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Iako su psihotropni lijekovi bili glavno terapijsko sredstvo u liječenje odraslih osoba s mentalnom bolešću u proteklih pola stoljeća, upotreba ovih lijekova u liječenju djece i adolescenata s psihičkim poremećajima je mnogo kraća. Jedan od razloga je da, doskora, specifične psihijatrijske dijagnoze nisu bile dobro definisane u pedijatrijskoj populaciji.
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Kako svaka propisana terapija može postati predmet preispitivanja na sudu, tako je potrebno sa velikom pažnjom ordinirati terapiju kako ne bi došlo do grešaka koje bi mogle imati svoje reperkusije na sudu.
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Usporedo sa starenjem stanovništva, demencija postaje jedan od vodećih psihijatrijskih poremećaja, s rastućim ukupnim troškovima skrbi za takve bolesnike. Do 2020. Godine se procjenjuje da će na svijetu biti 35 milijuna bolesnika s demencijom. Demencija, odnosno Alzheimerova bolest kao najčešći oblik demencije, progresivna je bolest koja zahvaća kognitivne funkcije. Kognitivna deterioracija, kao ključni simptom demencije, često je praćena bihevioralnim i psihološkim simptomima koji se skraćeno nazivaju BPSD. Navedeni simptomi se svrstavaju u određene skupine koji se mogu mijenjati u vremenu i intenzitetu.
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Fenomen ljudske agresivnosti predstavlja interakciju bioloških, psiholoških i socijalnih varijabli koji obuhvaća multiformne osobenosti - od negativne emocionalnosti, depresije do antisocijalnih ponašanja. Utvrđena je veza između agresivnog ponašanja i pojedinih regija mozga. Limbički sistem, hipotalamus, regije moždanog stabla, moduliraju agresivno ponašanje. Agresivno ponašanje je modulirano od više neuroanatomskih pozicija i pomoću mnogih neurotransmiterskih sistema uključujući: serotoninski, noradrenalinski, dopaminski, acetilholinski, GABA i opoidni sistem. Uprkos složenosti neurohemije agresivnog ponašanja, animalna proučavanja jasno pokazuju da se agresivno ponašanje značajno može mijenjati modifikacijom specifičnih transmiterskih sistema. U moždanom stablu, najprimitivnijem dijelu mozga, serotonin je odgovoran za kontolu fundamentalnih fizioloških aspekata u tijelu. Serotonin je involviran u mnoge ponašajne aspekte, emocionalna i psihička stanja, prehranu, agresivnost, raspoloženje i na taj način serotoninska aktivnost u širokom spektru „serotoniskih poremećaja“ kao što su depresija, shizofrenija, Parkinsonova bolest (Jacobs, 1994). Amfetaminski preparati dovode do pojačane aktivnosti noradrenalina, dopamina i serotonina i da pojačana transmisija u dopaminergičnom i noradrenergičnom sistemu dovodi do izražavanja agresivnog ponašanja (Man, 2000). Konzumiranje alkohola izaziva pojačanu aktivnost serotonina, prolazno ekscesivno povećanje serotonina i noradrenalina dovode do agresivnosti koju porast serotonina ne može modulirati.
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As semantic deficits are considered to be the basis of cognitive difficulties in schizophrenia, including language and thinking, manifesting themselves as idiosyncratically organised semantic memory, it is understandable that the language of people suffering from schizophrenia captured the interest of linguists who, depending on the linguistic level observed, noticed semantic, syntactic and pragmatic deficits of the disease. However, the majority of linguistic studies of schizophrenia were conducted on English speakers. The present paper is a first study of this type conducted on a patient who is a native speaker of Croatian and it is intended as a starting point for future, more extensive research that would contribute to a better understanding of deficits and allow for a more precise differential diagnosis of the disorder. The paper gives a detailed overview of the case study that was conducted on a female schizophrenic patient currently undergoing treatment for schizophrenia at the University Psychiatric Hospital Vrap~e in Zagreb. The patient’s spontaneous speech was analysed at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels. The patient’s discourse exhibited primarily pragmatic errors, with the patient failing to manage context in a pragmatically appropriate way and to suppress irrelevant context. Disintegration of the deictic frame was also observed. The analysis of our patient’s speech reveals several symptoms which are consistent with the phenomena observed in earlier studies on English–speaking schizophrenic patients, including derailment, loss of goal, tangentiality and thought blocking. The paper provides an in–depth exploration and discussion of selected segments of the patient’s discourse and, in conclusion, gives an outline of the implications for future research.
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Scientists have learned the most about the brain in the past few decades conducting autopsies, experiments and different types of scans. Neuroscience research can not tell us how to teach children but understanding the brain leads to the discovery of the mechanisms behind learning and provides some important guidelines towards better educational practice. Some authors present them as a „new paradigm“, not only for the special but for the regular education too. The purpose of this paper is to explore the connection between neuroscience and education and to emphasize the importance of implementation of brain-based strategies in the learning environment and educational research. The results obtained show a positive effect on the academic achievement, motivation and attitudes towards learning, understanding of the scientific concepts and on the creative and logical thinking of students. Teachers as professionals need to accept the results of the available scientific research and engage themselves in systematic research in their teaching practice since that is the only way to change the current practice in education.
