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NATO – RUSSIA CRISIS OF 2022. TAKING LESSONS FROM THE PREVIOUS CRISIS

Author(s): Valentin TOTIR,Lucian Valeriu SCIPANOV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this article, we are placing an analysis of the current crisis that erupted at the Russian-Ukrainian border. The main purpose is to identify possible hidden causes that could influence evolution. For this purpose, we have developed a comparative analysis of the current situation, taking attention to the similarities with the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Next, using the hypothetical-deductive analysis, we will highlight what could be the major objectives of the big actors involved and what could be the big dilemmas they are facing in decision-making. At the end of the paper, we will submit the conclusions by following the analyzes that we have proposed. The motivation for choosing this topic is to understand the future of the crisis and to focus on the crisis in the interests of the EU and NATO in general, and especially in Romania. The novelty of the research lies in comparing the evolution of the actual state of the situation on the Russian-Ukrainian border, with the one of1962, when the tensions between NATO and the former Warsaw Treaty Organization reached their peak, as well as from the analysis based on the fundamental differences between the democratic regimes and the totalitarian ones, focused on identifying the objectives of great importance that each of the parties wants to achieve.

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RUSSIA'S APPROACH TO CYBERSPACE

Author(s): Claudiu-Cosmin RADU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In recent years there have been important changes in the approach to conflict, leading to a paradigm shift in the future warfare. Cyberspace has become a serious challenge for all states. Being easy to connect and cheap to operate, it has become a preferred battle space for many actors. It is used to disrupt networks, destroy and steal data, block or slow down critical infrastructure or spread false information. The development and innovation of military technologies and the professionalization of soldiers are not enough to fight in information warfare. Revising and improving old doctrines, and strategies is a clear form of supporting new techniques, tactics, and procedures of the Russian fight in cyberspace. The improvement of conventional tactics of warfare in conjunction with the introduction of new unconventional tactics of warfare has predictably led to the strengthening of internal, regional, and global security and resilience. The new vision of Russian warfare is that kinetic actions are supported by non-kinetic ones. As a result, Russia's cyber activity has recently intensified amid the invasion of Ukraine, putting the whole world on alert. Malicious activity in cyberspace is creating large-scale disruption in all areas. In this context, the activation of Article 5 for attacking a Member State in cyberspace is becoming increasingly discussed.

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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS IN THE MILITARY ACTIONS MANAGEMENT FOR INTEGRATED SIMULATION SYSTEMS

Author(s): Daniel ROMAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Preparing for a hypothetical crisis situation is perhaps one of the biggest challenges for decision makers, regardless of the societal field. The situation of military conflict on the territory of Ukraine with loss of life and considerable material damage requires a rethinking of awareness of the situation in the management of military actions. Adopting proactive behaviour is the solution to identifying those possible solutions to various crisis situations. Integrated simulation systems applied in the management of military actions are the bridge for the development of solutions in a combined context of several societal areas, such as the protection of critical infrastructure. Integrated simulation systems make it possible to obtain partial results in the simulation of crisis situations, which determines the dynamic correction of military actions to achieve the objectives. The integration of the actions of the actors involved in a crisis situation, such as the one in Ukraine, allows us to obtain solutions for solving problems based on the formulated scenarios. Thus, based on a single scenario, it is possible to develop appropriate intervention reasoning for each aggression factor. The results of the repeated simulations are compared and a perspective can be obtained on the behaviour of each actor involved in the crisis situation according to the situational changes. At the end of the simulations, databases are obtained that can be used in the subsequent real situations.

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CULEGEREA INFORMAȚIILOR DIN MEDIUL ONLINE ȘI ROLUL SĂU ÎN ASIGURAREA SECURITĂȚII

Author(s): Cătălina-Gabriela CUREA / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, social media represents the place where all the activities of an individual take place (from opinions about an event, musical preferences, intentions, public debates to passions), he presents and transpose his life from the real world to the virtual one. At the same time, social media is a threat to security, being a method by which terrorist activities, riots, abuses are organized and coordinated. In order to understand the new security environment and to respond to the challenges, the intelligence services introduced the concept of Social Media Intelligence, through which they can understand and prevent events, can analyze the mood of the society and its preferences.

