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№266. Macroeconomic Imbalances in the Euro Area: Symptom or cause of the crisis?

Author(s): Daniel Gros / Language(s): English

Lax financial conditions can foster credit booms. The global credit boom of the last decade led to larg ecapital flows across the world, including large movements of resources from the Northern countries of the euro area towards the Southern part. Since the start of the crisis and more markedly after 2009, these flows have suddenly stopped, creating severe adjustment pressures. At this point, the common monetary policy can only try to mitigate the unavoidable adjustment by maintaining overall financial stability. The challenge is to strike a delicate balance between providing liquidity for solvent institutions while keeping the overall pressure on for a rapid correction of the imbalances.

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№279. Can Italy and Spain survive rates of 6-7%?

Author(s): Daniel Gros / Language(s): English

The sentiment that the euro is now in real danger is based in large part on the wide spread conviction that interest rates of 6-7% are simply unsustainable for both Italy and Spain. However, a closer look at the fundamentals suggests that both countries should be able to live with this level of interest rate for quite some time,but only if they mobilize domestic savings, which remain strong in both countries. For Spain, in addition, some debt/equity swaps are needed.

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The early parliamentary elections of July 11, 2021: the Republic of Moldova between past and future

Author(s): Ion Tăbârţă / Language(s): English

The early parliamentary elections of July 11, 2021, will end a cycle in the evolution of the Moldovan political system (the period of the oligarchic regime) and will establish the beginning of a new stage – of democratization and modernization of the Republic of Moldova according to the European model. The categorical, first of its kind, victory of a pro-European right-wing party, opens new perspectives for the political evolution of the Republic of Moldova. The future evolution or involution of the Moldovan political system will be directly dependent on whether or not the new ruling party will have the capacity, intelligence, and ability to properly manage the chance and the vote of confidence given to it by the Moldovan citizens on July 11, 2021.

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Nuklearni paritet

Author(s): Alexander Golts / Language(s): Serbian

Najzad se dogodilo! Rusija je prvi put u svojoj postsovjetskoj istoriji dostigla nuklearni paritet sa Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. SAD imaju 1.641 bojevu nuklearnu glavu, a mi imamo celih 1.642. Za samo šest meseci, otadžbinski nuklearni arsenal je uvećan za 131 bojevu glavu. Pri tome, resko je uvećan i broj naših balističkih raketa – sa 498 na 528. Čudno je da je vest koja bi izazvala oduševljenje među vlasnicima majica s natpisom „Topolj se ne boji sankcija“, do nas prispela s druge strane okeana. Kako to i zahteva uzajamni Dogovor o smanjenju strateškog naoružanja, podmulki Stejt department je (što inače redovno čini) obnarodovao ovu informaciju kojom raspolaže zahvaljujući regularnoj razmeni podataka o stanju nukleranih arsenala dveju zemalja.

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Putinove partije

Author(s): Végel László / Language(s): Serbian

Zaprepašćenost ne jenjava. Čak su i najveći licemeri, najveći pretvornici skandalizovani. Deo inteligencije iskreno negoduje zbog prodora ekstremne desnice u evropski parlament. Drugi deo se pakosno krevelji, i daje izjave o sumraku evropskog jedinstva. Partije se, pak, međusobno optužuju. Budemo li nastavili tim putem, Evropa će postati žrtva partijskih čarki i partijskih vojnika. Gotovo je s liberalnom demokratijom, budućnost pripada Kini, Indiji, Rusiji – čujem nove parole. Mada liberalna demokratija zaista krvari iz hiljadu rana, a slobodno tržište samo zagađuje te rane, sve to još nije razlog da stavimo na kocku ideju slobode. Posle onog što se desilo u Ukrajini, i trafikant na ćošku zna o čemu se radi. To je stvar gospode, kaže s gorčinom. Uprkos tome, evropska ekstremna desnica državnika budućnosti nepromenjeno vidi u Putinu. Mene, međutim, zabrinjava rečenica koju je izgovorio trafikant. Prosečnog, običnog, trezvenog građanina koji se bori s nedaćama svakodnevnog života, ne zanima naročito prodor ekstremne desnice. Prevladala je ravnodušnost, ideja demokratije gubi na snazi, evropska misao je sve više zamućena.

