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The article presents the process of managing energy security under national conditions. it presents the definitions of energy security and the impact of the planning process for its implementation. Shown dependencies clearly describe the impact on the economy of the State. Institutions involved and responsible for the security of energy are characterized. Their role in the process of safety management is defined and the model of menagement has been built.
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The author presents certain legal aspects referring to the regulation concerning to competence of the Prime Minister to grant annuity and pension (special annuity and pension). According to the author, some doubts relating to the subject in question stem from issuing the regulations in reference to the PM's entitlement in the legal act concerning the benefits of social character. The benefits dicussed in this dissertation are not of such charakcter, which results in various problems of applaying the special annuity/pension regulations. Persons, who due to specific reasons, do not comply with the requirements to be granted the annuity/pension of the social security may groundlessly believe that poorness they live in constitutes reason enough to acquire the right to the special annuity/pension. The author does not undermine the legitimacy of PM's competences functioning in the judiciary system and thus his right to grant special social benefits. However, he advocates that the regulations including the competence in question shuld be brought beyond the social security law. In this point of view, this will result in avoiding unauthorized conclusions such as the fact that special annuity/pension constitutes one of the benefits of social security. The author also emphasizes that fact that the legislator leaves too much space for the decisive body which predicates the right to special annuity/pension is based on objectively groundless reason.
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The failure of Polish insurrection in 1983 caused despair, moral and spiritual decay, and lack of hope of independence in the Polish nation. During that ime the idea of "Polish Sokół" came to life as an offshoot of the Czech "Sokół" movement. As a result, the organization was created in Lwów in 1867 and by the end of World war I the movement had its units ("nests") in all parts of Poland. The basic aims of this society were promotion of gymnastics and national revival in all parts of partitioned Poland. The group's goal was to develop fitness, both physically and mentally and to prepare young Poles to fight against aggressors. Some thought the "Sokół" society was created only to make Poland an independent country. Similarities and coincidence of historical and cultural context to Okinawa, Janpan can be found. This city was also occupied by an aggressor resulting in the creation of martial arts. People of Okinawa didn't have any weapons to defend against enemies leading to the birth of a new technique wich helped them to fight effectively.
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In the Polish legal order the protection of interests in ensured both by the provisions implementing legal liability (substantive law) and by the provisions that define conditions in hich the substantive law may be enforced (provisions cencerning the regime, litigation, organisation and order and also technical provisions). They include legal acts for the highest to the lowest level, that is form the Constitution of the Republic of Poland through international agreements, that become elements of internal law after they are ratified, codes snd other laws and executive acts with the main or supplementary task to ensure safety.
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The article presents one of the current threats, i.e. active shooter. Described are features, causes of the phenomenon and the most important examples of events including an active shooter. Presented is also active shooter’s definition and ways of tackling the problem.
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As F. J. Turner emphasized on the the frontier in shaping American character, we can say that the frontier shaped the European mindset. In the past, the European frontiers have seen war and carnage. However, many crossborder regions have seen dialogue, communication, commerce, change, travel, and reciprocal fertilization. In the global village, the best perception of the values of Europe is along its borders. The light shines strongest in the point of its source, but it is more appreciated to the point of its limit, where darkness and brightness compete for space – and even for life.
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The issue of a rescue shot and a shot on command is a matter that presently needs a more precise legal definition. The author presents the issue, which requires a most urgent solution, while comparing it with relevant regulations in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain. Thus he provides a broad picture of possible solutions to the critical problem of a rescue shot and a shot on command.
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The aim of this essay is to present the development and current state of Police and customs cooperation within the EU. Therefore, we present the subject in chronological order since the creation of the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community (1957) until the Treaty of Lisbon (2007). And we argue that the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice can only make sense when the three components are present, without detriment to any.
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With the May 18th 1941 agreement, the fascist Italy recognized the institution of the Kingdom of Croatia, and had also designated Aimone di Savoia as its sovereign, that was suppose to found a new dynasty, able to guide the country towards a renaissance, after twenty years of the Croatian population’s being tormented ever since Versailles. This study does not aim to analyse the historic context that has seen the birth and formation of this new state, tightly allied with the Axis powers, and also limited by their political and territorial interests, nor does it aim to investigate its ephemeral existence which ended with Germany’s defeat; but it does aim to verify how the creation of this political subject was treated by the periodical “L’illustrazione italiana”, one of the Mussolini regime’s biggest means of propaganda. After an analysis of its articles dedicated to the Kingdom of Croatia, and after comparing that to the reality provided and documented by other sources, it shows how obviously the Italian state tried to acquire an hegemony on the Adriatic, all the while basing such intent upon historical and cultural motivations, and how this attempt was presented as both the result of an unbreakable friendship between Italians and Croats, and as an operation aiming to guarantee a new European order in the name of the justice. The reality was, as it is well known, that even though the Kingdom of Croatia was born as an Italian protectorate, during its short existence it “slipped” slowly towards German influence, considering the incompatibility between its own and the Italian geopolitical interests.