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Procedura de efectuare a testelor de refulare prin tehnica literelor (TZO) pentru analiza distribuției apei

Author(s): Alexandru-Florin Chiojdoiu,Ion Anghel / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In order to streamline the extinguishing of fires that occur in enclosed spaces, it is necessary to know how the water is distributed at the level of the floor of a room, by using different water discharge techniques. The „T”, „Z” and „O” letters technique is one of the methods of water discharge used to extinguish fires that occur inside rooms. For a thorough knowledge on how the water is distributed inside the room, a procedure was developed to perform tests by discharging the water in the form of the „T”, „Z” and „O” letters which were especially constructed for this purpose. There were also constructed sheet metal boxes used for the accumulation of discharged water. The usefulness of this procedure has been verified by performing three tests to discharge the same volume of water using the „T”, „Z” and „O” letters technique, resulting in the following data: the largest volume of water was recorded in the immediate vicinity of the wall located perpendicularly to the direction of propagation of the water stream (in the first two rows of boxes), respectively in the corners of the test room, arranged at the level of this wall; using the „Z” letter technique, the smallest water loss was recorded; using the „O” letter technique, the water was discharged in the shortest time, being distributed more evenly than by using the „T” and „Z” letters technique.

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Reducerea vulnerabilității comunităților urbane în fața dezastrelor

Author(s): Ionel-Alin Mocioi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, worldwide, there is a major increase in losses caused by natural disasters, in a situation where the frequency of occurrence of destructive natural phenomena is relatively constant. It can be said that we are still powerless in the face of natural disasters and that we have to learn to live permanently and consciously with the risk of producing such destructive phenomena. Reducing the vulnerability of urban communities to disasters is a complex process and requires an integrated approach involving prevention, preparedness and emergency response measures. This is also a major concern in disaster risk management. Urban communities are exposed to a range of disaster risks, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, storms and heat waves, and these can have serious consequences for people's lives, the environment and Property.There are a number of measures that can be taken to reduce the vulnerability of urban communities to disasters, as follows:• Identification and assessment of risks specific to the community• Sustainable urban planning• Making investments in infrastructure• Early warning systems• Educating and informing the community• Development and implementation of evacuation plans• Development of a communication network• Preparing the population to respond in case of emergencyBy taking such measures, urban communities can become more resilient to disasters and better prepared to deal with emergencies.The negative effects generated by disasters should rather be seen as an opportunity for the initiation of regional sustainable development programs. Rather, disasters should be seen as an opportunity to implement profound social and economic change.

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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A PROJECT FOR AN IG 541 GAS EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATION

Author(s): Cătălin Opriță / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the hydraulic calculation of an IG 541 extinguishing system, we can distinguish the evolution of several physical quantities, within the dimensionally configured installation, such as pressure, flow rate, temperature. In a non-compliant hydraulic calculation, we can identify several errors. These calculation errors, but also the use of non-compliant materials, because of wrong calculations, can lead to critical situations. Considering that the IG 541 inert gas extinguishing installations are intended for the protection of vitally vulnerable spaces, such as mobile telecommunications centers, control units, banking centers, museums, archives and many such spaces, the requirements must be considered regarding the continuity of the activity, and the calculation errors must be zero.

