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İstatistiksel Güç Bir Araştırmanın Sonuçlarına Etki Eder Mi? Örneklem Büyüklüğüne Nasıl Karar Verilmeli?

Author(s): Burak Keskin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2020

The statistical power analysis is a method that enables to plan a highly valid and reliable research and to guarantee the validity, reliability and sensibility of the results of a research. Statistical power is an approach which is used to evaluate to what degree the decisions obtained as a result of statistical tests used to test an aim are valid and reliable in terms of probability values. Various statistical analyses begin the analysis with the existing data and focus on the comments of the consequences. Nevertheless, power analysis is meaningful before data collection and significant in the process of setting the hypothesis. In this context, the major purposes of this study are; to contribute researches in social sciences by creating awareness about what the power analysis means and to guide researchers about how the power analyses can be employed in a social science study.

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Is It Biased? Empirical Analysis of Various Phenomena That Affect Survey Results

Author(s): Luka Mandić,Ksenija Klasnić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

It is often assumed that survey results reflect only the quality of the sample and the underlying measuring instruments used in the survey. However, various phenomena can affect the results, but these influences are often neglected when conducting surveys. This study aimed to test the influences of various method effects on survey results. We tested the influences of the following method effects: item wording, confirmatory bias, careless responding, and acquiescence bias. Using a split-ballot survey design with online questionnaires, we collected data from 791 participants. We tested if these method effects had an influence on mean values, item correlations, construct correlations, model fits, and construct measurement invariance. The instruments used to test these influences were from the domain of personality and gender inequality, and their items were adapted based on the method effect tested. All tested method effects, except careless responding, had a statistically significant effect on at least one component of the analysis. Item wording and confirmatory bias affected mean values, model fit, and measurement invariance. Controlling for acquiescence bias improved the fit of the model. This paper confirms that the tested method effects should be carefully considered when using surveys in research, and suggests some guidelines on how to do so.

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Innováció a szociológiában

Author(s): Katalin Parti,Ákos Szigeti / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

The digitization of society requires science to develop in a way that promotes interdisciplinary collaboration between social sciences and data science. Although social scientists are increasingly open to using the methods of computational social science and social computing, there are hardly any examples of projects implemented as a collaboration between social science and data science and which focus on the evaluation and development of data collection, analysis, and dissemination methods. We used a mixed methodology in our exploratory research: we assessed the willingness of social scientists and data scientists to use various research methods and tools by means of an online questionnaire, then explored scientists’ attitudes towards innovative social research methods during interviews. Our findings confirm the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and highlight the significance of the role of ‘interpreters’ able to communicate with and connect various areas of science. In terms of research methodology, the findings also highlight concerns related to the validity and credibility of data, and identify the practice of open science, the sharing of data and research methodologies and the transparency of research as key to the development of social science.

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KVANTIFIKACIJA REZULTATA U DRUŠTVENIM I HUMANISTIČKIM NAUKAMA – CITIRANOST KAO MERILO ISTORIOGRAFSKOG DOSTIGNUĆA U SLUČAJU INSTITUTA ZA SAVREMENU ISTORIJU

Author(s): Predrag J. Marković,Luka Filipović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2021

Quantifying citations as a measure of academic achievement has been a disputed tool, not only within the Serbian academic community. Nature Magazine published “The Leiden Manifesto”, advocating harmonization between quantitative and qualitative criteria. As a contribution to such efforts, this paper examines the production of the researchers of the Institute for Contemporary History in Belgrade. The Institute has been chosen as the most productive institution in Serbia in terms of the number of publications. Proportionally to the number of published works in a certain language, the most frequently quoted papers have been written in German, then in French. The reason for that is the particular interest of some big academic communities for certain issues. For example, the German academic community’s curiosity for socialism derives from its interest in the German Democratic Republic, its history and its society. Papers dealing with foreign workers also address some German internal issues. Publications in French have been more often quoted if they addressed World War I topics. And last but not least, works on the Yugoslav wars of the 1990’s reflects the political and academic interest of the international community. Thus, the most quoted works often respond to the requirements of some foreign factors, such as the international community or some big national academic circles (German and French). These papers sometimes fail to address certain local educational and cultural needs. It is important to combine broader regional and international interests with internal cultural needs. Therefore, more papers should be written in foreign languages, especially in English, which is the primary language of international academic exchange.