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Fatalne greške

Author(s): Uwe Klußmann / Language(s): Serbian

Kako srušiti protivnika? O tome je Vladimir Putin pisao još 2002. u svojoj knjizi Učiti džudo sa Vladimirom Putinom: „Čovek pada kada izgubi ravnotežu i ne uspe da je povrati.“ Tada sigurno nije imao na umu sadašnju ukrajinsku vladu. Međutim, sasvim je jasno da je ona izgubila ravnotežu. Čitavi regioni na istoku i jugu zemlje su otkazali poslušnost vladi u Kijevu, dok je veliki deo stanovništva na Krimu dočekao ruske vojnike kao zaštitnike.

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Vučićev pad bit će spektakularan

Author(s): Dragan Markovina / Language(s): Croatian

U to da će Vučićev pad biti spektakularan nije bilo nikakve sumnje još od prvih dana od kad je preuzeo vlast, ali kako se događaji ubrzavaju i poprimaju sve bizarnije i nasilnije oblike postaje jasno da će kraj njegove vladavine biti jedan od prijelomnih događaja u novijoj povijesti zemlje. Bez obzira na to što je u toj kategoriji konkurencija strašna. Njegovo razdoblje je najsličnije Miloševićevom, bez obzira na njihove nominalne ideološke razlike, koje su ionako bagatelizirane u tadašnjoj koaliciji socijalista i radikala, u kojoj je i sam Vučić bio faktor. Iza te nominalne razlike u sadržajnom smislu stajala je i stoji ista nacionalistička politika, koju u operativnom smislu odlikuju dvije karakteristike. Apsolutna sebičnost i izostanak bilo kakve osjetljivosti za druge s jedne strane te potpuna instrumentalizacija države s druge.

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Sukob desnih populista i eksperata

Author(s): Jan-Werner Müller / Language(s): Serbian

Opšte je poznato da su populisti protivnici „elita“ uopšte – a posebno eksperata. Desni populisti nisu u ratu sa svim elitama – oni napadaju pre svega stručnjake koji pravo na autoritet polažu na osnovu specijalističkih znanja. Njihova perverzna verzija desnog anti-autoritarizma implicira da nema ničega po sebi lošeg u tome što su neki ljudi veoma bogati; štaviše, takvi ljudi mogu biti najveći izvor mudrosti. Trumpova odluka da prednost da savetima „poslovnih lidera“ umesto savetima infektologa verovatno će proizvesti smrtonosne posledice. Ali ne smemo zaboraviti da osude i napade na stručnjake nisu izmislili populisti – pre njih isto su radili Reagan, Thatcher i drugi proponenti neoliberalizma.

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Ko gazi po našem zdravlju?

Author(s): Jovana Đurović / Language(s): Serbian

Engleski teoretičar književnosti, Terry Eagleton, svoju knjigu Zašto je Marks bio u pravu (2011) počinje rečenicom: „Saznanje da je marksizam gotov bilo bi muzika za uši svim marksistima na svetu“. Drugim rečima, želja svakog marksiste je da to više ne bude. Svetu kome ne bi bilo potrebe za marksističkim svetonazorima bio bi svet bez kapitalističke eksploatacije. U pokušaju da produbi ovaj paradoks, Eagleton marksistu poredi sa lekarom. Naime, poput marksiste, lekar je pervertirano biće koje zadovoljstvo traži u lečenju pacijenata kojima potom neće biti potreban. Konačno, baš kao marksisti, i lekari bi želeli da više nikada nikome ne budu potrebni.

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Autoritarna distorzija realnosti

Author(s): Lena Petrović / Language(s): Serbian

Moji ukućani i ja dobili smo poziv iz kancelarije gradonačelnika. Preko automatske poruke, staloženi ženski glas nas je obavestio o ozbiljnosti situacije u vezi sa bolešću Covid-19. Glas razuma nam je predočio da je najbezbednije za celu zajednicu da ostanemo kod kuće i naveo je koje aktivnosti još uvek možemo da obavljamo napolju, na određenoj razdaljini jedni od drugih. Osim kupovine lekova i prehrambenih proizvoda u svako doba nam je dozvoljeno da trčimo, planinarimo, igramo tenis, vozimo bicikl i rolere, šetamo pse i praktikujemo druge individualne sportove. Glas je završio svoje objašnjenje optimističkom porukom solidarnosti: „Zajedno ćemo izdržati ovu krizu!“.