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ROLUL INSTALAȚIEI DE STINGERE AUTOMATĂ A INCENDIILOR PENTRU SECURITATEA DEPOZITELOR

Author(s): Emanuil-Petru Ovadiuc,Manuel Șerban / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The article describes a simulation of a fire in a plastic and polypropylene storage warehouse using Pyrosim software. The warehouse has a 40 cm thick concrete floor and is 34.02 m long, 23.73 m wide, and 8.38 m high. Temperature distribution during the fire was monitored using vertical and horizontal temperature plans. The highest temperature of 1020°C was recorded in the vertical plan passing through the fire, and at a height of 1.7 meters, the temperature reached 120°C, making it difficult for firefighters to enter the storage area. Finally, the article highlights the importance of an automatic sprinkler extinguishing system to prevent explosions and rapid fire spread throughout the warehouse.

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Estimarea concentrației radionuclizilor în aer, pe baza ratei de eliberare a radionuclizilor în atmosferă în cazul unui incendiu

Author(s): Irinel Alexandru Precup,Liviu Valentin Bălănescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In the event of a fire involving radioactive materials, the burning of these materials can lead to the release of radioactive gases, which can spread into the atmosphere and be inhaled by humans, posing risks to their health. The purpose of detecting radionuclides is to identify their presence in various media, such as water, air or soil, in order to evaluate their impact on human health and the environment, and to ensure a safe working and living environment for people. Radionuclide detection can also be used to assess the effectiveness of radiation protection and control measures. A specially designed computer system for calculating the release rate of radionuclides can ensure that radionuclide emissions are maintained at acceptable levels, and that any incidents or accidental releases are detected and reported in a timely manner, ensuring a high level of safety and protection for people and the environment. Keywords: radionuclides, release rate, dispersion, half-life, fire.

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UTILIZAREA PROGRAMULUI ALOHA ÎN GESTIONAREA RISCULUI CHIMIC

Author(s): Irinel-Ionuț Găman,Emanuil-Petru Ovadiuc,Manuel Șerban / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the ALOHA software ( Area Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres ), which is part of the CAMEO software developed by OEM ( Office of Emergency Management ) and Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) -SUA. This software allows the simulation of various scenarios and events, such as the dispersion of clouds of toxic chemicals that escape from tanks, pipes, liquid tank fires and BLEVE explosions. The evolution of the scenario can be translated into graph and can be viewed with Marplot and Google Earth programs, which locate the affected area.

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Comportarea termică a unor materiale de construcții

Author(s): Ioana-Emilia Șofran,Dana-Maria Preda,Ion Anghel / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Researcher have used the microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) in order to test thermal properties of common materials used in construction [such as the cardboard found in the componence of the plasterboard (PBD), expanded polystyrene (EPS) used for seiling decorations, wallpaper made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and wood particleboard (PB)] having masses between 3 and 20 milligrams. All four commercial materials have a long history in construction field with over 100 years of being used for design or insulation and they have different fire behaviours performances. The analysis were conducted under controled conditions which suppose a gradual increase of the temperature in the pyrolyzer with a heating speed equal to 1,5 ⁰C/s up to 750 ⁰C in a nitrogen atmosphere at an 80 cm3/min flow and a constant temperature value in the combustion chamber equal to 900 ⁰C in a nitrogen (80 %) and oxygen (20 %) atmosphere at a 20 cm3/min flow.

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Optimizarea intervențiilor de descarcerare și prim-ajutor calificat în situații de urgență

Author(s): Aurel Trofin,Manuel Șerban,Ionel-Alin Mocioi / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The general principles and rules for extrication interventions and providing emergency first aid, regarding: appropriate equipment, securing the intervention site, identifying dangers and adopting extrication procedures, must be considered for any type of intervention, because the success of an intervention it is provided with competent personnel, having an appropriate endowment and following well-defined rules.In the protocols for the provision of emergency first aid, some dysfunctions were identified that must be evaluated through scientific methods of analysis, in order to identify the optimal solutions, so that appropriate operational solutions specific to the mission and the maneuvers performed are adopted.Organization and development of workshops to whom will by attended experienced specialists from the General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, will ensure the creation of a bonds between the theoretical problems specific to the topics covered and the real problems faced by specialists for emergency situations in the interventions to which they are requested, and the final result will consist in the identification of reliable solutions for solving the currently existing dysfunctions, respecting the specific intervention procedures and the legislation in force.Identifying the dysfunctions faced by professionals for emergency situations at the specific interventions, establishing optimal measures and tasks based on legislation, procedures and protocols and even results from scientific and experimental research, disseminating them within operative structures, but also at the level of institutions of initial and continuous training, constitutes a real professional success, so that the success of the interventions is guaranteed, and the civil society benefits from full support from the emergency services.

