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Media effects theories

Author(s): Elena Maftei-Golopenția / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2015

The complexity of the world and the various existing points of view play sometimes the role of barriers to understanding the events that take place around us or in which we are directly involved, that we may find overwhelming sometimes. In this context, we have no choice but to find instruments that can help us find a meaning beyond ”raw” information. Frames and other media effects theories can be this instrument, that can help us understand ”the stories” about the surrounding world. Frames are useful to us because our mind can’t simply process each new situation from scratch. This paper aims mainly at analysing frames, their function, their types, their roles and the levels at which they manifest themselves. It also represents the theoretical background of a future case study about the way in which the academic world is symbolically seen by the press.

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Ethos, Person and Spirit – Principles of Cultural and Social Renewal

Author(s): John P. Hittinger / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2016

The Author claims that we must attempt to see the “whole man” or what John Paul II refers to as “the whole truth about man,” not man measured by partial or illusory standards. He wants us to keep in view the idea of a “total vocation” and an “integral humanism.” With this in view, we can understand why he challenges the contemporary civilization with its focus on things and the realm of “having.” It is not that we do not need things, or that we must understand our lives in terms of both being and having - he is not preaching a strict ascetism or railing against the productivity of modern economies. But he is warning of the danger that we can lose our interiority and our freedom as we our swamped by the externals, the acquisition and having, and become enslaved in new ways to the very things that we hoped would free us from drudgery and pain. John Paul II preaches Christian liberty. The way of Christ is the way of liberty. The message should have a special appeal in modern culture as people begin to experience the hazard of enslavement to products, systems, false expectations and envy. The root of the error is the lack of an appreciation of human interiority and the life of spirit. It is a problem of a materialistic philosophy of life, articulated in very different ways in Marxism and in capitalism. The founders and pioneers of modern civilization championed human freedom and liberation. But they could not sustain nor fulfill what they originally promised. A root is the anthropological question, what is to be human, but an anthropology that is historical and cultural, not an abstract.

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Je li Županov imao pravo? Testiranje podrijetla i perzistencije egalitarnoga sindroma

Author(s): Vuk Vuković,Aleksandar Štulhofer,Ivan Burić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2017

The egalitarian syndrome theory (Županov, 1970) is the most significant Croatian theory of societal development. As opposed to Županov’s interpretation according to which the egalitarian syndrome (ES) is defined by the legacy of the premodern agrarian culture which was further embedded under socialism, some critics of this theory believe that the values which form the ES are a reaction to the costs of the post- -socialist transition and the war for independence. In this paper, these two confronted explanations of the origin of the ES are empirically tested and arguments for the persistence of its specific set of values are questioned. The results of the multivariate regression analysis on the county level show that the share of agricultural population from the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s – and not the social costs of war and transition in the 1990s – is a significant predictor of the county level of ES at the beginning of 2016, thus confirming the hypothesis of its persistence. The results of this paper imply that the ES is an inherited set of values which still affects everyday life in Croatia today, thus aggravating its socioeconomic development.

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Odpowiedź na pytanie

Author(s): Michel Foucault / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2016

Prezentowany artykuł Michela Foucaulta został opublikowany w 1963 roku. Foucault rozwija w nim koncepcję archeologii wiedzy – metody analizy historycznych dyskursów, którą zaprezentuje w sześć lat później w książce o tym właśnie tytule. Artykuł powstał na kanwie pytania wybranego przez autora spośród zadanych mu przez redakcję „Esprit”, które dotyczyło możliwości pojęciowego opracowania przymusu systemu dyskursywnego przy jednoczesnym zaakcentowaniu nieciągłości w jego obrębie a tym samym możliwości twórczego działania w historii ducha. A także, czy tak sformułowana aporia zakładałaby z konieczności zgodę na przymus systemu lub afirmację siły zdolnej do przekształcenia go za pomocą zewnętrznej przemocy? Tekst jest wprawką do sformułowania dojrzałej teorii dyskursu, rodzajem autoanalizy, która pozwala Foucaultowi powiązać własną metodę historyczną z „progresywistyczną polityką” myśli i rozwiązać w ten sposób dylemat pełnej determinacji i wolnego sprawstwa obecny w rozważaniach wielu strukturalistów.

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Problem atomizacji społeczeństwa w poglądach W. L. Jaworskiego

Author(s): Ireneusz Stanisław Grat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

From the ancient times there were generally two views on the shape of the society. According to the first one, society was treated as a collection of independent atoms. This view is called by W. L. Jaworski as “individualism” (atomism). The second one treated society as an organism consisting of individuals dependent on each other (universalism). According to Jaworski, individualism is connected with the atomization of the society and alienation of an individual. Contrary, universalism is connected with joining of an individual into social life. W. L. Jaworski tried to combine these two theories and built his own vision of state, based on harmonized combination of these two philosophical approaches.

