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FEMINIZMI

Author(s): Aida Spahić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Feminizam u svom najširem značenju obuhvata svaku vrstu djelovanja, pisanja i zagovaranja prava i ravnopravnosti žena, kao i borbu protiv nepravdi koje im se nanose u većini društava na svijetu. Feminizam obuhvata mnogobrojne pokrete koji su različiti i počeli su se odvojeno razvijati od vremena kad su se žene uspjele izboriti za pravo glasa i osnovna građanska prava. Klasični feminizam često se poistovjećuje sa pokretom bjelkinja, zapadnih žena koje djeluju iz privilegirane pozicije u odnosu na druge žene. Ipak, feminizam predstavlja i otpor lezbejki, crnkinja, žena sa invaliditetom, samohranih majki, feministica iz postkolonijalnih zemalja, pa i nekih muškaraca. Nije izvodivo dati cjelokupan pregled feminističkih pokreta i teorija jer se na našim prostorima teoretičari/ke u najvećoj mjeri oslanjaju na zapadnu teorijsku misao što je samo po sebi ograničavajuće.

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FILM

Author(s): Dalila Mirović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U sjevernoameričkoj feminističkoj filmskoj kritici i teoriji, sintagma ženska kinematografija (women’s cinema) najčešće se upotrebljava kao krovni naziv za svaki oblik rada na filmu u kojem su učestvovale žene – bilo da se radi o režiranju, pisanju scenarija, glumi ili kostimografiji. Ipak, kako to Judith Mayne bilježi u svom djelu The Woman at the Keyhole, iako se ovaj termin čini jednostavnim za definisati, vremenom je stekao dva dijametralno suprotna značenja. Mayne kao prvo značenje navodi filmove koje su režirale žene, režiserke poput Dorothy Arzner, Ide Lupino, Joan Silver, ali i onih koje bi feministkinje rado zaboravile, poput Leni Riefenstahl ili Line Wertmüller, na taj način sužavajući izvornu definiciju ženske kinematografije isključivo na režiranje. Drugo značenje koje ovaj termin ima odnosi se na holivudske filmove, uglavnom četrdesetih i pedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, koji su namijenjeni ženama, odnosno koji su napravljeni na taj način da se svide, primarno, ženskoj publici, a često imaju melodramatičan ili patetičan ton, te po Molly Haskell predstavljaju soft-core emocionalne porno filmove za zadovoljavanje masturbatornih fantazija frustriranih domaćica.

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KULTURA

Author(s): Delila Hasanbegović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Da bismo uopće definirali kulturu, odnosno da bismo bolje razumjeli bogatstvo i varijacije kulture, neophodno se osvrnuti na kulturološke studije koje kulturu vijekovima pokušavaju definirati i uobličiti. To svakako nije jednostavan posao, imajući u vidu da kultura ima mnoštvo značenja. U ovom radu neće biti data detaljna analiza različitih aspekata tih studija (teorijskog, političkog, empirijskog), a ni mnogobrojnih autora_ica koji_e su pokušavali_e kulturu svrstati u određeni kontekst i značenje, već će ukratko u ovom dijelu biti ponuđeni osvrti na osnovna pitanja i koncepte kulture.

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MATRIJARHAT

Author(s): Merisa Jašarević / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Riječ matrijarhat potiče od latinske riječi mater-majka i grčke arhein-vladati. Matrijarhat označava društveno uređenje u kojem su žene imale vlasti, i u kojem se porijeklo djece i nasljedno pravo određuju po ženskoj liniji. Suprotan pojma matrijarhatu je patrijarhat.

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RODNI IDENTITET

Author(s): Dajana Cvjetković / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Rodni identitet se odnosi na subjektivni osjećaj i poimanje sebe kao muškarca ili žene. Većina ljudi u prvim godinama života, najčešće između druge i treće, shvati da li se osjeća kao muško ili žensko. Rodni identitet ne mora biti podudaran sa spolom, zbog toga neke osobe budu zbunjene pri identifikovanju sebe kao muškarca ili žene. „Rodni identitet podrazumijeva vlastitu rodnu samokoncepciju, ne neophodno ovisnu o spolu i rodu osobe. Zahvaljujući savremenim tumačenjima feminističkih teorija, rodni identitet uspješno je distanciran od binarnog koncepta muškoga ili ženskoga.“ Pa se danas diljem svijeta rodne norme i uloge rapidno mijenjaju, te se i odnosi između muškaraca i žena mijenjaju. „Odmah nakon rođenja, roditelji i društvo počinju da grade naš pogled na društvene uloge, prilike i odgovornosti svojstvenim muškarcima i ženama.“ Čime ograničavaju individualnu percepciju osobe na unaprijed zadata očekivanja u skladu sa spolom.