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Analiza unor cauze atipice privind producerea incendiilor la ambulanțe

Author(s): Marian Truță / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The paper analyses the main factors that cause fires in vehicles. The paper also aims to present two particular cases in which fires in ambulances had unusual causes. The analysis of common causes of vehicle fires and unusual causes will highlight a number of relevant conclusions regarding the circumstances of vehicle fires and a number of measures to be taken to reduce the risk of vehicle fires.

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Azerbaijan-Armenia Relations in Historical Context: Periods and Dynamics

Author(s): Farahila Babayeva-Shukurova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Soviet Union is one of the old political forces that coerced or voluntarily held together ethnic or religious origins. It is a power that has left a very deep history in its past. The bipolar system in the world came to an end after the Cold War. After this situation, ethnic conflicts increased and spread to the Soviet Union in the 1980s and caused great repercussions in the world (Aslanlı, 2013). Conflicts occurring in the world have been a threat to security. These conflicts resulted in disintegration and in the early 1990s, the USSR was replaced by 15 new independent republics at the end of 1991 (İbadov, 2007).

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MESO-PERSPECTIVE: FROM COMMISSARS TO ‘SWITCHERS’—PRO-RUSSIAN INFLUENCE ON TELEGRAM

Author(s): Vera Michlin-Shapir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After February 2022 the social media platform Telegram became ‘one of the most important informational vectors regarding the war’. The unprecedented spike in communications on the platform, which has been re-corded by ExTrac and discussed in the previous part, has given researchers a unique opportunity to examine Russia’s online media environment. While the ExTrac analysis focused on the quantitative increase of Telegram’s significance among Russian social media users, this part qualitatively analyses the content shared on the platform. It aims to shed light on the emergence of a new group of Russian online influencers—the so-called pro-war bloggers. Propelled into the limelight by a surge in online media, the Kremlin’s blocking of Western social media platforms, and increased demand from users for news about the war, these Telegram channels’ administrators formed an online eco-system which became instrumental in spreading pro-Russian narratives at home and abroad.

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Wojna w dobie „powrotu historii”

Author(s): Marek Ratajczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The study contains an attempt to answer two questions. First: why does war, which seems to be completely contrary to the idea of humanism and the essence of humanity,remain an integral element of the world around us? The second question is: why the war, and not the cold one but the hot one, returned to Europe? An attempt to answer the above questions has been set in the current socio-political and economic contextand what the author defines – following Robert Kagan (2009) – as the period of the return of history.

