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MASS EVENTS SECURITY – THEORY AND PRACTICE

Author(s): Andrzej Czop,Jacek Gałuszka / Language(s): English Issue: 07/2012

The amended Act of 20 March 2009 on mass events security and the executive legislation very clearly specified State Organizations responsible for security at such events, pointing in particular to the organizers and the council of the local authorities issuing the permit. It all resulted in a general, favorable for the Police change in the approach to the obligation of of securing an event. The view, functioning before the adopton of these laws, only held the Police responsible for making events in stadiums and other venues secure. Therefore, after implementation of the mentioned Act, this duty was assigned to the organizer instead of the Police. Howeve, the law, even in the amended from of 2009, did not meet all expectations of the legislature.

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The costs of studying and the structure of student budgets - a review

Author(s): Aleksandra Zubrzycka / Language(s): English Issue: 07/2012

The article describes the economic and sicial conditions of student in Polish universities. The author describes the basic cost that must cover the average student in the course of several years of study. Based on available data, she makes the analysis of the structure of student budgets, indicating the main source of their monthly income. according to information published by the Central Statistical Ofiice, during the academic year 2010/2011 1,841.3 thousand students attended post secondary instititions in Poland, oof which 949.5 thousand were enrolled in stationary programs, and 891.8 thousand in non-stationary program. Each of the students, regardless of the mode if the study, incur certain costs associated with it.

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Juridical character of conditional suspension of the carrying out of a sentence

Author(s): Marcin Cichoński,Justyna Węgrzynowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 07/2012

Conditional suspension of the carrying out of a sentence is the most commonly used law enforcement type of reaction to the criminal offense. As an example, in 2010 conditional suspension of the carrying out of a sentence was applied to 86% of custodial sentences, which accounted for 58% of all convictions. This fact alone is sufficient for undertaking research on the nature of this form of criminal-law response. Also in the doctrine and case law is a clear divergence in the way of undertaking the legal nature of contitional suspension. In this study a variety of views expressed in the doctrine of criminal law and jurisprudence has been analyzed, with particular emphasis on the sentences of the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeal. Statistical analysis of judicial activity in the years 2002-2011 has been taken under consideration. In result of this study is a thesis that the most appropriate way of understanding the nature of conditional sespension of the carrying out of a sentence in the view, that this institution in an integral part of the decision of punishment, a particular form of sentence. Adoption of this thesis extends the circle explicitly expressed in the article 69 of the Penal Code conditions (not) use the conditional suspension of all directives of sentencing (including article 53 of the Penal Code). The decision about conditional stay of the carrying out of a sentence depends therefore not only on the positive criminological predictiused, but also on the grounds of the social impact of the penalty. In this study has been developed a view that between those thesis feedback.

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Threat as the derminant of safety

Author(s): Andrzej Wawrzusiszyn / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

Man's life depends on mant factors of social and biological character. Among numerous dangers the majority is the side effect of human civilisation thus, it is strongly connected with human life activity, morality, pro and anti social attitudes and behaviours in all important parts of existence such as: culture, politics, science, economy. Some threats however cannot be unambiguously assigned to human activity. The awareness that man is not able to set himself free from those threats, that they are included into human and environment nature, has become cammon. The author analyses the term "threat" from different perspectives introducing a thesis that it implies adequate type of security.

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Risk of sexual abuse of minors and combating this phenomenon with special activities conducted by the Police

Author(s): Andrzej Czop,Jacek Gałuszka / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

Sexual abuse of children has been committed for a long time. However, only a few years ago, it stopped being a taboo and has been the area of interest of the general public, the subject of research, studies, publications, films and documentaries. This phenomenon is outrageous for the society, which makes it much more of an intrest of the government, as well as local authorities and non-governemental organizations which, within their capabilities and comprtencies, make various kind of actions. Sexual violence committed against children and adolescents occurs in every social group, not just in dysfunctional families. Disclosure of sexual abuse cases against children is one of the most difficult tasks that the Police is facing right now. The diverse actions taken by the Police, non-governmental organizations and other institutions have given great results and are raising the need to report crimes of sexual nature, patricularly when the victims of such crimes are the minors.