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The Symbol, the Sign and the Secret in the Ecstatic Language of the Zohar

Author(s): Marius Cucu,Oana Elena Lenţa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Humanity has always sought formulas of access to the timeless register of the transcendence, depending on the mode of perception and representation of it, and not least in the light of the cultural level and of the value system which the subject reported to. The text of the Zohar or the Book of Splendor fits in the tradition of mystical writings that try to assume not only a way of thinking relying on the immanent-transcendent polarity, but also on living the ecstasy of finding themselves on the boundary of the two dimensional paradigmatic frameworks. Such an individual experience can only be expressed and potentiated through the recourse to typologies of the mystical language including the fusion of the symbol, the sign and the secret. For the initiated one, considered the master, but also for the disciple, the mysteries of transcendence, of spirituality of the divine world cannot be accessed only through a comprehensive exercise of detaching the consciousness from the materiality. This implies not only the meditation, but also the adoption of a language that does not express the Spirit, but opens the way for the Spirit. Thus, it is considered that the call of the divinity is a mystery around which the soul of the individual may only linger in an ecstatic way and once it previously reached a maximum level of catharsis, purification and enlightenment.

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Impact of Structures Based on Mutual Cover-up on the Course of Public Sector Reforms in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Radim Valenčík,Michal Blahout / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

While implementing reforms in the above areas, individual countries are confronted not only with conflicts of interest between various interest groups but also with attempts at misusing the reforms for the benefit of private lobbies. This is where science should tackle the important task of developing and using appropriate instruments to conduct a theoretical analysis of the issue. Certain private entities successfully influenced the legislative process. Powerful interest groups were able to enforce their objectives at all levels of the legislative process.

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HOMO SOCIOLOGICUS VS. HOMO ECONOMICUS – A COMPARISON

Author(s): Artur Borcuch / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article presents the model of economic human and sociological human and is an attempt to create a model of socio-economic human. The argumentation will be undertaken on the basis of widely discussed issues related to economic sociology.

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Vizualita, mobilita a kosmopolitismus: obsazování světa na dálku

Author(s): John Urry,Bronislaw Szerszynski / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V jedné z našich starších prací jsme tvrdili, že je dost důvodů mluvit o vznikající, územně rozprostřené kosmopolitní kultuře, která bude mít nejspíš významné dopady na ekonomické, společenské a politické vztahy ve světě jednadvacátého století. Přidali jsme se tak k rostoucímu penzu literatury, líčící kosmopolitismus z celé řady perspektiv – teoreticky, normativně, ale stále častěji rovněž empiricky.

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Kosmopolitní imaginace: kritický kosmopolitismus a sociální teorie

Author(s): Gerard Delanty / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Kritický kosmopolitismus je nový směr v sociální teorii, v němž se odráží jednak objekt, kterému se věnuje, jednak specifický metodologický přístup ke společenskému světu. Odlišuje se od normativně politických a morálních pojetí kosmopolitismu, které počítají s globálním politickým společenstvím, případně s univerzalistickou kulturou, a to v tom ohledu, že chápe kosmopolitismus jako sociálně situovaný a jako jeden z pokusů o reflexi sebeustavující povahy samotného společenského světa. Jedná se o přístup, jehož středobod tvoří procesy vnitřního vývoje ve společenském světě spíše než globalizace jako primární mechanismus. Je projevem postuniverzalistického druhu kosmopolitismu, který není pouhou podmínkou rozmanitosti, ale je artikulován v kulturních modelech otevřenosti světa, skrze něž se společnosti proměňují. K artikulaci kosmopolitní imaginace dochází v procesech, rámujících společenský svět, a v kulturních modelech, podle nichž se ustavují; nelze ji proto redukovat na konkrétní identity, spíše bychom ji měli považovat za jednu z podob kulturní problematizace (kontroverze), v níž hraje stěžejní úlohu logika překladu. Kosmopolitní imaginace se může rozvíjet v libovolné společnosti a kdykoli. Především však patří k modernitě, chápané jako situace problematizující sebe samu, vystihovaná neúplností a vědomím, že jistota se nikdy neustaví jednou provždy. Kritická kosmopolitní sociologie jako metodologicky silný přístup má velmi specifický úkol: objasnit či vysvětlit proměny společností tím způsobem, že se zaměří na nové nebo vznikající společenské skutečnosti.