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Kozakoznawstwo jako nurt naukowy – perspektywy, stan i możliwości

Author(s): Daria Ławrynow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The article presents various methodological approaches to the Cossacks Studies with a special focus on the past and present academic discourses and practices in Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan and Poland. Images of Cossack armies provide an interesting but hybrid research material, because these military groups represent both the identity of the border communities and the military democratic society. Hence the exceptionally varied ways of viewing their identity in which this group has been seen as a nation, ethnic group, Asian Orda or Russian//Ukrainian military nobility. In contemporary Ukrainian science, the Cossacks have been perceived as a leading force behind the nation-building process, while for the Russian researchers, they have been depicted as local insurgents. In Polish science and discourse, the Cossacks are analyzed strictly from the Polish historical perspective. The article suggests that those diversified approaches to the Cossack identity and history may help formulating a comprehensive and universal discourse and methodology for the Cossacks Studies.

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БІБЛІОГРАФІЧНА ЕВРИСТИКА ТА БІБЛІОГРАФІЧНИЙ ПОШУК: КОРЕЛЯЦІЯ СУТНОСТІ ПОНЯТЬ

Author(s): Oksana Zbanatska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2020

The purpose of the article is to identify the essence of the concepts «bibliographical heuristics» and «bibliographical search», to discover the relationship between them. The methodology is based on the use of scientific analysis, synthesis, comparison methods, that allowed us to identify, investigate and compare the essence of the proposed concepts. The use of a structural approach made it possible to build a communication environment of bibliographical heuristics. The scientific novelty of the work consists of the correlation of the concepts’ essence «bibliographical heuristics» and «bibliographical search»; the definition of the communication environment of bibliographical heuristics. Conclusions. The concepts of bibliographical heuristics and bibliographical search are correlated as a science and an object of study of the science. Bibliographical heuristics is the science of theory and practice of bibliographical search. Bibliographical heuristics develop rules, determines the search strategy depending on the type of search query, the criteria for issuing search results, and the nature of the dialogue between the user and the information search engine. It is the theoretical basis of bibliographical search. The object of bibliographical heuristics is bibliographical search as the process of bibliographical activity associated with the search for bibliographical information, enhanced by intuition, logic, experience, which depends on the specific situation and tasks of the search. The main components of bibliographical search are bibliographical finding and identifying. Bibliographical search is a clarification of bibliographical records, an identification of missing elements in them, a correction of errors distorted in the query. Bibliographical identifying is an exhaustive selection of bibliographical records on a particular topic. Bibliographical heuristics and bibliographical search exist in a certain communication environment that accumulates and disseminates bibliographical knowledge.

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On the generalisation of Quatember’s bootstrap

Author(s): Tomasz Żądło / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The problem of the estimation of the design-variance and the design-MSE of different estimators and predictors is considered. Bootstrap algorithms applicable to complex sampling designs are used. A generalisation of the bootstrap procedure studied by Quatember (2014) is proposed. In most of the cases considered in our simulation study it leads to more accurate estimates (or to very similar ones in remaining cases) of the design-MSE and the design-variance compared with the original algorithm and its other counteparts.

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Interviewer allocation through interview–reinterview nested design for response error estimation in sample surveys

Author(s): Fidan Mahmut Fahmi,H. Öztaş Ayhan,İnci Batmaz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In surveys, non-sampling errors, due to their complex nature, are more challenging to quantify compared to sampling errors. Avoiding the release of these errors, however, results in biased survey estimates. In our previous paper, we devised the best interviewer allocation technique by using a nested experimental design to study response error estimation. In this study, in order to illustrate the effectiveness of this methodology in a different context, we apply it in interview-reinterview surveys relating to the time use and life satisfaction of academicians at Middle East Technical University, Turkey. An analysis of the pilot survey data showed that only half of the data was reliable, while the other half revealed interviewer effects. Prior to the main survey, interviewers underwent training in the course of which particular emphasis was put on the above-mentioned questions. In effect, the previously observed response variances which accounted for the total variance and data unreliability, were reduced considerably, increasing the quality of the main survey.

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Developing calibration estimators for population mean using robust measures of dispersion under stratified random sampling

Author(s): Ahmed Audu,Rajesh Singh,Supriya Khare / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In this paper, two modified, design-based calibration ratio-type estimators are presented. The suggested estimators were developed under stratified random sampling using information on an auxiliary variable in the form of robust statistical measures, including Gini’s mean difference, Downton’s method and probability weighted moments. The properties (biases and MSEs) of the proposed estimators are studied up to the terms of firstorder approximation by means of Taylor’s Series approximation. The theoretical results were supported by a simulation study conducted on four bivariate populations and generated using normal, chi-square, exponential and gamma populations. The results of the study indicate that the proposed calibration scheme is more precise than any of the others considered in this paper.