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POLITIČKI I VOJNI ASPEKTI ODBRANE SARAJEVA

Author(s): Nedžad Ajnadžić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the defence of Sarajevo, was based on political and patriotic awareness of its citizens, who were genuinely committed to preservation of Bosnia and Herzegovina specific political and statehood being, as a community of equal citizens and peoples. Based on assessment of a big relevance of Sarajevo for the survival of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the aggressor has thoroughly planned, prepared, and utilised large military forces to conquer the city and establish there its occupational authority. They wanted Sarajevo to be only a Serb capital of the so-called “Republic of Serb Bosnia and Herzegovina”. The combat activities carried out by the 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina were organised in a very complex strategic, operational, and tactical conditions, under the conditions of besieged free territories in which the units and the commands of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina operated, including the conditions of specific military siege of a major part of the 1st Corps in the city of Sarajevo. Strategic and operational-tactical positions of the aggressor’s forces were rather favourable for them, given that they controlled main roads that were connecting Bosnia and Herzegovina battlefield with the sources of mobilization into the aggressor’s army with soldiers and material means in the so called Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), and the countries that supported aggressor. The extent of human losses, during and after every war, turned into a big political, historic, and moral and ethical issue. Pursuant to the character of response of the warring parties and their allies to the question of the extent of human losses, it is possible to identify the character of policy that served as a basis for war engagement and support to any of the warring parties. In general, the factors on the side of the warring party that waged the righteous war strive to present truthfully the number of victims, whereas the factors on the side of the warring party that waged unfair war strive to fake the number of victims and adapt it to the character of its unfair political views related to the causes and consequences of the war. Given the fact that the international community with its embargo harmed the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina defence forces, which operated on the grounds of fair policy and righteous war, we arrive at a conclusion that the embargo was unfair, in favour of unfair aggressor’s policy, criminal and genocidal war practice.

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Неоосманизмът и неговите последици за етнорегионалните отношения в Югоизточна Европа

Author(s): Dzhansu Asan Danadzhieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper analyses neo-Ottomanism as an ideological current that aims to revive Turkey's Ottoman heritage, which seeks to combine modern statehood with traditional values and regional influence. Neo-Ottomanism stresses Turkey's importance as a worthy successor to the Ottoman Empire and its role as a bridge between East and West. In order to improve its international standing, Turkey needs to rethink and publicly acknowledge its historical and geographical identity. The approaches presented highlight Turkey's ambitions to rebuild cultural ties and establish new economic and political relations in the region. While neo-Ottomanism can contribute to greater regional cooperation, it also brings challenges related to historical grievances and the need to realign political alliances.

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4.90 €

Uloga plemstva s područja današnje Slavonije u obrani Jajačke banovine

Author(s): Marija Karbić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Nobility from the territory of modern Slavonia played a significant role in wars against the Ottomans. As this essay will show, much of their activity was related to Banate of Jajce. Slavonian nobles, with their military units, fought in this area as well as occupied important offices related to the defence of Banate. Thus Franjo Berislavić Grabarski is referred to as Ban of Jajce in 1494 and 1499-1503, while his cousin Ivan held the same office 1511-1513. Another form of contribution to the defence of Jajce by Slavonian nobles was the fortification of towns and building of roads, as well as financial support to the expenses of wars and resistance to the Ottoman attack. This essay also draws the attention to other ways in which Slavonia participated in raising funds for the defence of Bosnia. For instance, around the turn of the sixteenth century bans of Jajce had the income of the abbey in Bijela at their disposal.

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15.00 €

WORLD WAR I

Author(s): Stjepan Matković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Early in May 1914, when official news about Archduke Francis Ferdinand’s military manoeuvres in Bosnia appeared in the Croatian newspapers, no one could have guessed that the tragedy of World War I was imminent. Although tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbia had been growing since the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Balkan turmoil, few were predicting an escalation of the conflict in a domino effect. Assassination of the Crown Prince and his wife Sofia on June 28, 1914, in the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, led to the outbreak of a war in which the political map of Europe would be redrawn. The struggle for European supremacy between two blocs of states brought to the fore major military and foreign policy is-sues, in which smaller nations without their independent states had to demonstrate their ability to survive. In Croatia, the political public unanimously condemned the terrorist act of the Yugoslav revolutionaries gathered in the organization Young Bosnia (Mlada Bosna). It was committed on Vidovdan, a significant religious holiday for the Eastern Orthodox Serbs commemorating the notorious defeat of medieval Serbia in a conflict with the Ottoman Empire in Kosovo and symbolizing hope in revenge. Further developments were expected, in which the Croats could not play a significant role due to the underrepresentation of the Croatian elite in the leading positions in Austro-Hungarian key institutions: the governments of both countries, various ministries from foreign affairs to public finances, and the army.

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