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Aesthetics of Every Day Reality in Safety Culture

Author(s): Dorota Ambroży / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

One of the subjects of interest within the safety culture can be the axiology of human physical activity and other related issues such as movement, fitness, health and beauty of the human body. The aim and character of activities in the area of body axiology are the followinf: a descripton, interpretation and examination of findings addressed to human carnality, which are sensible, and therefore valuable. It is the value which makes sense for the subject, in each single dimension and site of its existence, regardless of what is the true knowledge or perception about it. Thus, consequently, the value includes all positive, necessary and beneficial aspects of endeavors shaping carnality as well as evoking suitable responses in axiological actions. In reference to humans, they cover various physical exercies based on customized workout bringing expected results in a form of a beautiful body. The value is therefore not only in what we are experiencing but also in what we want or expect to experience in the future. These values provide n answer to human dreams, desires and goals. As a result, the dream of beautifully shaped body could occur as a desirable value in a sefety culture.

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An agent in the Slovak criminal law

Author(s): Stephen Kočan / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

We encounter different terms to label an agent in literature. Even the national legislation does not use a single term. Most ofen we encounter sych terms as "covert investigator", "secret police", "undercover cop" or "secret agent". Not only there is not a single term to refer to this in practice, but vast majority of states differently regulate the specific conditions of usage. This results in different situations and problems in the area of organized crime, which also determines the different police and judicial practice of this institution. For these reasons, we discuss the problem in different arrangments to solve this problem.

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Security and Protection of Information in Comercial Law Relationships

Author(s): Mojmir Mamojka,Janko Jesenský / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The article addresses the protection of information in relationship that are entered in pursuant to commercial law and are expressed in the concepts of trade secrets, confidential information and an independent obligation to preserve confidentiality. The author points to differences between these concepts in theoretical and practical terms alike. He finds the basis for his reasoning in partinent case law and in drawing comparisons between previous and current options via-a-vis disputes involving the enforcement of rights to the protection of information.

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Safety in yachting and motor boating

Author(s): Andrzej Ostrowski,Tadeusz Ambroży,Dariusz Mucha,Mirosław Juszkiewicz,Marek Strzała / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

There are mant different areas in which a human may improve the quality of his life due to his work, as well as to the proper usage of free time. An interesting example of the spreading of the idea of Modern Bushido is an interesting example of the processes of globalization. The authors of holistic training refer in their experiences to modern mushido, which is based on its main elements such as culture of honor, "learning with the whole body" and being close to the nature. The last elements is basic for gaining good health and appeasing psyche by aiming at slowing at slowing down.

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Prolegomena to a typology of wideley understood Martial Arts

Author(s): Katarzyna Jankowiak-Gumna,Krzysztof Jankowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The Land of the Rising Sun belongs to those which raise universal interest in other parts of the world. Despite the fascination that rich Japan culture arouses and considering the fact that Japan's cultural achievments in the extent of the Budo martial arts, this country has not been known by the West citizens yet. Laymen may perceive Japanese "martial arts" as a uniform whole, but in fact they not only do not make a compact "homogeneous" system but also are not a unitary phenomenon. Their values derive from the relations that combine human and nature. Ancient concepts, developed in a circles of ancient cultures of the Asia contient (the Far East) in different oeriods of its history, had a major impact on the shape of budo.

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Rail transportation - its security and threat of terrorism

Author(s): Robert Częścik / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The phenomenon of terrorism, that is sometimes called a tool of political struggle is not limited in any way. We are presents in the coutries that have been specially affected by the plaque of terrorism, because of our political or economical operations. Polish diplomatic and commercial representative offices and missions are located all over the world, while Polish airplanes, ships and trans (or at least with Polish crew) travel thousands of kilometers. After Polish borders opened in 1989 we have been active tourist who reach the furthest places on Earth. Among other factors that significantly increase Poland's exposure to terrorism one should surely mention our membership in the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO),as well as the military involvement in Afghanistan and military and police activities during peace missions. Special meaning may also be assigned to the information that is published by the media form time to time about location of U.S. Army bases in Poland or secret prisons for terrorists located in Poland.

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Opet rat u Europi? Ne u naše ime!

