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Среди различных способов классификации культур можно выделить также антиномию утверждающая - разрушающая культуры. Речь идет об отношении носителей культур к существующему в данном месте и времени статусу, к существующей культуре. Приятие ее, слияние осуществляется при первом варианте (утверждение), и, наоборот, носители разрушающей культуры отрицают существующую, стремятся ее уничтожить, в связи с неприятием ее основ. Собственно говоря, утверждающ ая культура и есть сам существующий статус, а в его недрах (иногда с помощью постороннего влияния) может возникать культура враждебная, противостоящая господствующей, стремящаяся к ее разрушению (ср. ленинское учение о двух культурах в каждой национальной культуре).
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Задачу построения типологии культуры нельзя считать новой: она периодически возникает в определенные моменты научного и общекультурыого развития. Можно сказать, что каждый вид культуры создает свою концепцию культурного развития, т. е. свою типологию культуры.
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This paper focuses on the topic of Jewish goldsmiths in early modern Prague who constituted a small but highly specialized professional group of artisans in the local Jewish society. The obvious prerequisite for practising such a trade was not only knowledge of metal processing, fine craftsmanship, and refined aesthetics, but also connections and close contacts with suppliers of precious metals and gems, and with wealthy clients who could acquire such jewellery and other luxury goldsmith products. The study seeks to provide a comprehensive view of the goldsmith’s trade in Prague during the 16th century. It describes the legal conditions under which guild-organized Christians could practise goldsmithing, and compares them with the legislative pre-requisites under which Jews were allowed to engage in this profession. Attention is also paid to the widespread participation of Jewish and Christian goldsmiths in financial transactions and other credit transactions in that period. At the same time, however, the study seeks to capture the broader cultural and social framework of the lives of Jewish goldsmiths in the Prague metropolis, which was shaped not only by solely professional, financial and business relationships, but also by other personal contacts both within their own community and in various Christian social strata. Based on the observations of the lives of several prominent Jewish goldsmiths who worked in Prague during the 16th century and especially during the Rudolphine period, it tries to determine whether they were long-term residents or newcomers from other countries. It also examines their involvement in the Prague Jewish community, their property status, and their possible further involvement in the administration of the local community. All this in the context of immigration, which affected Prague after the middle of the 16th century and to a large extent impacted the composition of its population.
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Relying on Foucault’s theoretical differentiation of three derived management models reflecting the historical and political response to the emergence of three infectious diseases, namely leprosy, the plague and smallpox, this paper will consider the manner in which the approach of health policy-makers in Serbia has changed before, during and after the introduction of the state of emergency caused by the outbreak of the SARS-CoV2 epidemic, largely following the ideal-typical description of these three models of confronting the infection. Starting with the idea of identifying and completely isolating those that are infected from the community for the purpose of preserving a “clean” society, typical of the period of the spread of leprosy, through the idea of introducing quarantine and monitoring mechanisms for the purpose of establishing a disciplined society, typical of the period of the spread of the plague, to the reliance on vaccination and abandonment of the idea of complete eradication of the pathogens, i.e., reliance on statistics and risk analyses for the purpose of long-term understanding and curbing the epidemic, typical of the outbreak of smallpox, it is possible to identify significant similarities of these historical models with different stages in managing the crisis caused by the Covid-19 epidemic in the contemporary local context.
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The article discusses the pioneering initiatives of scientists from Silesia, such as Maria Żywiska, Józef Ligęza or Adolf Dygacz in the study of folk¬lore of particular professions. A special place is devoted here to Adolf Dygacz, emphasizing his innovative research efforts and inspiring role in influencing his doctoral students.