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Regionalism asimetric şi administraţie publică

Author(s): Miklós Bakk / Language(s): Romanian

After 1990, the concepts of regional reform that emerged in the Central and Eastern European countries attracted the question of whether asymmetric regionalism, characteristic of Western Europe, is also topical here. According to the classical typology of state structures there are three fundamental types: a) the federal state; b) the regional state; c) the unitary state. These structural types include those elements of asymmetrical political territorial division, which are combinations of elements of indirect and direct governance, under the conditions of the organization of the modern state. From the point of view of this study, the latter type is of the highest relevance. Regarding the regional autonomies and special administrative statutes of this category, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) the reason for the creation of regions depends largely on a historical history, and the form of institutionalization of the public administration model of that state; 2) at the beginning of the regionalization, the constitutional starting point may be both symmetrical (Spain) and asymmetric (Italy, UK), but the subsequent evolution of regionalization inevitably results in an institutional asymmetry (at the level of the statutes). In the decades after the Second World War the number of elements of asymmetric political territorial division in the territorial and administrative systems of the EU Member States (Spain, Italy, Belgium, Great Britain) increased and most authors who analyzed the phenomenon suggest that solutions Asymmetric rather facilitates than undermines stability.

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Globalni Černobil i doživotni vladari

Author(s): Vlada Stanković / Language(s): Serbian

Nakon kineskog predsednika Si Đin Pinga i ruski predsednik Vladimir Putin je rešio da sebi obezbedi status doživotnog vladara. Protivurečeći samom sebi od pre samo nekoliko meseci, ruski predsednik je pristao da izađe u susret očigledno samo njemu vidljivim potrebama ruske države i zahtevima narodnih poslanika sopstvene partije i prihvati promene Ustava koje bi mu omogućile da ostane na vlasti i nakon 2024. godine, do u beskraj. Primer na koji se Vladimir Vladimirovič – u verziji od pre par meseci – pozvao kako bi potvrdio da ne namerava da ostaje večno na vlasti, sam posebi je vrlo zanimljiv: on je tada ustvrdio da bi bila greška ponavljati sovjetsku praksu po kojoj su lideri umirali na „prestolu“ ne obezbedivši sebi naslednika.

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O upotrebi patrijarhata u vreme epidemije

Author(s): Nikola Zdravković / Language(s): Serbian

Pre nekoliko dana, što je u ovom vanrednom stanju davna prošlost, u vreme kada je Covid-19 još uvek bio najsmešniji virus na svetu, naleteo sam na jednu upečatljivu zabludu na društvenim mrežama. Tek su bile počele da se pojavljuju prve vesti o nestašicama alkohola, pa se neko bio zapitao: kako je moguće da smo pre samo nekoliko godina, u vreme onih groznih poplava, bili tako solidarni, a da smo u međuvremenu postali sebični?

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Perite ruke

Author(s): Rupert Beale / Language(s): Serbian

Prvi put sam čuo za korona viruse 1999. Njihovo lukavstvo se, pre svega, sastoji od ogromne dužine i složenosti njihovog RNK genoma. RNK je mnogo nestabilniji nego DNK i zato su RNK virusi obično kratki. Približno ih merimo u kilobazama (kb) podataka. Polio ima samo 7 kb, grip do 14, a ebola 19. Težak akutni respiratorni sindrom korona virusa 2 (Sars-CoV-2), koji je i uzročnik Covid-19, ima 30 kb. To je sasvim normalno za korona virus, ali je blizu hemijske granice za skladište informacija za RNK – približno onoliko koliko lanac RNK može da izdrži a da ne propadne. Zato su virusima potrebni dobri trikovi da bi preživeli.

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ASPECTE DE DREPT COMPARAT PRIVIND INFRACȚIUNEA DE VIOL

Author(s): Emanuela Denisa Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The author analyses the legal content of the crime of rape, regulated by article 218 of the New Criminal Code, while an exam compared with other states and their law towards this matter.On this occasion, the author also presents some critical opinion and suggestions with a view on improving the society and the law itself.

