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Gesellschaftstheorie und soziale Ungleichheit

Author(s): Thomas Schwinn / Language(s): German Issue: 29/2005

Das Feld soziologischer Ungleichheitsanalysen befindet sich heute in einem Zustand theoretischer Orientierungslosigkeit. In der seit über zwei Jahrzehnten laufenden Individualisierungsdebatte stehen Thesen des Bedeutungsverlustes sozialer Ungleichheitsstrukturen solchen von deren ungebrochener Fortdauer gegenüber. Dazwischen gibt es Positionen, die einen Mix aus alten und neuen Formen sozialer Ungleichheit feststellen und dies in allen Abschattierungen. Titel wie »Welche Gleichheit, welche Ungleichheit?« (Berger / Schmidt 2004) dokumentieren einen Bedarf nach leitenden Grundorientierungen, ohne dass dieser Nachfrage ein Angebot sozialer Ungleichheitstheorie gegenüber stehen würde, die dies leisten könnte. In dieser Situation schlage ich der Ungleichheitsdiskussion vor, Hilfe bei einem anderen soziologischen Forschungsfeld mit langer Theorietradition zu suchen: der Differenzierungstheorie (Schwinn 2004a).

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Korpus javnoga znanja u suvremenom dobu

Author(s): Silvana Marić Tokić,Ivica Skoko / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 21/2016

The society of knowledge, or informational society, is a synonym for the time we live in. Through this paper we wish to present how knowledge is differently determined depending on different societies, cultures, through different times, in different areas, etc. With different approaches to knowledge, different definitions and classifications of knowledge are created. The development of society and the overall progress of humanity are connected with the development of knowledge. The aim of this paper is to present how public knowledge in the contemporary context undergoes various changes (for better or for worse) under the influence of various groups, which in the public domain realize their own interests while classifying them under public interests. The influence of the media on the public domain, and ipso facto on the domain of the public knowledge is one of the key factors in the formation of that kind of knowledge. The public and the media are the two dependable factors of the modern age, rendering their influence on public knowledge even more important. We shall see that the theses that public knowledge must be true and objective and that it must transfer scientific information has no foothold in the modern age. Neither have the theses that the media should transfer only exact and verified information. The public domain and public knowledge are also permeated by some disinformation and wrong information. If we want to bring about a society of knowledge, we have to ensure that public knowledge be free from a multitude of disinformation and wrong information. The truthfulness, objectivity and scientific information should be a part of public knowledge, because without these we shall not be able to realize a society of knowledge as a vision of the future.

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Is communication really food?

Author(s): Sandra Veinberg / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This paper examines a new doctrine for communication. It argues that effective communications are as important to our well being and happiness as the food we put into our bodies. ‘It can either be healthy (and nourishing) or toxic (and destructive),’ notes the Zen master and Buddhist monk, Thich Nhat Hanh. To examine this theory I decided to test my students. Use was made of a non-proportional stratified sample of younger adults, a total of 200 students who were involved in the survey study. Research is also based on an analysis of a qualitative research programme (a qualitative study) which involved 200 questionnaire texts that were set using two methods: critical discourse analysis and context. The results of my research show that students stressed that they were not using traditional forms of media, that the younger reader wants dialogue with the author or journalist, and that they tend to favour relationship-based communications which are offered by social media. My conclusions show that social media is regarded as ‘an anti-loneliness tool‘, and that it encourages a dialogue between the transmitter and the reader and allows a dialogue between them both. Language acts here as a relationship-building resource and shows a level of interaction between text and participants. This shows that, via social media, the internet provides a special form of communication which compensates the audience as might a gourmet restaurant.

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Fenomenologiškai grindžiamos socialinės teorijos sampratos klausimu

Author(s): Algimantas Valantiejus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 02/2014

The second part of the article aims to specify the paradox of subjectivity and to explicate the phenomenological foundations of the methodology of the social sciences. There are four main problems. They are following: first, the problem of the relation between sociology and philosophy; second, the problem of the relation between “I” and “It”; third, the problem of the relation between ideal types and practical typification; fourth, the problem of the relation between phenomenological epoché and epoché of the natural attitude.