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Ciało i socjologia

Author(s): Dominika Byczkowska-Owczarek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The chapter introduces the reader to the topic of sociology of the body in the Polish context, taking into account various theoretical and methodological perspectives. It presents the topics of the chapters contained in the subsequent parts of the book, and also presents the achievements of researchers and scholars whose work had the greatest influence on the development of sociological reflection on the human body, as well as on the creation of the subdiscipline of sociology of the body. They include Descartes, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, Norbert Elias, Erving Goffman, Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt Bauman, as well as representatives of other sciences: Marcel Mauss, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Helmut Plessner, Mary Douglas, Naomi Wolf, Richard Shusterman, and feminist researchers. The chapter also presents contemporary concepts within the sociology of the body and the achievements of researchers in both global and Polish sociology.

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Ciało i praca

Author(s): Dominika Byczkowska-Owczarek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter tackles the issue of relations between the bodies of individuals and the social situation of work. Posts, employment conditions, workplaces and professional identities are gaining significance in contemporary societies, in relation to the transformations of the last decades in particular. Thus, it is worth paying attention to the fact that employees are embodied social actors. Their health and safety depend on the activities in the workplace in terms of individual, macrosocial, or even global dimensions. In the first part of the chapter, the presented issues relate to the human body in a social situation of work. The relation between the body and the work in sociology is discussed, including the studies of the industrial era, which were conducted by, i.a., Karl Marx or Max Weber, and the achievements of the studies on workplace relations. The way in which the issue of the body in the context of work was taken up by the classic sociological authors is also presented. The further parts of this chapter explore some of the more specific notions and key concepts concerning the relations of the body and the work in sociological theories and research. The chapter also tackles the issues related to sex work, reproductive work, emotional work, or the constructivist nature of OHS regulations. The issue of work in the professions dealing with the body work is also raised, e.g. hairdressers, fitness instructors, dentists, care assistants, doctors, nurses, cleaners or therapists.

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Ciało i piękno

Author(s): Mariola Bieńko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter is an attempt to reflect on the invasive beautifying body practices in contemporary consumer culture. The issues raised in this chapter relate to several problem areas. The first one concerns physical attractiveness as an individual and socio-cultural project in the private and public space. The control over one’s body image is linked to a symbolic representation of one’s identity, which is more and more often becoming a matter of choice. Body management is related to a tendency to auto-create and “„create oneself” as well as to the re-evaluation of beauty as a social value. The second problem area is focused on the procedures of aesthetic surgery, which are interpreted in the mass culture as a necessity due to the compulsion to have a beautiful body and the phenomenon of old-age “„disgrace”. The plastic surgery culture (“„nip and tuck”) is a consequence of the consumer logic of late capitalism and the neoliberal conception of social life. The theoretical approaches presented in this chapter as well as the results of studies indicate to what degree carrying out the project of an “„improved”, “„beautiful” human having specified physical parameters is an expression of control and oppression, and to what degree it is an expression of one’s individualism and emancipation. The text explains the differences between cosmetology, aesthetic medicine, aesthetic, plastic and reconstructive surgery; the descriptions of the categories of body dysmorphic disorder, aesthetic work, cosmetic gaze as well as the phenomena of body shaming, body policy, body neutrality/body positivity, etc. are also offered.

