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Razlike u samoefikasnosti pri donošenju karijernih odluka i u stilovima donošenja odluka kod srednjoškolaca s različitim obrascima porodičnog afektivnog vezivanja

Author(s): Katarina Suvajdžić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

The decision on the choice of profession is one of the most important life decisions, which is influenced by many factors. One of them which has a very important role is the family. The aim of this study is to examine whether there are differences in self-efficacy in career decision-making and decision-making styles among secondary school students who have different patterns of family attachment, as well as to determine whether self-efficacy in making career decisions can be predicted on the basis of different decision-making styles. The study included 216 fourth-year secondary school students, 39% of boys and 61% of girls. The questionnaire PAVb, made by Brenen and associates and modified by Kamenov and Jelic, was used for the evaluation of family attachment. Decision-making styles were operationalized through the scale of General Decision Making Styles Questionnaire by Scott and Bruce, while a shortened version of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale, made by Betz et al., was used for measuring self-efficacy in making career decisions. The research results have shown that there are no significant differences in self-efficacy in making career decisions regarding the patterns of family attachment. However, there are significant differences in the styles of decision-making. The rational style is the most dominant among the students who have a secure form of family attachment, the avoidant style is characteristic of those with the occupied form, while the spontaneous style is most commonly used by the students who have the fearful form of family attachment. The results suggest that 31% of the variance of self-efficacy in making career decisions can be explained based on decision-making styles. The rational and intuitive styles of decision-making are positive predictors, while the dependent and avoidant styles are negative predictors of self-efficacy in making career decisions.

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Why Do Borrowers Choose Suboptimal Mortgage Contracts? A Behavioral Economics Approach

Author(s): Ana Odorović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Mortgage contracts have evolved to include a variety of contract design features whose aim is to address the demand of heterogeneous borrowers. Given that borrowers know best their budget constraints and preferences for risk exposure, the question is why many borrowers fail to maximize their welfare through the choice of mortgage contract. The aim of this paper is to explain the causes of suboptimal out comes in the mortgage market, relying on the theoretical framework of behavioral economics. The first part of the paper provides an overview of the main differences between the rational choice and behavioral economics approach to contract efficiency and discusses the most relevant cognitive biases, identified within behavioral economics. The second part of the paper applies the findings of the two approaches to the issue of mortgage contracts. Considerable attention is devoted to contract design features that are expected to exacerbate the borrower’s cognitive biases. Finally, the paper addresses the issue of why market forces fail to “debias” borrowers and, hence, eliminate inefficient mortgage terms.

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Структура интеркултурних компетенција специифичних за наставнике: емпиријски докази за димензију „Веровања, вредности и циљева“

Author(s): Bruno Leutwyler,Danijela Petrović,Tijana Jokić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this contribution is to identify the elements that are integral parts of a teacherspecific intercultural competence construct. In this paper, we focus on those facets of the construct that are considered to be rather value-laden and affectively tinged. Following the widely used theoretical model of teachers’ professional competencies developed by Baumert and Kunter (2013), we conceptually place these facets within the Beliefs, Values, & Goals dimension, and propose four core elements: (1) appreciation of cultural diversity; (2) ethnorelative worldview; (3) attitudes toward integration; and (4) identification with goals of intercultural education. In order to test the hypothesis that these four aspects represent one single overarching latent construct, we operationalized each with an appropriate scale and then scrutinized the instruments’ internal consistency, and convergent and factorial validity. The results suggest that our four scales have good internal consistencies (Cronbach’s alphas between .82 and .89), adhere to a one-factor structure (as demonstrated by Confirmatory Factor Analysis), and indicate one latent construct (RMSEA = 0.000; TLI = 1.004; CFI = 1.000; SRMR = .007). With these results, this paper presents a valid, contextually relevant new instrument to assess (pre-service) teachers’ beliefs, values and goals regarding intercultural education and contributes to resolving theoretical, methodological, and practical issues of research on intercultural competencies.