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ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ

Author(s): V.V. Kornev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2012

Как объяснил еще Ж. Бодрийяр, в обществе потребления мифологизируется и отчужда- ется от начального смысла само потребление. Совокупными стараниями социологов, филосо- фов, культурологов, психологов и экономистов понятие «потребление» превратилось в много- слойную абстракцию. Ведь под этим словом понимается (у пионеров проблемы — Т. Веблена, М. Вебера, В. Зомбарта, К. Маркса и др.) «героико-эротическая аффектация», «стремление быть замеченным», «потребление престижа», «товарный фетишизм», «религиозное благочес- тие», «символический обмен» и многое-многое другое. «Потребление» сегодня выполняет ту же функцию, что и «либидо» в психоанализе — оно, с одной стороны, все легко объясняет, а с другой — ничего в отдельности не проясняет, сводя любое периферийное явление к централь- ному моменту в его «сублимации» или «переносе»*. Вдобавок «потребление», как и «либидо», стимулирует дальнейшую бурную деятельность по производству новых (или, скорее, предска- зуемых и старых) слов и трактовок, ризоматически размножающихся из общего корня.

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РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ РАКУРС В МЕТОДОЛОГИИ НАУК ОБ ОБЩЕСТВЕ И В ГЕОГРАФИИ

Author(s): Mikhail Krylov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2013

In this article, the author presents his understanding of the geographical factor accounting space in the science of society. Along with this, the author describes the approaches of geographers as representatives of the community, which would have had to feel the persistence of "spacelessness" of the most of the social sciences. The urgency of the problem has been recognized officially (Presidium of RAS), but the author appears as an independent researcher, not associated with the programs.

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НЕ ХЛЕБОМ ЕДИНЫМ

Author(s): Aleksandr Evgenievich Levintov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2013

Почему люди путешествуют? Точнее — почему одни люди любят путешествовать, а другие сидят сиднем на одном месте всю жизнь и никуда не дергаются? Среди разного рода объяснений есть и такое. Каин был земледельцем и человеком, стало быть, оседлым. Он прожил долгую жизнь и оставил по себе многочисленное потомство. Убитый им Авель был пастухом и номадом, прожил жизнь недолгую, а потому потомство его немногочисленно. Конечно, теперь, спустя семь с половиной тысяч лет, если судить по староверческому календарю (если быть точным, то сейчас идет 7521-ый год от Сотворения мира), многое перемеша- лось и исчезли многие номадные народы: монгольская кровь растворилась в китайской, другие осели станами (Казахстан, Киргизстан, Узбекистан и прочие станы), прекратили или почти прекратили скитаться эскимосы, наши ненцы, лапландцы Скандинавии, многие другие народы Севера, даже цыгане ведут более и или менее оседлый образ жизни.

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Организация на свободното време при деца и възрастни в социалната работа чрез анимационни продукти

Author(s): Pepa Miteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

Customary specific problem-oriented programs are applied to social work with children and adults. Furthermore creative products support the complete organization of leisure. Renown tourism animation programs are well suited to application in the social sphere, which requires a change in the emotional status of the client.

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Der Einfluss der Soziallehre der Kirche auf die europäische Kultur und Gesellschaft

Author(s): Ivan Janez Štuhec / Language(s): German Issue: 38/2016

The article presents the development of the social teaching of the Church from Rerum novarum onwards from the view of responsiveness or non- responsiveness to the social changes and regarding the development of the teaching from ideological confrontation with modern ideologies to the last encyclicals which put emphasis on the civilization of love and charity as a specific social paradigm without the ambition that the Church would be in power. In any case, in all periods, the social teaching with its basic principles has influenced the development of the European culture and its legal order. The shift of focus from the alternative to the existent social systems to the ethical role of the social teaching of the Church has strengthened the endeavours to establish religious freedom as a basic human right. And at the same time, the clear differentiation between the mission of religious and political institutions and the central role of a citizen and believer in a democratic and pluralist society.