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Ciało i seksualność

Author(s): Magdalena Wojciechowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this chapter, I offer an insight into the issue of human sexuality within the context of the body and embodiment, drawing on classical literature in the area and more recent field studies. I aim to highlight diverse analytical avenues of problematizing and analyzing how people make sense of, experience, and navigate within the sexual sphere of their lives. I also elucidate how the issues at hand are embraced from the sociological point of view, especially concerning the sociology of the body. In the first section, I draw on ‘classical’ sociological works undertaking the issue of sexuality to offer a theoretical framework for the sociological conceptualization of human sexuality as the research subject. Also, I offer insights into queer theory and symbolic interactionist approaches to human sexuality. In the next section, I present concepts and phenomena most commonly encountered in the literature concerning human sexuality. In the subsequent section, I discuss research studies undertaking specific areas of human lived experience within sexuality. I aim to highlight approaches to conceptualizing diverse substantial areas of human sexuality and (embodied) experiences therein. For that, instead of focusing on specific research subjects, I elucidate analytical frameworks and concepts that guided the argument. To meet that end, I discuss how internalized social norms and values have an impact on human endeavors; how meaning-making is a context-dependent process; how ‘deviance’ is socially constructed; how gendered dominance leads to conflictive interactions and makes violence against the superordinate incomprehensible; and how the way of communicating has an impact on sexual socialization.

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Ciało i żywność oraz jedzenie

Author(s): Agnieszka Maj,Anna Wójtewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate selected links between socio-cultural construction of the body and the food understood as practice resulting from the biological need, and simultaneously, entangled in cultural terms. Consuming food and drinking are socially regulated. Society influences the form of food, its kind and amount as well as rituals related to food consumption. The regulations translate into such body qualities as body size, desired body shape, or weight. The related social expectations change depending on the epoch and culture. This chapter describes classic works of authors exploring food and eating as a cultural activity. Some of them may be considered an achievement of both cultural anthropology and sociology. The text offers an explanation as to why the issues relating to the body and food were absent for so long in sociology. New directions in the reflection on these areas are also indicated, necessarily focusing solely on selected issues. The discussion includes such subject areas as, inter alia, the body, food and eating, and social inequalities (including gender-based), referring to the works of such authors as Norbert Elias, Pierre Bourdieu or Chris Shilling. Moreover, the contents of this chapter refer the reader to the descriptions and analyses of issues that frequently affect in a direct manner people living in contemporary society. In particular, we would like to indicate the issue of dietary regimens and the necessity to function in the so-called diet culture, in which how we look, what we eat and what exercises we perform are treated as a display of moral virtues. At the end of the chapter, areas of research related to the body and food in contemporary sociology are indicated and the most important concepts are listed that may be helpful in further study of the body and food.

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Ciało i medycyna

Author(s): Magdalena Wieczorkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how medical knowledge influences the perception of the body, its meaning and its transformations. The presented theories are discussed in chronological order: first, the humours theory; next, the medieval model, which involves treating disease as a punishment for sins and enforcing body regimes; and then, modern medicine and the biomedical model of health and disease. The contemporary processes that place the body in medical shackles conclude in the medicalisation processes, which continue to spread to an increasing number of areas connected to human life and body, making it a subject of medical intervention and control. Other theories are concerned with curative medicine, preventive medicine, and medicine aiming at fulfilling wishes, as well as their influence on the social construction of the body. There is also a comparison of the assumptions underlying modern medicine and alternative medicine in the context of the perception and treatment of the human body. The relationship between the body and medicine does not end with one’s death as a human may become an organ donor after his or her death or may leave instructions regarding the use of his or her body after death. The achievements of medicine also modify the near-future perception of the body, posing questions about the limits of interventions, boundaries between fixing the body and improving the body, and, thus, the limits of humanity itself. This is the focal point of the final discussed theory, which introduces the context of cyborgisation. The second part of the chapter offers selected key notions and their synthetic description. The third part of the chapter presents a concise description of studies on medicalisation, geneticisation, donation, and transplantation.

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Ciało i choroba oraz niepełna sprawność

Author(s): Katarzyna Kowal,Michał Skrzypek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The chapter offers the sociological perspective on chronic diseases and disability, and focuses attention on the effort related to identity forming. M. Merleau-Ponty initiates the reflection on this issue by describing the perceived possession of a non-existent limb (phantom limb syndrome). D. Leder notes that a dysfunction of the body causes the body to enter the stream of consciousness; it becomes an experienced phenomenon and leaves the “„corporal” background. Including the biological dimension of the body in socio-medical research is postulated by S. Timmermans and S. Haas, who propose the sociology of particular chronic diseases defined on the basis of their clinical criteria. A complete picture of the identity-related consequences of chronic diseases and disability is offered in the works of K. Charmaz. Furthermore, the reflection presented by Anselm Strauss et al. emphasises the value of the interactive dimension of the body; the body is a non-negotiable condition for taking actions and engaging in interactions. The discussed theories emerge from qualitative studies conducted in groups of chronically ill persons. K. Charmaz argues that these persons report on their suffering using “„the language of loss”, which refers to the aspects of the <self> that were modified due to bodily changes. K. Yoshida describes the effort related to one’s personal identity that is made by persons with spinal cord injury. In his research involving people after proctocolectomy, M. Kelly documented the bodily roots of social interactions. The sociological analyses of the identity-related issues initiated by bodily changes supplement the biomedical perspective on disease and incomplete agency, providing knowledge regarding the processes occurring in one’s psycho-social sphere.