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To describe the psychophysics behind the Banariu visual phenomenon is a delight. Scientifically, a phenomenon is any event that is observable. In this case we will be describing an entoptic phenomenon (ent means within and optic means the eye). Before starting to experience the phenomenon, ask yourself: Does the eye lie? It is certainly undeniable that it does not, anyway, not voluntarily. Even if it may not lie, it does not mean that for a moment at least it can’t be lied to. In this case the patient suddenly experiences dizziness and a feeling of falling on his back accompanied by a brief moment of slight brightness. Because of this “brightness”, it is obvious that Banariu visual phenomenon is a particular case of Phosphene. In fact, Phosphene appears as the movement of multiple light sensations. But that Banariu visual phenomenon when expressed, at least in descriptions, gives the illusion of light growth. This will generate the sensation of falling, especially when the head is tilted back to look upward. These clinical observations have led to the working out of a method to establish when the phenomenon occurs, but it relies basically on the sincerity of the subject analyzed (Banariu method). In this method the subject studied is asked to look up quickly at a fixed point which should preferably be at the equivalent height of a second or third floor of a building. Meanwhile, a medical team should be standing behind the patient to catch him if he falls back.
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The paper deals with the structure of interrelations between various types of reflection and characteristics of the world image, including some aspects of mental state and abstract ideas of the world. It is shown that there are reliable differences in the ideas of the inner and outer worlds and in the interrelations between numerous characteristics of the image of the world and reflection parameters. The necessity for an individual approach to the issues of reflexivity development depending on emotional stability when correcting the image of the world, both outer and inner, is mentioned.
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The paper describes the nature of the relationship between experiences and reflexive regulation processes, which makes it possible to speak about a higher degree of participation of experiences in reflective rather than metacognitive regulation. Experience, whose components are interconnected with individual psychological and personal characteristics, acts as a mediator in their relations with reflection. The obtained results extend the idea of the functional role of emotional experience, which consists in determining the specific nature of the multidimensional, dynamic and interdependent relationships not only between consciousness and mental state, but also between the processes of reflexive regulation (as an integral part of consciousness) and individual psychological and personal qualities of a person.
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This text is inspired by the question about the usefulness of philosophy in both establishing the directions of neuroscientific research and taking part in the discussion about the methodology of neuroscience. The aim of the article is to present the concept of executive functions in the light of the philosophical category of intentionality as well as to discuss the meaning of neurophilosophy and philosophy of neuroscience for the sake of development in the field of executive functions research.
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The purpose of the article is to present how the image simulacrum functions in DRN of a Roman poet – Lucretius. By describing one of three basic elements – which constitute the etymology of the word simulacrum – the similes aspect, it has become possible to connect the idea of the image with the conceptual metaphor theory. Drawing on the cognitive research into the way human perception influences categories and processes of thinking and understanding the world (including the value of the language itself), I have shown that in fact Lucretius’ simulacrum may serve as a cognitive tool or as a kind of a creative adjustment to the sensual material (the atoms and the void), which the Roman author persistently tries to make. Thus he is able to reveal the horrifying infinitude of the reality as well as to give the poetic ratio to his work – DRN.
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Over the past 15 years there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of autism. In 2014 the American Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network reported estimated prevalence rates for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to be 1 in 68. This group of children and their families have important service needs. The considerable amount of time and cost involved in providing appropriate interventions, suggest the parent training and involvement as a particularly appealing intervention option. The involvement of parents in implementing intervention strategies designed to help their autistic children has long been accepted as helpful. Different kinds of training methods available to parents have provided positive intervention outcomes. The present article is a case study on a mother of a child with autism implemented intervention. This case study shows which are the areas of success and of negative outcomes for the mother implemented intervention and then compares the same areas with the results achieved by the therapist. The goal is to modestly come with new suggestions to be included in parent training methods.
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The essence of cognitive theory concerning obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is based on the knowledge that intrusive, unwanted thoughts are a universal human experience. However, people with OCD give special meaning to their thoughts which then become threatening, while in healthy individuals these thoughts have a neutral meaning. The aim of this paper is to present a cognitive-behavioural treatment of an obsessive-compulsive disorder in male patients aged 26. Behavioural approach to treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder consists of presenting and preventing answers. Cognitive techniques of guided discovery and Socratic dialogue are aimed at the patient in order for him/her to attribute new meaning to intrusive thoughts, with the final goal to neutralize and make them unthreatening. The use of cognitive-behavioural techniques with male patients has contributed to symptoms withdrawal. New test results have showed a reduction at all scales, which is in accordance with the report of the patient himself. Both at the beginning and the end of the treatment evaluation questionnaires SCL-90 (list of positive symptoms) and YSQ (Yung early maladaptive schemes) were conducted. This kind of treatment results are in line with the results of previous studies which showed that exposure and prevention of response enables the client to assess the situation realistically and distinguish that the things which scare him do not exist. In parallel with application of cognitive techniques the patient slowly comes to the reaction quench. Conclusion: Continuous and structured application of cognitivebehavioural techniques on male patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder contributed to the personal improvement, withdrawal of symptoms and reducing on scales applied for assessing the symptoms.