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Hierarchia form instytucjonalnych i jej implikacje w interpretacji francuskiej szkoły regulacyjnej

Author(s): Renata Pęciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03 (1)/2014

On the basis of contemporary French heterodox economics, the school of regulation explains the socio-economic phenomenon and also the problems of capitalism referring to the concept of institutional forms and the accumulation regime. The goal of this article is the synthetic interpretation of basic institutional forms, which according to the representatives of Regulation Theory determine the economic adjustments. The configuration and hierarchy of these forms define the peculiarity of growth regime. In the first part of the article the hierarchy of forms peculiar to the postwar economic growth was described. In the second part the issues referring to present structure of institutional forms and dilemma connected with contemporary growth regime are presented.

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Adam Smith on migration

Author(s): Daniel Rauhut / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

Adam Smith considered poverty and unemployment as push factors for migration and wages high enough to provide for a worker and his family as a pull factor. Migration as a free mobility of labour leads to an optimal allocation of the factor commodity labour as well as changes of employment which necessary to equalise wages between different geographical entities. The consequences are not only promoting economic growth and prosperity, but also reducing poverty. Smith has no contemporary empirical support for his theory.

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Televizijski narativi – pričam ti priču

Author(s): Viktorija Car,Leali Osmančević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2016

Television, the dominant media outlet of the 20th century, retains its power also in the 21st century, it creates realities, systems of values and acceptable behaviors, and also offers assurances to the mass audience of “our” or “their” realities while telling stories about people, events and phenomena. In the introduction of the paper the authors provide an overview of the theoretical framework underlying the scientific study of television narratives. The first part of the article is devoted to the narrative of TV news, the elements that are used in television narrative and the argument why television news are not accurate representations of the world around us, that is, what is influencing such representations. The second part of the article refers to television ability do design values as described in the example of media-imposed imperatives of beauty, and in the case of violence as an acceptable form of behavior by media. The third and final part of the article refers to the television audience as active participants in the media content, as described in the case of children and minority social groups.

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ISLAM W SYSTEMIE ŚWIATOWYM W KONCEPCJI IMMANUELA WALLERSTEINA

Author(s): Jarosław Mikołajec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2015

The article refers to a research perspective of world-systems theory, whose most prominent representative is an American sociologist, I. Wallerstein. World-systems theory is a critical continuation of the tradition of modernization and dependency theories. The basic research scheme of this theory is a spatial relationship between the core, periphery and semi-periphery. These categories may be interpreted broadly, which makes them applicable to the field of religion and geography. Islam has a spatial dimension and boundaries that separate it from the areas dominated by other religions. In this aspect, the border between Muslim and Christian countries, coinciding with the Brandt Line, is of particular importance. Both sides of this border are inhabited by communities which are radically different, both socially and economically. This creates a number of tensions between them, including spontaneous migration from southern to northern countries.

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„My” bez „onych”

Author(s): Zygmunt Bauman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 666/2016

Do tej pory nasi przodkowie integrowali się dzięki posiadaniu wspólnego wroga. Ale teraz – gdy mówimy o jednej, globalnej ludzkości – gdzie znaleźć tego wroga? Ulrich Beck, jeden z największych, najbardziej wnikliwych współczesnych socjologów, bardzo prosto i jasno opisał to zjawisko. Powiedział: „Już teraz żyjemy w rzeczywistości kosmopolitycznej". Jesteśmy w niej, czy tego chcemy czy nie, po prostu się w niej znaleźliśmy.