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 42-44/2014

Nitko neće rat. Ali, sjeverna Amerika, Europska Unija i Rusija neizbježno srljaju u njega, ako napokon ne zaustave kobnu spiralu prijetnji i protuprijetnji. Svi Europljani, uključujući Rusiju, zajedno snose odgovornost za mir i sigurnost. Samo onaj koji s uma ne smeće cilj izbjegava krive putove. Sukob u Ukrajini pokazuje sljedeće: neumjerena težnja za moću i prevlašću nije prevladana. Na kraju hladnoga rata 1990. svi smo se tome smjeli nadati. Ali uspjesi politike popuštanja i mirnih revolucija učinili su nas pospanima i neopreznima. Na Istoku i jednako tako na Zapadu. Kod Amerikanaca, Europljana i Rusa propala je vodeća misao da rat treba trajno protjerati iz njihovih međusobnih odnosa. Drukčije se ne može objasniti proširenje Zapada na Istok koje djeluje ugrožavajuće za Rusiju bez istodobnoga produbljenja suradnje s Moskvom, kao ni Putinova aneksija Krima, koja je protivna međunarodnom pravu. Potpisnici: Mario Adorf, Schauspieler Robert Antretter (Bundestagsabgeordneter a. D.) Prof. Dr. Wilfried Bergmann (Vize - Präsident der Alma Mater Europaea) Luitpold Prinz von Bayern (Königliche Holding und Lizenz KG) Achim von Borries (Regisseur und Drehbuchautor) Klaus Maria Brandauer (Schauspieler, Regisseur) Dr. Eckhard Cordes (Vorsitzender Ost-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft) Prof. Dr. Herta Däubler-Gmelin (Bundesministerin der Justiz a.D.) Eberhard Diepgen (ehemaliger Regierender Burgermeister von Ber- ̈ lin) Dr. Klaus von Dohnanyi (Erster Burgermeister der Freien und Han- ̈ sestadt Hamburg) Alexander van Dülmen (Vorstand A-Company Filmed Entertainment AG) Stefan Dürr (Geschäftsführender Gesellschafter und CEO EkosemAgrar GmbH) Dr. Erhard Eppler (Bundesminister für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit a.D.) Prof. Dr. Dr. Heino Falcke (Propst i.R.) Prof. Hans-Joachim Frey (Vorstandsvorsitzender Semper Opernball Dresden) Pater Anselm Grün (Pater) Sibylle Havemann (Berlin) Dr. Roman Herzog (Bundespräsident a.D.) Christoph Hein (Schriftsteller) Dr. Dr. h.c. Burkhard Hirsch (Bundestagsvizepräsident a.D.) Volker Hörner (Akademiedirektor i.R.) Josef Jacobi (Biobauer) Dr. Sigmund Jähn (ehemaliger Raumfahrer) Uli Jörges (Journalist) Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Margot Käßmann (ehemalige EKD Ratsvorsitzende und Bischöfin) Dr. Andrea von Knoop (Moskau) Prof. Dr. Gabriele Krone-Schmalz (ehemalige Korrespondentin der ARD in Moskau) Friedrich Küppersbusch (Journalist) Vera Gräfin von Lehndorff (Künstlerin) Irina Liebmann (Schriftstellerin) Dr. h.c. Lothar de Maizière (Ministerpräsident a.D.) Stephan Märki (Intendant des Theaters Bern) Prof. Dr. Klaus Mangold (Chairman Mangold Consulting GmbH) Reinhard und Hella Mey (Liedermacher) Ruth Misselwitz (evangelische Pfarrerin Pankow) Klaus Prömpers (Journalist) Prof. Dr. Konrad Raiser (eh. Generalsekretär des Ökumenischen Weltrates der Kirchen) Jim Rakete (Fotograf) Gerhard Rein (Journalist) Michael Röskau (Ministerialdirigent a.D.) Eugen Ruge (Schriftsteller) Dr. h.c. Otto Schily (Bundesminister des Inneren a.D) Dr. h.c. Friedrich Schorlemmer (ev. Theologe, Bürgerrechtler) Georg Schramm (Kabarettist) Gerhard Schröder (Bundeskanzler a.D.) Philipp von Schulthess (Schauspieler) Ingo Schulze (Schriftsteller) Hanna Schygulla (Schauspielerin, Sängerin) Dr. Dieter Spöri (Wirtschaftsminister a.D.) Prof. Dr. Fulbert Steffensky (kath. Theologe) Dr. Wolf-D. Stelzner (geschäftsführender Gesellschafter: WDS-Institut für Analysen in Kulturen mbH) Dr. Manfred Stolpe (Ministerpräsident a.D.) Dr. Ernst-Jörg von Studnitz (Botschafter a.D.) Prof. Dr. Walther Stützle (Staatssekretär der Verteidigung a.D.) Prof. Dr. Christian R. Supthut (Vorstandsmitglied a.D. ) Prof. Dr. h.c. Horst Teltschik (ehemaliger Berater im Bundeskanzleramt für Sicherheit und Außenpolitik) Andres Veiel (Regisseur) Dr. Hans-Jochen Vogel (Bundesminister der Justiz a.D.) Dr. Antje Vollmer (Vizepräsidentin des Deutschen Bundestages a.D.) Bärbel Wartenberg-Potter (Bischöfin Lübeck a.D.) Dr. Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (Wissenschaftler) Wim Wenders (Regisseur) Hans-Eckardt Wenzel (Liedermacher) Gerhard Wolf (Schriftsteller, Verleger)

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Suradnja za mir - podupire zimu mira 2014/15. - Poziv na masovno sudjelovanje u demonstracijama 12. i 13.12. 2014.