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The relation of humor structure appreciation with sensation seeking and judgments of complex-abstract art and sophisticated music

Author(s): Filip Sulejmanov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The aim of the present study is two-fold. Firstly, the relation between sensation seeking and humor structure appreciation has been investigated (Carretero-Dios & Ruch, 2010), and also the association between humor structure appreciation and complex-abstract art has been reported (Ruch & Hehl, 1998). In that sense, this study aims to replicate previously reported findings. Second, the association between humor structure appreciation and sophisticated music (Rentfrow, Goldberg, & Levitin, 2011) was explored. Results obtained from 77 participants partially supported the predictions. Sensation seeking was negatively related with the aversiveness ratings of Nonsense humor, while pleasantness of complex-abstract art was negatively associated with funniness of Incongruity–Resolution humor and positively with the structure preference index. Aversiveness of Incongruity–Resolution humor correlated negatively with sophisticated music ratings. Finally, ratings on the abstract-art paintings and sophisticated musical excerpts were positively associated. Implications of the findings, limitations of this study and avenues for further research are examined.

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Uticaj sadržaja argumenata na pojavu bumerang-efekta negativnih političkih reklama

Author(s): Dijana Hrkalović,Ivana B. Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

The so-called “boomerang effect” of negative political advertising is an unwanted backlash effect of a negative statement about the opponent that reflects more unfavourably on the sponsor than the intended target of such a negative ad. The inconsistency of previous findings on the appearance of the boomerang effect of negative political advertisements calls for shedding new light on the “boomerang effect” and the justification of the stigmatization of negative political advertisements themselves. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of the content of arguments of printed negative political ads on the “boomerang effect” in voters with high levels of situational political involvement, who are in general not politically involved. The emerging of the boomerang effect was analysed by using the Elaboration Likelihood Model. An experimental design 2 (candidate status: sponsor – target of the ad) x 2 (content of the argument of a negative political ad: political platform – personal characteristics of the target) has been applied. The boomerang effect has been confirmed, both for the arguments relating to the political platform and the arguments of a negative political ad related to the personal characteristics of the candidates. The boomerang effect was stronger for the arguments based upon the political platform of the target. In addition, both the sponsor and the target were evaluated less favourably based on the negative ad with the personal characteristics of the target. The obtained findings confirm that in political persuasive communication one should not apply negative ads, especially not the strategy of evoking personal characteristics of the political opponents (targets) in negative connotation, not just due to the boomerang effect, but also due to the overall negative effect on the voters in general.

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Analyzing Data from Memory Tasks – Comparison of ANOVA, Logistic Regression and Mixed Logit Model

Author(s): Milica Popović Stijačić,Ljiljana Mihić,Dušica Filipović-Đurđević / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

We compared three statistical analyses over binary outcomes. As applying ANOVA over proportions violates at least two classical assumptions of linear models, two alternatives are described: the binary logistic regression and the mixed logit model. Firstly, we compared the effects obtained by the three methods over the same data from a previous memory research. All three methods gave similar results: the effects of the tasks and the number of sensory modalities were observed, but not their interaction. Secondly, by using the bootstrap estimates of the parameters, the efficacy of each method was explored. As predicted, the bootstrap parameter estimates of the ANOVA had large bias and standard errors, and consequently wide confidence intervals. On the other hand, the bootstrap parameter estimates of the binary logistic regression and the mixed logit models were similar – both had low bias and standard errors and narrow confidence intervals.

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Personality, Cognition and Life Events as Predictors of Emotional Distress in Adolescence

Author(s): Mia R. Marić,Marija D. Sakač / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The aim of this research was to examine the contribution of personality, cognitive style and life events to the prediction of the symptoms of emotional distress in adolescents. The sample consisted of 300 adolescents. In the analysis, the indicators of five personality dimensions were included - Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, indicators of attribution dimensions- controllability, internality, stability and the global nature of causes, and importance of the situation, the number, type and occurrence period of life events, and the severity of symptoms of emotional distress in adolescents. Life events have proved to be the best predictors of the symptoms of distress in adolescents. The most significant contribution to the occurrence of distress provided the total number of events. The probability of the occurrence of distress increases with the occurrence of chronic stressors and family problems. Significant contributors to the prediction of distress are also the dimensions of personality - Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, and attribution dimensions - externality and the importance of negative situations.