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Ciało i czas

Author(s): Monika Dorota Adamczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Body and time are frequently used notions. We understand them intuitively, like „“a wrinkle or a page of the calendar”, and we are convinced that there is nothing new that can be said in this regard. This chapter offers a different, new perspective, situating these two phenomena on evident and less evident planes. The considerations presented in this chapter guide a reader through thematical areas, explaining mutual connections between the body and the time in the context of social processes and phenomena such asthe development of the consumer culture and the accompanying “„cult of a young body”, the ageing of the global population, and the development of science and technology. Sections of this chapter are devoted to the description of the most relevant theories depicting both conceptual categories as well as the most significant issues related to their understanding. The concepts of quantitative time, qualitative time, sequencing of events or social time are illustrated with examples relating them to the concept of the body. Such a procedure not only familiarises the reader with the meaning of particular concepts but also indicates permanent mutual connections between these two conceptual categories on an individual and social level.

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Ciało i religia

Author(s): Malwina Krajewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter is devoted to the relations and dependencies occurring between the human body and various forms of religious life. The discussion considers their normative, theoretical and practical aspects. First, the investigated issues refer to the historical perspective, the starting point of which encompasses contradictory—medieval and renaissance—ways of viewing corporeality in Christian Europe. The narrations that follow are concerned with the ways in which the human body is viewed throughout world religions: Islam, in which the approach propagating care and attention to the body is common; Hinduism, in which the body is a home for the soul, only a temporary manifestation entangled in the cycle of rebirth; Buddhism, for which the body is a tool to overcome suffering and to achieve the state of unconditioned happiness – enlightenment. The chapter is also devoted to the methods and techniques of using the body, which are practised by various world religions. Bodily regimens are discussed, which are supposed to control human urges, facilitate maintaining social order and raise productivity. Apart from the interpretations of human corporeality and the methods of using it, the chapter devotes significant attention to its role in ceremonies and rituals. A crucial multi-faceted symbolic dimension referring to the bodies of the seculars and saints as well as the deceased and the relics is also discussed. In addition to numerous examples of interpreting, shaping and engaging in religious practices, a reader will also find here many examples of theoretical narrations authored by classical and contemporary sociologists and anthropologists.

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The Fear of Technology in Horror Movies: A Comparative Film Analysis Through the Lens of Sociotechnical Imaginaries

Author(s): Hüseyin Cenk Erdem / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Science, Technology, and Society (STS) studies examine the social and cultural factors that shape public perceptions of technology. This study problematizes technology representation in horror movies by considering the sociotechnical imaginaries literature and explores the sociocultural effects of technological opacity and the existential fear of losing control. The qualitative research explores the fear of technology in horror movies, comparatively analyzing the discourses of AI technology in three films purposefully selected in terms of their popularity in the last five years: Upgrade (2018), Child's Play (2019), and M3gan (2022). The study concentrates on these movies because, in the past five years, the fear of artificial intelligence has been further fueled by speculative technology development information circulation, including Elon Musk's neurotechnology company Neuralink's goal to develop implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Merging human consciousness with AI technologies has generated fears of loss of privacy and potential control over one's own thoughts and actions. The fear of AI has also been heightened by the emergence of humanoid robots, notably Sophia, developed by Hanson Robotics. Sophia's human-like appearance and advanced AI capabilities have generated both fascination and fear. This study encourages critical thought on the effects of technical opacity that influence our interactions with developing technology by investigating the depiction of technology in these movies. Findings would help us grasp the complex relationship between technology and fear. In order to create informed dialogues about the moral, social, and cultural effects of technological breakthroughs, it asks for increased transparency and critical engagement with technical processes.

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