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The creation of the European Union in 1992 reflected an attempt to rethink some of basic modern political concepts as national sovereignty and citizenship. But in recent years the European spatial development policy discourse has taken an evident territorial character with the enforcement of the idea of territorial cohesion and territorial continuity. The spatial predominant EU’s conception contributes to an evident emergence of a modern territorial building of the European space. Moreover, nowadays the instrument of hard and closed border and the sharp inside/outside dichotomy are accepted as the normality in Europe. Due to this notion of territoriality, the idea of the EU as a “non-Westphalian new empire” (according to the “neo-medieval paradigm”) is at least unrealistic. Its borders are getting more territorial, physical and visible, in deep contrast with an imperial historical structure. Hard border policies and practices on the borders mirror the existence of a de facto barrier and of a deep “Westphalian memory” in the way to use the territory as support of political unity. The EU’s drive to re-territorialise Europe is not a mere academic question; it has real consequences for people and places. Supra-nationalism reveals itself as a metaphor of “re-territorialization”, a paradox with strong political and economic consequences. In the macro-regional dimension of the Adriatic Sea region the EU’s “re-territorialisation” can impede seriously the cooperation across the EU’s external borders.
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The paper shows the crucial elements of the Japanese spirit of law and security culture. Since the 1950s, the USA and European countries have witnessed global expansion and huge popularity of the phenomenon of Budō (Far-Eastern martial arts). The rules and traditions of martial arts favorably influence the field of security culture. For instance, The Seventeen-Article Constitution proposed ethical principles whose purpose was to ensure the security of the state and its residents. This document, coined by prince Shōtoku in 604, was based on both Confucianist and Buddhist teachings, which by that time were well rooted in Japan. The Constitution included a principle stating that each person was part of a group, and should live in harmony with other members of the society. Most importantly, the documents instructed that morality should precede law. This notion is very close to the idea of natural law that should be the basis for statutory law. The Articles are also considered to be the first Japanese constitution.
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The author focuses on the analysis of the coownership of the real estate in the legal and economic context as well as on the methods of elimination threats arising from unregulated legal status of the real estate. The author describes the origin of the state of the joint ownership of the real estate and its influence on the value of the real estate. The author analyses the concept of the real estate in the polish legal system and describes the particular methods of the abolition of the co-ownership of the real estate, such as the contractual abolition of the co-ownership, concluding the settlement by the co-owners, the division of the real estate conducted in the court proceedings.
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Russian federation has a lot of special technologies for applications of extinguishing agents. Modern approaches include aerial firefighting technology, explosives, chemical agents inducing raining etc. Military industry continues to develop new resources, which are later adjusted to rescue and emergency purposes. Forest fires are very often fought by specialized technologies including special terrain vehicles, aircrafts using water bags with fire retardants which are very effective in stopping the fire spread.
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Measurability effectiveness of crisis management is a complicated matter. Its necessity is determined defense resources spent on prevention, education and rescue equipment components. Contribution indicates the direction and the way it could move in a serious effort and calculation efficiency systems and their comparison between countries. Paper is focused on objectivity of measurement in general as a result of own reflections towards this topic.
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The development of information technologies in the last two decades has made traditional public relations tools insufficient. New media, in particular social media, has opened up the possibility of establishing a direct contact with the public and using a brand to build long-lasting relations. A platform serving a special role in PR activities is Facebook, whose importance has already been noticed by the Polish uniformed services. The presented analysis of the “Polish Police” profile shows how and to what extent the Police utilize Facebook to create their online image and build relations with the public.
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Prison subculture is a group that is only found in isolation prison. In every social group as components can be distinguished: members, features and rules to ensure the identity and continuity of the duration of the group, psychosocial mechanisms created to achieve the objectives, supporting elements internal consistency group, institutions and the system of social control, patterns of interactions, institutions and measures to regulate contact and relations with other groups, which together form a metalanguage crime. A feature of prison subculture is an informal system of rules, norms and values, and is considered to be deviant subculture.
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Taking life due to dealing single stab wound is very characteristic kind of crime. In most cases the stabbing takes place during an argument, both victim and the killer are drunk, and the thing happens at home of either of them. The purpose of this article was to examine if the classification of a criminal act, which was initially classified as a “murder”, would maintain as such act within the court decision. In most cases of such type, the killer is accused of homicide, however in half of them, it gets changed to dealing damage or hitting with a deadly result later.
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Environmental adult education for community sustainability situates local knowledge within a global pedagogy and activism of survival. Practical and theoretical considerations of environmental popular education within indigenous people's social movements are explained, the environment and adult learning is explored. The aim of environmental adult literacy is to challenge scientific knowledge as the fundamental structure of learning, and to revalue people's experiential knowledge. A transformative ecological understanding of lifelong learning reconnects humans with nature and fosters social dialogue and action. Environmental adult education provides a rich and provocative discourse, and this article can be useful to readers seeking to connect social and ecological issues.
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Processes that accompany modern man, create a new framework for social life. The turn of the century changed the world, and in the same time the conditions in which man lives. As a result of emerging threats security has taken a global figure. Ensuring human security in case of nonmilitary threats requires an integrated effort of all public administration bodies and other social and economic entities that carry out tasks in the field of security and defence. The main objective of the state is, inter alia, raising awareness of the duties of citizens for security and defence, developing patriotic attitude and the acquisition of knowledge and skills necessary for efficient and effective operation in conditions of peace and states of emergency.
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