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Тhe Dark Triad, Amorality, and Impulsivity

Author(s): Vesna Gojković,Jelena Dostanić,Veljko Đurić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The ongoing research on socially toxic behaviors has been dominated by the Dark Triad approach. However, there are other theoretical approaches on antagonistic personalities that are not incepted by the Dark Triad approach. The goal of the present study was to investigate empirical overlap between the Dark Triad and Amorality constructs. Our data indicated that there is a substantial overlap between the two constructs, save for the Narcissism component of the Dark Triad which is somewhat distinct from the common Dark Triad/Amorality space. When Impulsivity was included into the analyses it disjointed the relatively monolithic Dark Triad/Amorality structure that was observed by the earlier analysis; indicating that the Dark Triad and Amorality do not unreservedly belong to the same measurement space. Thus, theoretically and empirically separable traits (amalgamated in the Drak Triad, Amorality, and Impulsivity constructs) combine in an intricate fashion to form distinctive patterns of socially malignant behaviors.

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Povezanost sklonosti ka negativnom emocionalnom reagovanju sa rizikom za koronarnu bolest

Author(s): Vojislav Đinđić,Borjanka Batinić,Tatjana Vukosavljević Gvozden / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

Goals: The main aim of the research was to determine the possible relationship between the tendency for negative emotions (operationalised through the traits of depression, anxiety and anger) and the risk of coronary heart disease. The second aim was to identify the combination of the examined emotional traits which best differentiates the persons with different states of health in the context of coronary heart disease. Method: The study sample consisted of 150 subjects divided into three groups: the persons diagnosed with coronary heart disease, the persons with specific risk for coronary heart disease but without a diagnosis of coronary heart disease, and the persons with neither diagnosis nor risk of coronary heart disease. The following measurement instruments were applied: the Depressive Personality Scale, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Results: The coronary heart disease group scored higher on all applied instruments compared to the group without specific risks. The subjects under the specific risk of coronary heart disease scored higher on the anxiety and depression inventory compared with the persons without specific risks. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that the anxiety trait best differentiates the three groups, while the other two emotional traits proved to beredundant when it comes to prediction. Conclusions: The study results have shown a correlation between the traits of anxiety, anger and depression with the risk of coronary heart disease. The effects of the depression and anger traits can be almost completely explained by the correlation between the anxiety trait and the health status related to the coronary disease.

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Razlike između muškaraca i žena u percepciji partnerove autentičnosti

Author(s): Đurđa Grijak / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

The research was conducted to determine whether there were differences in the perception of partner’s authenticity depending on the respondents’ gender and age, the length of marriage, satisfaction with the relationship and satisfaction with the support of the partner. Respondents were 32 married couples (N=64), with the average age of 40 years. The length of marriage of the respondents ranged from 4 to 33 years. The Authenticity in Relationships Scale (Grijak, 2018) was used in the research. The results showed no statistically significant differences between men and women in the perception of partner’s authenticity. However, there were differences in the perception of partner’s authenticity with respect to the satisfaction with the relationship in men, as well as with respect to the age of women. The men who are more satisfied with the relationship with their partner and the women aged between 41 and 49 perceive their partners as more authentic. The presented research is a significant contribution to a more detailed interpersonal examination of authenticity and the goals of partners in a relationship.