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A comparative study of a class of direct estimators for domain mean with a direct ratio estimator for domain mean using auxiliary character

Author(s): Brij Behari Khare,Kumar Ashutosh Ashutosh,Piyush Kant Rai / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Estimation techniques for a domain parameter play a very significant role in the theory of sample surveys. In the recent years many advanced methodologies have been developed for domain estimation. In particular, direct and synthetic estimators are applied for the estimation of domain mean in the government and private sectors under certain assumptions as to the size of the samples relating to particular domains. The findings demonstrate that the direct estimator fails to perform more efficiently as compared to the synthetic estimator when reliable units are not directly accessible in the studied domains. Moreover, due to the fact that small units belong to the sample of the studied domain, the direct estimator produces an unacceptably large standard error. In contrast, if a sufficient number of units are available in the studied domain, the direct estimator produces effective results. This paper presents the theoretical aspects of the proposed class of direct estimators for domain mean with the use of a single auxiliary character, compared with an existing direct ratio estimator for domain mean (given in section 3.2). In addition, an empirical study has been provided to support the validity of the proposed estimators. The findings prove that the proposed estimators outperform the direct ratio estimator for domain mean using a single auxiliary character in the case of two studied populations and their analysed domains considered from Sarndal et al. (1992).

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Bayesian estimation and prediction based on Rayleigh record data with applications

Author(s): Raed R. Abu Awwad,Omar M. Bdair,Ghassan K. Abufoudeh / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Based on a record sample from the Rayleigh model, we consider the problem of estimating the scale and location parameters of the model and predicting the future unobserved record data. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches under different loss functions are used to estimate the model’s parameters. The Gibbs sampler and Metropolis-Hastings methods are used within the Bayesian procedures to draw the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samples, used in turn to compute the Bayes estimator and the point predictors of the future record data. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the behaviour and to compare methods obtained in this way. Two examples of real data have been analyzed to illustrate the procedures developed here.

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A new reciprocal Rayleigh extension: properties, copulas, different methods of estimation and a modified right-censored test for validation

Author(s): Haitham M. Yousof,Masoom M. Ali,Hafida Goual,Mohamed Ibrahim / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

In this article, a new reciprocal Rayleigh extension called the Xgamma reciprocal Rayleigh model is defined and studied. The relevant statistical properties are derived, and the useful results related to the convexity and concavity are addressed. We discussed the estimation of the parameters using different estimation methods such as the maximum likelihood estimation method, the ordinary least squares estimation method, the weighted least squares estimation method, the Cramer-Von-Mises estimation method, and the bootstrapping method. A simulation study was conducted to assess the performances of the proposed estimation methods are investigated through a simulation study. Many bivariate and multivariate type model have also been derived based on Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula, the Clayton copula, Renyi’s entropy copula and the Ali-Mikhail-Haq copula. A modified Nikulin-Rao-Robson test for right-censored validation is applied to a censored real data set.

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Robust Bayesian insurance premium in a collective risk model with distorted priors under the generalised Bregman loss

Author(s): Agata Boratyńska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The article presents a collective risk model for the insurance claims. The objective is to estimate a premium, which is defined as a functional specified up to unknown parameters. For this purpose, the Bayesian methodology, which combines the prior knowledge about certain unknown parameters with the knowledge in the form of a random sample, has been adopted. The generalised Bregman loss function is considered. In effect, the results can be applied to numerous loss functions, including the square-error, LINEX, weighted squareerror, Brown, entropy loss. Some uncertainty about a prior is assumed by a distorted band class of priors. The range of collective and Bayes premiums is calculated and posterior regret Γ-minimax premium as a robust procedure has been implemented. Two examples are provided to illustrate the issues considered - the first one with an unknown parameter of the Poisson distribution, and the second one with unknown parameters of distributions of the number and severity of claims.

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Unreported standard errors in meta-analysis

Author(s): Nicholas T. Longford / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

A study that would otherwise be eligible is commonly excluded from a meta-analysis when the standard error of its treatment-effect estimator, or the estimate of the variance of the outcomes, is not reported and cannot be recovered from the available information. This is wasteful when the estimate of the treatment effect is reported. We assess the loss of information caused by this practice and explore methods of imputation for the missing variance. The methods are illustrated on two sets of examples, one constructed specifically for illustration and another based on a published systematic review.

