic form, without corrections, provides facsimiles of letters and juxtaposes the correspondence with the composer's letters to his family, firends, performers, as well as the reminiscences of his wife Charlotte. A more detailed picture of the composer's last years is emerging.
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Prezentowana obszerna publikacja została przygotowana z okazji jubileuszu pięćdziesięciolecia pracy Pani Profesor Krystyny Heskiej-Kwaśniewicz – kierownika Zakładu Czytelnictwa Instytutu Bibliotekoznawstwa i Informacji Naukowej Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. Czytelnik ma możność zaznajomienia się z wydarzeniami i okolicznościami, jakie kształtowały osobowość Jubilatki, a także poznać przebieg Jej drogi naukowej i dydaktycznej, pasje. Może także zaznajomić się z Jej publikacjami. Autorzy opracowań składających się na tom, to przyjaciele, współpracownicy i uczniowie Pani Profesor. Teksty zostały pogrupowane tematycznie w pięć części ilustrujących pasje i zainteresowania Jubilatki: pierwsza sytuuje odbiorcę w kręgu literatury i świata wartości; druga ukazuje góry w kontekście literackim i kulturowym; trzecia dotyczy kultury literackiej na Śląsku; czwarta odnosi się do książki i literatury dla młodego czytelnika; piąta to po prostu varia.
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The collected essays contain an analysis of numerous versions of cultural processing of the journey to India topos, showing multifaceted interrelations between different culture areas. The author compiled rich illustrative material: travel literature and reportage, feature films, infotainment films, forums and travel blogs as well as ethnographic interviews.
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The book presents unrealised museum projects, which were conceived in the context of the 20th century breakthrough moments for Warsaw as pretexts for physical transformation and symbolic interception of buildings perceived as “negative heritage”. Such museums were meant to exploit and transform the buildings whose future was the subject of public debate.
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A key publication concerning the theory of orality and literacy, one of the most important conceptions to emerge in cultural studies in the second half of the 20th century. It presents the fundamental characteristics of literary orality in its anthropological and theoretical sense. It discusses the importance of writing for changes in thought, the role of print and the transition from the world of sound to the world of sight. It considers the issue of narrative, the plot structure and the characters in oral and written literature. It refers to the main methodological trends in 20th century literary studies, from structuralism and New Criticism, through speech act theory and its literary consequences to deconstruction.
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A collection of scientific articles and reminiscences written by outstanding orientalists, colleagues of Professor Jolanta Sierakowska-Dyndo – an eminent scholar in Iranian and Afghan studies – and her students, most of whom now work in the Department of Iranian Studies of the University of Warsaw. The texts explore the civilization and culture of Iran, Middle East, Central Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Far East, referring to politics, society, history, law, philosophy, religion and literature.
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The publication is a collection of essays, which address the problem of human self-destruction from many perspectives. It contains both the interpretations of literary works and the analyses of contemporary culture. The issues of suicide and human self-destruction are addressed by outstanding Polish humanists, who – looking at literary, film, biblical and mythological characters – not only ask how culture affects suicide, but also how the problem of human self-destruction affects culture.
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