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Filozofska fantastika: mišljenje utopijskih prostora i prostor za utopijsko mišljenje

Author(s): Adriana Zaharijević,Predrag Krstić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

The main question of this article is why imagine other worlds. In addition to shedding light on the motivation, we also examine the imaginative processes, their resources and the associative arrangements available to imagination in the construction of new worlds. We see ‘other worlds’ as both utopian and as fantastic spaces, following the hypothesis that the space of fantasy is never entirely free. We place particular emphasis on the space and time of utopia, and on the aspect of the novelty. The paper is divided into four parts. The first takes into account the path to the other world, or the methodical problem of imagination. The second wants to portray the other world, or the limitations to imagining something entirely different and new. The third part inquires about the cost of utopian thinking: what is lost in the process, what is sacrificed to its flattening gestures? Finally, despite all these limitations, in the fourth part we consider the significance of utopian thought for social theory.

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Twitter jako przedmiot badań socjologicznych i źródło danych społecznych: perspektywa konstruktywistyczna

Author(s): Olga Rodak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

Twitter received special attention of social scientists for at least two reasons. Firstly, this social networking site is a social phenomenon, influencing communication and organizational practices. Secondly, Twitter is a repository of structured data, which may be used in order to study phenomena either related or not directly related with social impact of this medium. The purpose of the following paper is to summarize knowledge, which, in the author’s opinion, is necessary to smoothly and fruitfully use Twitter for conducting sociological inquiry: either this, in which Twitter is an object of analysis, or the one in which the service only delivers analytical data. As technology reconfigures social practices, being at the same time shaped by those practices, sociology of Twitter demands first of all understanding of the character of this technology as well as the influence of this technology on research practices, which are here understood as social practices. The article shows transformative character of Twitter in these two aspects. Constructivist perspective enables to understand the medium itself, as well as the character and limitations of data produced through it.

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Ставови становника Војводине о начинима запошљавања и основним вредностима у друштву

Author(s): Zoran S. Nikolić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 152/2015

The results of the research have confirmed four out of five hypotheses. The complex social crisis that has lasted for more than two decades has caused inefficiency of all types of social norms, serious value reconstruction and social disorganization. The situation in the society and successive alternations of various populist phenomena can be misleading in the sense of the ability of citizens, especially young people, to comprehend and respect the primary values. Namely, the young generation in this region has grown up with the crisis. This kind of social reality is the only reality they know. Therefore, they clearly identify the ways that lead to the most certain achievement of a goal. Whether they accept these ways or not, they are aware of them and they observe them in the social context. From a personal point of view they still know how to select the values on which every orderly society is founded. The social practice warns of collision between the personal and social. Awareness of the fundamental social values does not mean that they are respected, and that the attitudes, representations, opinions, needs, interests and goals are created in accordance with them.

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Alieva, Dilbar: Sociology of Everyday Life

Author(s): Miroslav Tížik / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

Dilbar Alieva: Sociology of Everyday Life Bratislava: Sociologický ústav SAV, 2015, 307 pp., ISBN 978-80-85544-89-3

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Kriminal-socijalni rizik u savremenom društvu

Author(s): Dragana Vilić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 13/2017

Crime, as a form of violation of law (A. Giddens), is one of the social risks. One of the negative consequences of the development of a modern, global society is the globalization of criminality (M. Kostić & F. Mirić). Criminality can only be discussed with the development and elaboration of the legal system in the modern sense of the word (including criminal law), but in societies there have always been certain types of norms and beliefs that have influenced human behavior and against which (in) correctness (M. Ivanović). Unlike a positive right that cannot fully follow the dynamics of change in society that influence the definition of a crime, sociology should constantly seek new elements that extend this notion (new, unpredictable, unlimited). The paper analyzes the causes of criminality, its distribution, types (violent, property, etc.), relation to other notions (deviance, delinquency and crime) and its consequences in contemporary society, in order to look at the risk of crime, to seek an adequate social response to This negative phenomenon, and provides an analysis of the penal policy and the role of a prison institution for the offender's conversion (M. Foucault).