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ASPECTE GENERALE REFERITOARE LA INFRACȚIUNILE CONTRA VIEȚII PERSOANEI

Author(s): Emanuela Denisa Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The author examines general aspects regarding the crimes against life, aspects that are outlined by statistics and studies over the years. On this ocassion, the evolution of the Romanian Criminal Code is highlighted and compared to other states, such as France and Russia. The purpose of this study is to understand the importance of penal provisions in preserving the lives

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WORLD WAR II

Author(s): Nikica Barić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

When Hitler decided to invade Yugoslavia and destroy it as a state, his representatives contacted the largest Croatian political party – the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS). The Germans wanted the party’s leader, Vladko Maček, to head the new, independent Croatia after the break-up of Yugoslavia. But Maček rejected the proposal. Then the Ger-mans turned to the Ustasha organization in Croatia and its leader Slavko Kvaternik declared the independent Croatia on April 10, 1941, the same day when the German army entered Zagreb. The Kingdom of Italy had previously supported the Ustasha organization, but after the assassination of the Yugoslav King Alexander Karađorđević in Marseille in 1934, organized by the Ustashas, the Italians restricted the activities of the Ustasha organization in their territory. In the circumstances of preparations for the attack on Yugoslavia, the Italians organized the passage of several hundred Ustashas led by Ante Pavelić to Croatia.

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THE HOMELAND WAR

Author(s): Davor Marijan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Croatia began the transition from Communism to democracy on May 30, 1990, when the first multi-party Parliament was constituted. The amendments to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH), adopted on July 25, cleansed the system of socialist legal terminology. Franjo Tuđman, President of the SRH Presidency, became the President of the Republic of Croatia and the main figure in Croatian politics. The process of constituting a new government was completed on December 22, 1990 with the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia. Croatia was defined as “the national state of the Croatian people and the state of members of other peoples and minorities, who are its citizens: Serbs, Muslims, Slovenes, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Hungarians, Jews, and others, who are guaranteed equality with Croatian citizens and the realization of their national rights in accordance with the democratic norms” of the United Nations and “the countries of the free world.” In relation to the 1974 Constitution, which was drafted in such a way that Croatia was “equally divided” between Croats and Serbs, the difference was in the listing of other peoples and nationalities, which relativized the earlier division. The attitude towards Yugoslavia was determined by the view that “the Republic of Croatia remains part of the SFRY until a new agreement between the Yugoslav republics is reached, or until the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia decides otherwise.”

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West European Countries in the Czech Foreign Policy

Author(s): Mats Braun,Elsa Tulmets,Ondřej Ditrych / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Czech relations with countries covered in this chapter – both EU Member States and others (including microstates) – shared certain general characteristics. Without exception, they involved no issues that would be a subject of major controversy. Secondly, with but a few exceptions, these relations were conducted within a network, or at least through a network, of the EU multilateral frame. The reason for the dominance of the EU framework in the conduct of bilateral relations is primarily the importance of the political process at the EU level both for Member States and their West European neighbours due to a high degree of mutual interdependence and the increasing scope of EU’s allocative and distributive policies. Several government officials throughout the period covered in this volume estimated that up to 80% of the relations of Czech Republic with those countries take place at the EU level. However, this does not result in a decline of the bilateral dimension of mutual relations, as could be expected, but rather in their conduct in a new environment of a burgeoning political system, where the need to negotiate issue coalitions increases. Bilateral negotiations remain an important diplomatic means of this ‘permanent congress’. The last shared feature of Czech foreign policy towards the countries covered in this chapter is that it generally took place in conditions of a political pluralism, which was made possible by the countries’ location within the EU framework. The process of Czech foreign policy involved a considerable number of government actors – all of which should theoretically act in the public interest – without the mediation by traditional diplomacy and conduct through its standard channels. This new pluralism represents one of the central challenges for Czech foreign policy, since without proper coordination it leads to a suboptimal use of (necessarily limited) resources in realizing public interest abroad.

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The Middle East, the Mediterranean and Afghanistan in the Czech Foreign Policy

Author(s): Jaroslav Bureš / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Mediterranean and the Middle East, although they did not fall under the priorities of Czech foreign policy after 1989, had to be taken into account by the Czech Republic after it joined NATO and the EU due to the wider interest of the trans-Atlantic allies in regional stability and security. For this reason, issues like terrorism, immigration, the Middle East peace process, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, peacekeeping missions, and the Euro-Mediterranean cooperation were among the most frequently discussed topics in the Czech political scene during the 2000s. The Middle East agenda have affected our relations with allies and they have been the subject of home competition on left-right axis. The only long-term Czech interest relating to the region was the mainly rightist government’s attempt to reduce the Czech Republic’s one-sided dependence on imports of Russian oil and gas, which was demonstrated by the support for the Nabucco pipeline project during the Czech EU presidency.

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