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Approximately optimum strata boundaries for two concomitant stratification variables under proportional allocation

Author(s): Faizan Danish,S. E. H. Rizvi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The proper choice of strata boundaries is an important factor determining the efficiency of the estimator of the considered characteristics of a population. In this article, the Cum V𝐷i( 𝑥, 𝑧) Rule (i=3,4) for obtaining approximately optimum strata boundaries has been applied, taking into account a single-study variable along with two concomitant variables serving as the basis of the stratification variables. The relative efficiency of the proposed methods has been demonstrated theoretically and empirically by comparing them to a selection of already-existing methods in a simulation study with the use of the proportional allocation method.

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Agu-Eghwerido distribution, regression model and applications

Author(s): Friday Ikechukwu Agu,Joseph Thomas Eghwerido / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Modelling lifetime data with simple mathematical representations and an ease in obtaining the parameter estimate of survival models are crucial quests pursued by survival researchers. In this paper, we derived and introduced a one-parameter distribution called the Agu-Eghwerido (AGUE) distribution with its simple mathematical representation. The regression model of the AGUE distribution was also presented. Several basic properties of the new distribution, such as reliability measures, mean residual function, median, moment generating function, skewness, kurtosis, coefficient of variation, and index of dispersion, were derived. The estimation of the proposed distribution parameter was based on the maximum likelihood estimation method. The real-life applications of the distribution were illustrated using two real lifetime negatively and positively skewed data sets. The new distribution provides a better fit than the Pranav, exponential, and Lindley distributions for the data sets. The simulation results showed that the increase in parameter values decreases the mean squared error value. Similarly, the mean estimate tends towards the true parameter value as the sample sizes increase.

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Type II Topp-Leone Frechet distribution: properties and applications

Author(s): Rama Shanker,Umme Habibah Rahman / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The paper focuses on type II Topp-Leone Frechet distribution. Its properties including hazard rate function, reverse hazard rate function, Mills ratio, quantile function and order statistics have been studied. The maximum likelihood estimation used for estimating the parameters of the proposed distribution has been explained and expressions for the Fisher information matrix and confidence intervals have been provided. The paper discusses the applications of the distribution for modeling several datasets relating to temperature. Finally, the goodness of fit of the proposed distribution has been compared with that of the Frechet distribution.

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Record data from Kies distribution and related statistical inferences

Author(s): Nesreen M. Al-Olaimat,Husam A. Bayoud,Mohammad Z. Raqab / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The Kies probability model was proposed as an alternative to the extended Weibull models as it provides a more efficient fit to some real-life data sets in comparison to the aforementioned models. The paper proposes classical and Bayesian inferences for the Kies distribution based on records. Maximum likelihood estimates are studied jointly with asymptotic and bootstrap confidence intervals. Moreover, Bayes estimates, along with credible intervals are discussed assuming squared and LINEX loss functions. The proposed estimation methods have been investigated and compared via simulation studies. A real data set has been analysed for illustrative purposes.

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Estimation of the density and cumulative distribution functions of the exponentiated Burr XII distribution

Author(s): Amal S. Hassan,Salwa M. Assar,Kareem A. Ali,Heba F. Nagy / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The exponentiated Burr Type XII (EBXII) distribution has wide applications in reliability and economic studies. In this article, the estimation of the probability density function and the cumulative distribution function of EBXII distribution is considered. We examine the maximum likelihood estimator, the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator, the least squares estimator, the weighted least squares estimator, the maximum product spacing estimator, the Cramér–von-Mises estimator, and the Anderson–Darling estimator. We derive analytical forms for the bias and mean square error. A simulation study is performed to investigate the consistency of the suggested methods of estimation. Data relating to the wind speed and service times of aircraft windshields are used with the studied methods. The simulation studies and real data applications have revealed that the maximum likelihood estimator performs more efficiently than its remaining counterparts.

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Od tekstu do kontekstu. O praktyce upodmiotowiania w przestrzeniach twórczości naukowej – prolegomena

Author(s): Marcin Kafar,Sławomir Pasikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2020

The article presents the practice of subjectivizing scientific creativity by referring to the role of intuition in the creation process, introspective reports and comments on spatial information processing. One of the main emphases is placed on the interaction between the author’s sense of subjectivity with the idea generated and developed by him, as well as on how the reader senses this interaction. These findings became the basis for adopting assumptions about individual and disciplinary differences in strategy and the intensity of the subjectivization of scientific texts by creators and recipients. The article was prepared in a performative and dialogical formula.

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