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An Outlook on Lévi-Strauss structuralism from the point of the notions of “nature” and “culture”, which the French ethnologist employs in his work, is suggested in this paper. It is the author’s thesis that the opposition nature-culture can be conceived as the main line of the interpretation concerning the basic trends of Lévi-Strauss general theoretical thought. Some analysis concerning understanding of the relation between nature and culture have been carried out to defend the above thesis, from the point of view of 1) the subject in question (nature and culture as two distinct realities which are objectivized in people’s thinking), 2) the methodology (the ways of investigation of the relations that organize the two realities or link them together). It appears that symbolic thinking is always the factor which unites the orders of reality. This thinking uses both natural and social substance in order to make them into coherent logical systems. Lévi-Strauss analyses of totemism and mythologicai thinking excmplify this phenomenon (in the former case nature is transformed into culture; in the latter – just the opposite occurs – culture is transformed into nature). The paper presents an evolution of Lévi-Strauss point of view on the realation between naturę and culture. This evolution, however, has resulted in a clarification of the sense in which he uses both these notions. Duality of a possible understanding of these notions is best rendered by the following words of Lévi-Strauss: “nature is preculture and it is also subculture”
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This paper discusses the clothing of the Serbian Orthodox Church believers at the end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first century. The main goal was to determine whether there is a desirable/ideal model of clothing for SOC believers, at the liturgy as well as the type and degree of deviation from it in the daily practice of believers. The paper is based on ethnographic material collected during the last five years in churches and monasteries throughout Serbia using the method of observation, semi-structured questionnaire, informal conversation and the use of information from Orthodox forums and websites.
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This paper discusses the ethnological work of Kadri Halimi. He started early in the 50's but had to stop due to imprisonment. He retrieved to work again, in old age, and published essays based on early research only after 1990. The paper is a view of his early ethnological interpretation, focusing mainly on his interpretation of Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini, analyzing the specific language used by Halimi, and pointing out to his theoretical standpoint. It also provides a discussion on Halimi's observational sense on specific topics that he wrote about in the context of the beginnings of ethnology as a scientific discipline in Kosovo. Focusing on Halimi's early writings, this essay also aims to highlight the overall ethnological approach within Halimi's thematic cycle, given he was an Albanian ethnologist who worked within the context of Kosovo's institutional ethnology in the former Yugoslavia.
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Review of: “Lahutarët e Sanxhakut të Pazarit të Ri”, simpozium shkencor, i mbajtur më 8 shtator 2018, kryeredaktoi dhe përgatiti për shtypprof. dr. Zymer Ujkan Neziri, Instituti Albanologjik, Prishtinë, 2020 dhe shoqata “Kosova për Sanxhakun”, 344 f.
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Cultural diplomacy is facing various evolutions and conversions on a national, regional, and global scale. In the first instance, the governments' systems are increasingly influencing the agenda and the objectives of states' foreign cultural policies. On the other hand, several actors, such as local and regional governments, as well as social organizations and transnational cooperation networks, have gained much more importance regarding the international cultural scenario. From this standpoint, the relation between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean have been frivolously analyzed despite their long history -marked by a tumultuous past with many migrations-, the rich flow of exchanges in cultural heritage, and their vast diversity representing a monumental pillar in the general understanding of the concepts of public diplomacy and international cultural relations. For a greater understanding regarding this controversial topic, many questions concerning the future strategies of the EU and Latin American relations were raised, highlighting the validity, reliability, and limitations during the data collection process. The aim of the paper is thus to provide a holistic understanding of cultural diplomacy and the impetus is, therefore, to investigate cultural challenges, using the qualitative research method as a basis to indulge in further analysis and research. Hence, the main objective of the research is the comparative analysis of diplomatic activities and cultural relations in relation to the two regions - the European Union, respectively Latin America and the Caribbean, closely studying the ideology, agreements, and challenges, underlying these relations, and carefully pursuing future perspectives. To find as many answers as possible on this highly debated and often controversial topic, various reports have been studied, focusing especially on the last four years, but also considering vital events that happened in the distant past, specialized literature and scientific reports playing a vital role in meticulously shaping this article.
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This paper addresses the aesthetic appreciation of indigenous creative practices, with a focus on the mental processes at play in such acts of appreciation. My hypothesis is that to develop an understanding of human cognition through art, it might be useful to look at art more expansively, by considering creative practices that are not usually within the purview of Western philosophical systems. More specifically, I will draw on examples from indigenous societies of the Pacific Northwest that encompass everything from utilitarian objects to ritual artefacts used in ceremonial circumstances and dance performances etc. to argue that aesthetic appreciation is shaped by a shared cognitive repertoire1 of processes and capacities.
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Since the ethnonyme “Serbians” refers specifically to those Serbs who lived once and live in the districts of Timis, Caras-Severin and Arad, this paper deals with the Serbians in Bucharest. It is necessary to investigate precisely this segment of the population from the cultural point of view, which often was unfair neglected in the past.