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Review of the book and discussion

Author(s): Sebastian Pilichowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Review of: Sebastian Pilichowski - Maciej Giertych Ewolucja, dewolucja, nauka (Evolution, devolution, science) Published by: Fronda, Wydawnictwo Giertych Warsaw 2016 ISBN: 978-83-80790-27-8

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Je li egalitarni sindrom samo teorijska fantazija? Empirijski hommage Josipu Županovu

Author(s): Aleksandar Štulhofer,Ivan Burić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/2015

The egalitarian syndrome theory (EST), proposed in 1970 by Croatian political scientist and sociologist Josip Županov (1923-2004), is likely the most important theoretical contribution to the Croatian social sciences. Due to the fact that EST has never been operationalized and systematically verified, its influence has been steadily diminishing – particularly among mainstream researchers. The aim of this study is to operationalize EST and, using confirmatory factor analytic approach, to construct and validate a multi-faceted measure of the egalitarian syndrome. Based on two models characterized by acceptable fit to data, the authors propose a longer version (27-item long) and a shorter version (15-item long) of the Egalitarian Syndrome Scale. The initial validation of the scale suggests that the composite measure can be useful in a wide range of social science studies. For the first time, Županov’s claim that egalitarianism remains a persisting obstacle to the country’s socioeconomic development can be rigorously tested.

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Türk toplumunda hegemonik erkekliğin inşasinda toplumsal süreçlerin rolü

Author(s): Sezgin Erdem,Dolunay Şenol / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2017

It is necessary to understand masculine world in order to alleviate the conditions against women. Studies, only examining the conditions of the women world cause misunderstanding on the men world. Because there is very important link between these two type. With this acceptance, the aim of our work to draw attention to and highlight the social process, which is a factor by the men, which are subject and the object of the hegemonic manhood, while building their manhood molds. In terms of revealing the social organization of gender discrimination over masculinity and femininity, how men are positioned within this social structure, how and in what ways they make their transitions, what are the social production mechanisms of men and so on should be determined. Thus, we have come to the conclusion that it is possible to solve the passwords of patriarchal constructions and therefore to produce more effective and lasting solutions. For this reason, we will try to find sociological evaluations by considering the circumcision, military service, job possession, marriage and paternity from the processes that we think that the hegemonic man in the Turkish society is influential in our work.

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Turgut Özal’dan Abdullah Gül’e nursultan Nazarbayev’in değişen Türkiye söylemi

Author(s): Serdar Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2017

The aim of this study, which is called Nazarbayev’s Changing Turkey Discourse From Turgut Ozal toA bdullah Gul, is to put forth that how Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev’s discourses regarding policies towards Turkey have changed since 1991. This study is based on the hypothesis that Nazarbayev's policies towards Turkey since 1991 have reached a rational level such as economy, investment and diplomacy from emotional rhetoric such as brotherhood and kinship.In this study, qualitative discourse analysis has been used to point out how Nazarbayev’s discourses regarding policies towards Turkey have changed from President Turgut Ozal to the previous President Abdullah Gül.

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Aspekty metodologiczne dynamicznych metod ilościowych w badaniach społecznych: budowa modeli

Author(s): Darya Filatova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2014

This paper motivates the necessity of the dynamics qualitative methods methodological backgrounds development. These methods have to face to the complexity of the social processes nature. A concept of a stochastic object is introduced. Taking in to account the typical research objectives a stochastic differential equation is selected as a dynamics model of a stochastic object.

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Društveni pokreti i društveni sukobi

Author(s): Salih Fočo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 04/1998

U središtu društvenog života su društveni pokreti sa svim svojim osobenostima, kako bi to slikovito rekao A. Turen. Oni vode društvenim promjenama, čine pokretačku snagu svakog društva, ubrzavaju njegov tok u vremenu, ali i ljudskoj egzistenciji. Kao bitna pokretačka snaga društva predstavljaju veliki izazov za sociologiju. Širina društvenih pokreta te njihov značaj i senzibilnost za aktuelna pitanja čovjeka, savremenog svijeta i modernih društava, predstavljaju značajnu društvenu pojavu i snagu koja zadobija velike dimenzije. Oni istovremeno predstavljaju ne samo u teorijskom već i praktičnom smislu negaciju klasičnih pokreta i političkih institucija koje preferiraju da usmjeravaju društvo i političke tokove u njemu.

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