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Suradnja za mir - podupire zimu mira 2014/15. - Poziv na masovno sudjelovanje u demonstracijama 12. i 13.12. 2014.

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 42-44/2014

Rat u Afganistanu, čini se, nema kraja. Mandat njemačkim vojnicima produljuje se za još godinu dana, s opravdanjem zbog obučavanja afganistanskih snaga. Pritom trinaest godina rata u Afganistanu jasno potvrđuje da se ni demokracija ni neka zemlja ne mogu uspostaviti bombama. Umjesto toga stvorena je skoro potpuna ovisnost, jer je zemlja upućena 90% na inozemnu pomoć.

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Teaching constitutional Law to undergraduate Students of Administration and Security

Author(s): Wiesław Kozub-Ciembroniewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

The author endeavors to display the didactic process in undergraduate studies in administration and security. He emphasizesthe legitimacy and the understanding of trans-political functions of the law. The article also discusses the legal and constitutional notion of liberty and security, which students do not find obvious. moreover, he puts forward some methods that make lectures in constitutional rules more accessible to students.

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The Reform of the Area Freedom, Security and Justice of the European Union in the Treaty of Lisbon

Author(s): Janusz Józef Węc / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

In view of the recent reform of the area of freedom, security and justice in the Eropean Union as it is condified in the Treaty of Lisbon, passed on 13 december 2007, this paper analyzes the changes put forward by the new legislation. beginning with the system of the Treaty regulations, in goes on to provide a general outline of the changes in the six polices within this area: visas, asylum, immigration, judicial cooperation.

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Modernity, Tradition and Security in Budo Karate

Author(s): Tadeusz Ambroży / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

The authors describe budo karate as one of the aspects of safety culture. Nowadays, there are three pillars of karate: traditional karate, sports and self-defense. Karate is a particular field of physical culture that forms the foundation for all three pillars of safety culture: the menthal, organizational and material pillar. Karate meets the modern expectations of increasing the quality of life, feeling of security and protection against the dangers of the modern world. The authors also note that all style karate is a system that symbiotically combines tradition with appropriately construed modernity, while simulataneously enabling self-fulfillment.

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Experiences in Defense Preparations of Selected Countries

Author(s): Bernard Wiśniewski / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

The paper compares defense preparations of selected countries: Germany, Finland, the United Kingdom and Sweden. While discussing the differences, the author also points out the underlying, common basis for various administrative and legal solutions applied by the states: the need for ensuring the security of the population and the continued operation od the multi-level government apparatus.

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Selected Cultural and Historical Aspects of Developmnet of the Samurai Ethos with a few Remarks about the Typology of Martial Arts

Author(s): Krzysztof Jankowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

Japan belongs to those countries tha arouse more attention in other parts of the world. Despite the fascinations that inspires rich culture of Japan and being its essential part, the possessions in the field of martial arts Budo, this country has not yet been thoroughly understood by the people of the West. Japanese "martial arts" ;aymen associated with monolithic, but it does not constitute solid system. All their values are based on man's relation to nature. High impact on them also have ancient concepts developed of its history. The very conecpt of "martial arts" until recently, it was not precisely defined.

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The Historical Background as Factor Favoring the occurrence of mercenaries and the Contemporary Role of mercenarism in the Context of International Law

Author(s): Paulina Ledwoń / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

The article analyses the phenomenon of mercenalism, it focused on the historical background and the origin of mercesaries form ancient times, throughout medieval period to modern times in the context of usage of mercenaries, the forms of military conflicts as well as factors favoring their occurrence as warriors. The article describes the most significant international legal acts concerning mercenaries and examine the elements of the present legal definition of mercenary found in Additional Protocol I to geneva Convention presenting weaknesses of the regulation and proves that in fact mercenary is able to avoid responsibility for his illegal actions.

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Self-regulation of private Military corporations - the Optimal Solution?

Author(s): Kaja Kowalczewska / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

The article carries out the two track analysis. The first part discusses the complexity of the private military companies' regulation in the light of modern changes of the warfare and cncerns raised on the possibe violations of international humanitarian law and human rights. The second part describes the Swiss Initiative (with focus to the Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers) established by the main stakeholders. The article aims to present to which extent the bottom-up initiatives may satisfy the legal standards of industry legulation.

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