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У раду је настављено разматрање и анализа заједничких елемената у матиријалној и духовној култури Карашевака и њихових суседа Румуна из Алмашке долине. Истовремено, покушава се разоткривање узрока који су условили и поспешили формирање тако знатног броја заједничких елемената у обичајима двају, бар делимично, различитих заједница са становишта етничког порекла. Предмет рада јесте упоредно истраживање оних карашевских и алмашких обичаја и обреда у којима смо открили више заједничких елемената. Биће анализирани неки годишњи обичаји из зимског и пролећног циклуса, кућна слава и поједине сличности у веровањима ових двеју заједница. У анализи обичаја, посебно у закључним разматрањима, изнети су узроци постојања бројних заједничких или сличних елемената у славском обреду, те у обичајној пракси годишњих обичаја и у веровањима Карашевака и Алмажана, који су делом наслеђени из заједничког етнолошког супстрата, а делом резултат су међусобних карашевско (српско) - румунских утицаја и интерференција у сфери обичаја и веровања.
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Beginning from the primary spaces, as a source of inspiration, the structure space, defined by the relation between “support” and “infill”, is represented by a certain order of the architectural elements. Redefining the status of the wall that, from an architectural element destined to define a strong limit, becomes mobile panel, furniture or exhibit, indicates the beginning of new spatial experiments. The built architectural element changes status and becomes installed object. In Mies van der Rohe’s projects or buildings, the wall seen as a neutral frame for a living picture, denotes a new approach. Great figures as Frank Lloyd Wright, Victor Horta or Le Corbusier had visions carried out in organic or rationalist approaches. How took place the genesis of the modernist space? Which is the part of the Japanese tradition in this process? This is what we shall try to resume in this paper.
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Our contemporary world has confidently deviated from the natural course of the Romanian village way of life, regarding it as a way of life that needed to be upgraded, forgotten and denied. Falling in the trap of false evolution is then imminent, as we find ourselves neither luckier, nor more advanced, but maybe only impoverished. The Romanian peasant’s set of values (faith, purity, honor, courage, determination, deep connection with nature) are Romanian nation’s historically-rooted coordinates, maybe its own very essence. When evaluating the everyday preoccupations, that nowadays have a tendency of letting go of its predominantly rural past, we can observe how we are killing the Romanian village (first in our conscience and then in our culture), therefore losing out in our process of evolution. The village’s world should find an echo in these values that are reinventing themselves, although set in a different context.
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In his article, Zygmunt Kłodnicki defines the boundaries of cultural regions and the paths of expansion of chosen products representative of the nautical culture of Austronesia. Kłodnicki examines the conditions for the development of shipping in this area and emphasizes the importance of the geographical environment in this process. Specifically, he draws attention to the importance of rafts in the migration of Austronesians and points out that boats equipped with a stabilizer, known as outrigger canoes, can be considered the differentia specifica of the Austronesian culture from the moment they left Southeast Asia. On the basis of his analysis of the diversity of the structure of the stabilizing device, boat equipment, and sailing terminology, Kłodnicki identifies the paths of cultural expansion in Austronesia. Maps relating to outrigger canoes and the cultural regionalization of the area in question are an integral part of the article.
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The study aims to describe the most important changes in public nutrition during socialism in Slovakia. It explains the essence of the state Communist ideology’s involvement in people’s eating habits and the reality of socialist food production and distribution in the 1950s, when the acquirement of even basic foodstuffs was often accompanied by food shortage, bad quality, time losses related to food acquirement and high prices in some cases.
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The academic center of ethnological research in Cieszyn has a clearly defined profile, which distinguishes it from other centers of this kind in Poland. Its specificity results primarily from the research interests of the staff, which focus on the issues of cultural and ethnic borderlands and on contemporary socio-cultural transformations, including the role of tradition in the life of postmodern communities. The rich and multifaceted achievements over the past twenty-five years of the center’s operation can be seen as an obligation on the part of the researchers encouraging them to make further consistent efforts to consolidate its position on the map of ethnological studies in Poland, to make their research more effective, and to enhance and broaden international cooperation. A materialization of the idea of creating a permanent ethnological research institution in Silesia, the center plays an important and admittedly unique role in integrating research on cultural phenomena and processes in Central Europe.
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