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ODNOS USREDOTOČENE SVJESNOSTI (MINDFULNESS) I EMOCIONALNE KOMPETENTNOSTI KOD ADOLESCENATA

Author(s): Josipa Mihić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2019

Over the last decade, mindfulness programs targeted at adolescents have been intensively developed, implemented and researched around the world. Studies indicate the potential of these programmes to prevent various behavioural problems as well as promote mental health. In order to better understand how mindfulness works, there is a growing interest in researching the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and emotional intelligence of an individual. The present study examines the correlation between different dimensions of mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of experience, and nonreactivity to inner experiences) and emotional competence, and it explores the relative contribution of the particular dimensions of mindfulness to emotional competence in adolescents. The survey was conducted on a sample of220 students (65.9% male) from Zagreb high schools with an average age of 16. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al, 2006) and the UEC-15 Emotional Competence Questionnaire (Taksic, 1998) were applied. Analysis showed the presence ofsignificant correlations between the particular dimensions of mindfulness (describing, nonreactivity to inner experiences, acting with awareness, and observing) and emotional competence of adolescents. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that these particular aspects of mindfulness (describing, acting with awareness, and observing) significantly contribute to explaining emotional competence in adolescents. The results of this study can contribute to the quality of creating interventions to develop emotional competence in adolescents.

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ПРОЦЕНА ДИСТРЕСА ОНКОЛОШКИХ ПАЦИЈЕНАТА НАКОН ЗАВРШЕТКА ЛЕЧЕЊА

Author(s): Tamara Klikovac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2019

malignancy and completion of the combined oncology treatment (surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy). The second goal was to apply, for the first time in our country, the following world standards in the field of psycho-oncology set up by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS) using a distress scale/distress thermometer on a sample of oncology patients who applied for psychological help and support in a private counseling center after completion of the oncological treatment. The examined sample consisted of 40 patients (30 women and 10 men) who, upon their first arrival at the counseling center and at the end of the initial psychological interview, were asked to fill the distress thermometer with the adequate explanations, provided that the self-assessment of the distress was significant to the further counseling psychological and/or psychotherapeutical treatment. The results of the whole sample showed that the highest percentage of patients examined (52.5%) evaluated various investigated problems as moderately stressful, 20% of patients assessed the problems as very stressful, 12.5% as slightly stressful and only 5% as not stressful. Related to practical problems, the largest percentage of patients assessed money and account payment issues (30%) and work - related issues (27.5%) as the most stressful. 22.5% of patients quote parenting and child care as the most stressful family problems. Concerning emotional problems, a significant percentage of patients (45%), quote concern and anxiety, 32.5% the existence of different fears, 22.5% sadness, and 20% irritability and tension as the most stressful emotional problems. 85% of patients stated that the fear of relapse of the disease is a problem that worries them the most. Patients in this study experience emotional problems considerably more stressful compared to other problems in the post-treatment period.

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TRUST AS A COGNITIVE BASE OF SOCIAL COHESION IN THE UNIVERSITY COMMUNITIES

Author(s): Maria Nesterova,Marja Nesterova,Maryna Dielini,Lidia Shynkaruk,Olena Yatsenko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The present article continues the cycle of the cognitive researches of the phenomenon of social cohesion in education, in particular, in the university communities. It contains the cognitive research of trust and its foundation as the central focus of social cohesion. The purpose of the study is to identify the level of trust which is connected with the social cohesion in university communities, to test the author’s questionnaire and to determinate the further steps for the trust enhancement in the educational community. Methods that were used in the study are the author’s questionnaire, math analytics etc. There were 196 people interviewed in both universities, among them 31 employees and 85 students of the National Pedagogical Dragomanov University and 33 employees and 47 students of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. According to the research results, the level of trust in each university community (as well as in common) was average, excluding some indicators. Although there were some differences between levels of trust of employees of these universities. We can assume that the quite sufficient average level or trust positively characterizes the attitude of employees and students to each other, reflects their readiness for mutual respect and support, acceptance of differences and tolerance etc. Also, the research highlights weak points of social interactions that form the base for further investigations and actions on the social cohesion development.