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest rozpoznanie możliwości zmian w sferze behawioralnychnawyków, przekonań, jak również życia emocjonalnego człowieka, jakie ujawniają sięw świetle wyników badań prowadzonych przez neurologów za pomocą najnowocześniejszych technik obrazowania mózgu. Wiedza z zakresu neuronauk dowodzi bowiem, że zmiany, niezbędne w procesie resocjalizacji, są możliwe, gdy świadomie do nich się dąży i nimi steruje.Wiedzę tę należy wykorzystywać w przypadku oddziaływań resocjalizacyjnych skierowanych do osób, które mają problem z samoświadomością, motywacją do zmian i wiarą w osiągnięcie sukcesu.
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The purpose of this article is to identify the opportunities of changes in the field of behavioral habits, beliefs, as well as the emotional life of a person, which are revealed in the light of results of studies conducted by neurologists using cutting-edge brain imaging technologies. Knowledge in the scope of neuroscience shows that the changes needed in the process of social rehabilitation are possible and available to people who consciously seek them and control them. This knowledge should be used in the case of social rehabilitation interactions addressed to people who have problems with self-awareness, motivation for changes and faith in achieving success.
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In present time there are a growing number of people at older age. Dementia is strongly correlated with age. Delaying older adults’ transition from living at their home to institutionalization is of major public health issue. Older individuals at the early stages of illness would prefer to remain living in the community. Our study aimed to determine predictors for institutionalization in patients hospitalized for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Patients admitted to Psychiatry and Neurology Hospital Brasov for treatment of BPSD in dementia were evaluated regarding relationships between active behavioral problems and demographics at the time of admission, and institutionalization or discharge to the patient’s own home. For the 127 study patients included in this study, median time to discharge was 23 days. Multivariate analysis identified higher Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores as independent clinical predictors for institutionalization, along with male gender and aggressive behavior. Clinical characteristics can be predictive of the time to discharge for patients with BPSD. Earlier interventions and enhanced care strategies may be needed for patients in order to delay institutionalization.
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This article discusses philosophical issues concerning theory of neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) and the possible philosophical interpretation of the positions taken by scholars dealing with these issues, whether these views expressly refer to the philosophy of mind, or not. In the first part I will present existing theories regarding the NCC, and try to find their common ground. The concept of NCC was defined by D. Chalmers, by F. Crick and Ch. Koch, and by A. Damasio and it is argued that those definitions are perfectly complementary. The summary of this section presents the methodological problems associated with the theory of NCC pointed out by J. Bremer. In the second part, the intersection of the positions is contrasted with the classical discussion concerning the philosophy of mind and interpreted from a philosophical point of view. In particular, the issue of possible points of contact between the classical phenomenological method and NCC is pursued.
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The paper is dealing with models for prediction of students efficiency with the help of neuron networks and decision-making classification trees and then with the analysis of factors that influence the efficiency of students. A created model, based on demographic data of students as well as their behaviour and attitudes toward learning, tries to classify student in one of the two efficiency categories. The efficiency is measured by the average of marks during studies. Various architectures of neuron networks have been trained and tested and the best model is obtained with the help of stratified perceptron network. The trees of decision-making offered a significantly better accuracy than neuron networks and we suggest their using due to their being a more precise method for the set of observed data. A sensitivity analysis of output variables on the input ones carried out with neuron networks refers to the fact that preliminary exams, attendance of exercises, importance of marks to students, and scholarships are among the most significant factors for the efficiency of students. The trees of decision-making separated the most significant variables: the time spent in learning, attendance of exercises and the sorts of materials from which students learn. Future researches, with the increased number of input variables and enlargement of the pattern and methodological expansion of other artificial intelligence techniques and statistical methods, would make possible to create more successful model to be the basis for building the support system of decision-making in university level education.
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Scientific networking is the most accessible way a country can turn the brain drain into brain gain. Diaspora’s members offer valuable information, advice or financial support from the destination country, without being necessary to return. This article aims to investigate Romania’s potential of turning brain drain into brain networking, using evidence from the medical sector. The main factors influencing the collaboration with the country of origin are investigated. The conclusions suggest that Romania could benefit from the diaspora option, through an active implication at institutional level and the implementation of a strategy in this area.
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The paper contains a review of the literature concerning memory abilities and human senses performance under different environmental circumstances. A number of studies indicated that environment has a significant impact on human senses functioning. It can affect it in a mechanical way, by a chronic exposure to potentially harmful substances or processes in different work environments. Also, some cognitive abilities that have evolved to perform evolutionary essential functions lost their importance because of the change of environment impact. Moreover, training can be a source of improvement of both human senses and cognitive abilities, as well. That might suggest that, while using, under different environmental circumstances different cognitive abilities develop. We take into a particular consideration human memory and its role, show current studies in this field and suggest new research directions.
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