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THE INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NARCISSISM, PERFECTIONISM, LONELINESS, DEPRESSION, SUBJECTIVE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN A SAMPLE OF TRANSYLVANIAN HUNGARIAN AND ROMANIAN STUDENTS

Author(s): Éva Kállay / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The last decades have witnessed a significant increase in several forms of human psychological malfunctioning, aspects that proved to significantly endanger healthy and efficient human adaptation. Mental health indicators (anxiety, depression, reduced levels of happiness), perfectionism, narcissism, and loneliness have significantly increased, despite the significant improvement of existent life-conditions. The market-based competition and reward system in the educational and professional spheres, as well as the perfectionistic expectations specific to the personal life impose high demands on the individual, which usually become sources of significant chronic stress, further impacting the individual’s quality of life (psychological and subjective well-being, loneliness). The comparative investigation of the above-mentioned variables in Transylvanian Hungarian and Transylvanian Romanian students would offer us the chance to compare these levels of functioning in two, culturally different samples. Our present study is a continuation and refinement of previous studies, and concentrates on the following major aims: (i) the investigation of the possible differences in narcissism, perfectionism, loneliness, depression, happiness, subjective and psychological well-being in Transylvanian Hungarian and Transylva¬nian Romanian first and second year students; (ii) the investigation of the association patterns between variables in both samples, and (iii) the examination of the role the studied variables play on the major indicators of mental and psychological health (depression and happiness) both in the united sample and on the two samples of students separately. The results of our investigation may be beneficial for the tailoring of future prevention and intervention programs that would target the enhancement of psychological adaptation of Transylvanian students

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ENGAGEMENT IN LEARNING AS MEDIATOR BETWEEN MOTIVATIONAL BELIEFS AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT: A PATH ANALYSIS

Author(s): Viorel-Beniamin Mih,Codruţa-Alina Mih / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This study applied the Expectancy-Value Theory to explore the directionality of the associations among academic self-efficacy, motivational beliefs (e.g., expectation of success, task value), procrastination, and engagement in learning as well as the impact of these constructs on educational attainment. The data analysis was done by using structural equation modeling. The results reveal important associations among students’ personal variables. Correlational and path analyses show that: (a) self-efficacy is consistently found to predict both expectation of success, task value and procrastination, (b) the associations between self-efficacy and engagement are mediated by motivational beliefs and procrastination, (c) different faceted of engagement (class participation, homework completion, absenteeism) in high school predict educational attainment, and (d) class participation had stronger effects on educational attainment than homework completion. The data analysis provided empirical evidence to better understand the mechanism that mediates self-efficacy and school achievement. Also, the study provides empirical evidence supporting the multifaceted nature of school engagement and demonstrates its utility relative to educational success. The implications of these findings for teaching and learning a specific subject matter in formal classroom contexts are discussed.

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DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG INFERTILE WOMEN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Author(s): Vanesa Negoiță,Adriana Băban / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper aims to analyze the current literature on the impact of infertility on women’s psychological health through systematic methods. A systematic review of the literature for the research of the psychological effects on infertile women was performed. Depression, anxiety and self-esteem were analyzed in the context of women with reproductive problems. Our results indicate that infertile women had higher levels of anxiety and depression, but also a lower self-esteem, compared to women without fertility problems. Almost half of the infertile women, presented in the literature included in this study, reported the presence of psychological problems. The risk factors identified as having important influences on the experience of infertility were age, level of education, employment, duration of infertility, type of infertility, known or unknown cause of infertility, intentionality, perceived social support and treatment for infertility. Of course, these experiences differ from woman to woman, but most of the times, the lifestyle and physical and mental health of infertile women are negatively affected.

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Comparative Analysis of Perfectionism and Value-Semantic Barriers of the Student's Personality

Author(s): Galina Epanchintseva,Irina Bukhtiyarova,Natalia Panich / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The research compares perfectionism as a personal quality and its value-semantic barriers during the acquisition of the first professional skills in order to provide psychological support for social adaptation. It is argued that timely diagnosis of such condition can clarify the necessary psychotherapeutic interventions. A program of point studies to present new empirical data and formulate new relationships between structural and nuclear characteristics of the individual was formalized. The classical quasi-experimental approach of D. Campbell was used for analysis. The achieved results can help to form a more critical scientific view on the studied problem.

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EXPLORING AGE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN NARCISSISM AND PERFECTIONISM AND THEIR MENTAL-HEALTH CORRELATES

Author(s): Éva Kállay,Alexandra Rebeca Mihoc / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The changes occurring in modern society can significantly influence individuals’ well-being, mental health and even personality traits such as narcissism and perfectionism. Since studies investigating age and gender differences in narcissism and perfectionism have produced mixed results, and the number of studies conducted in Romanian population is scarce, the main aims of this study were to investigate possible age and gender differences in narcissism, perfectionism and several mental-health indicators in a sample of healthy participants, as well as specific association patterns between these variables within each group of participants. Our sample included 465 millennials and 149 participants over 35 years of age. The results indicate that millennials reported significantly lower levels of narcissism and self-oriented perfectionism than the older generations, higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. Female millennials reported lower levels of narcissistic traits and higher levels of socially-prescribed perfectionism, depressive symptoms, personal growth, and positive relations with others than male participants. Older females indicated significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and loneliness than male participants. Regarding association patterns, in the group of millennial women narcissism was positively correlated with self-oriented, socially-prescribed perfectionism and subjective well-being, and negatively with loneliness, environmental mastery and purpose in life. In millennial males, we found significant positive correlations only between narcissism and subjective well-being and environmental mastery. Our findings may have important implications for the literature regarding millennials and can contribute to the interventions and prevention programs designed to improve their well-being.

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THE ROLE OF GENDER IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NARCISSISM AND PERFECTIONISM IN HUNGARIAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS

Author(s): Éva Kállay,Sebastian Pintea,László Tóth / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Literature indicates a strong relationship between narcissism and perfectionism, however, there is little information about this relationship in sports, and even less regarding the way gender affects this relationship. Our paper aims to answer the following questions, in a sample of 202 Hungarian physical education students: (i) are there gender differences in narcissism and perfectionism and how large are these differences?, (ii) how strong is the relationship between narcissism and perfectionism?, (iii) does this relationship vary as a function of perfectionism's components?, and (iv) are there any gender differences in the relationship between narcissism and perfectionism?Our results indicate that the male participants attained significantly higher levels of narcissism than the female participants. Furthermore, we found no significant gender differences in any of the three components of perfectionism a low to moderate association between narcissism and Self-oriented perfectionism and Other-oriented perfectionism, while on the entire sample, narcissism did not correlate with Socially-prescribed perfectionism. Analyzing this relationship separately in the two genders, our investigation indicates a moderate association between narcissism and all the three components of perfectionism only in the case of male participants, these relationships being non-significant for the female participants. These findings indicate that narcissism, in this specific population, is just one of the predictors of perfectionism (and maybe not even the most relevant one). We propose that future studies should focus on exploring other predictive factors of perfectionisms.

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Poziom empatii u studentów kierunków medycznych, psychologii i informatyki

Author(s): Karolina Mazurek,Katarzyna Panecka,Małgorzata Świst,Weronika Osełka,Karolina Żurek,Zofia Zając / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

Empathy is considered a vital trait in helping professions such as doctor, psychologist or nurse, while less important in technical professions such as IT specialist. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in empathy level between medical (doctor and nursing), psychology and computer science students. For this purpose, 243 students of psychology, nursing, medicine, and computer science completed an online survey containing a short version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-Short) questionnaire which measures affective and cognitive empathy. Results showed that psychology, medical and computer science students differed significantly in their level of empathy. Psychology students scored highest, medical majors scored medium, and computer science students scored lowest. On average, women, regardless of the field of study, had a higher empathy trait level than men, which was in line with previous studies regarding gender differences in this trait. Students of helping professions: psychology and medical faculties showed a higher level of empathy than computer science students. Discrepancies in existing data suggest a need for further research regarding differences in empathy levels and its changes in psychology and medical students.

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