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Metaforos Vytauto Kavolio sociologijoje

Author(s): Alvydas Noreika / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39 (02)/2016

This article deals with the question of what place do metaphors hold in Vytautas Kavolis’s sociology. By following Lithuanian researcher Algimantas Valantiejus, who first inquired into the question, it is asked whether Kavolis’s sociology is poetical entirely, or do the poetical means of expression play a limited role in it. It is argued that the last case is involved. Poetical images do not overly control the sociologist’s expression of thoughts and his construction and use of means of cognition in any of his field of research. It is stated that the only way to overcome the non-poetical features of Kavolis’s language and to declare his sociology poetical in nature is to presuppose that all scientific concepts are but developed metaphors and that they never lose relationships with their metaphoric origins. An acceptance of such a presupposition opens the possibility to look for poetical images behind any abstract concepts. It is stated that Valantiejus uses this possibility in poetizing the overall sociology of Kavolis. According to him, all non-poetic features of its language, as well as poetic ones, have their origins in the metaphor of painting. It is argued that Valantiejus’s choice of the fundamental metaphor of Kavolis’s sociology hasshortcomings. The image of painting cannot explain the whole scope of Kavolis’s sociological research and the variety of its theoretical presuppositions adequately. It is stated that these shortcomings can be easily eliminated by expanding Valantiejus’s conception of painting and by including three additional poetical images into the list of the fundamental metaphors of Kavolis’s sociology – mechanism, drama and organism.

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ГЕНЕТИЧКИ ИДЕАЛИЗАМ И СТРУКТУРА ДРУШТВА

Author(s): Nikolay Konstantinovich Pechenin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 143/2013

The article introduces the reader to the problem of relations between scientific theory and idea. Out of these relations genetic idealism is born. The genetic idealism distorts reality, but it allows the researcher to make complete theory. The genetic idealism of the society researchers is described in this work. It is shown how the partial neutralization of idealism allows us to study the genetic structure of society through the structure of the habitus. The society structure is presented as the sum of the links between social institutions.

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КРИТИЧКИ КОНСТРУКТИВИЗАМ: УСПОСТАВЉАЊЕ ОТВОРЕНОГ И КРИТИЧКОГ ДИСКУРСА У НАСТАВИ

Author(s): Jovana J. Milutinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 141/2012

Constructivism today is a popular cognitive theory with important implications on teaching and education. This paper promotes a form of critical constructivism with the emphasis on social awareness and democratic development of society. In this aspect, the paper discusses the basic features of critical constructivism and its possible application in the classroom. The aim is to show the characteristics of an open and critical discourse as a distinctive mark of application of critical constructivism in teaching and to analyze the practical implications of this theoretical position on position and role of a teacher who is considered a key factor in raising the quality of education. It is concluded that careful application of this theoretical position in teaching process can be extremely fruitful as it provides a unique incentive for diversity and inventiveness. It is determined that the critical perspectives in education is especially important in terms of preparing students for an active role of a citizen who participates in the further democratization of his own community, as well as in terms of preparation for life in the world full of uncertainties and diversities.

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O badaniach biograficznych krytycznie

Author(s): Agnieszka Bron / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

In social sciences and humanities, a variety of approaches to biographical research are used. The question then arises what is appropriate and what is not? Which approach is worth using and why? This article looks at biographical research from the critical point of view, especially at a time when the diversity of approaches, concepts, and perspectives can make it difficult for novices to use this method. Having long experience in applying the biographical method allows me to look critically at my own research and think about using the abductive method to generate a theory on identity formation and transformation by non-traditional students in higher education in Sweden. How is this possible and what are the consequences? This article tries to show the beginnings of the biographical method in the context of social sciences and reflects on the different approaches, pitfalls as well as advantages and disadvantages. It presents problems in applying biographical interview, sampling, ethical issues, data analysis and conceptualization as well as creation of typology on the example of my own research.

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Pedagogiczne badania biograficzne w Niemczech

Author(s): Jutta Ecarius / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Biographical research in educational sciences, using its methodology and methods, analyzes the processes of learning, education, formation and socialization to be able to justify on this basis the relationships between man and formation, and pedagogical action and reflection on the subject. The article presents the directions of historical development, from enlightenment, through the empirical turn to everyday life, to the strengthening of biographical research in the twentieth century, as well as contemporary research fields in educational sciences along with methodological and methodical concepts.

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Edukacyjne aspekty aktywności zawodowej na emeryturze w świetle dzienników Haliny Semenowicz – twórczyni i propagatorki pedagogiki Freineta w Polsce

Author(s): Agata Szwech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

An important aspect that sets the framework for seeking educational potential in a biography of man is the combination of the learning process with the everyday world of life of an individual. Halina Semenowicz, writing journals, included in them the description of everyday life she led being retired. In this text, I will focus on the area of professional activity which H. Semenowicz did not abandon after retirement. She continued the dissemination of the Celestine Freineta techniques in Poland. While emphasizing the importance of work as a crucial area in which the development of an adult takes place, I concentrated my attention on displaying the role of work in the life of Halina Semenowicz and these forms of daily activities that were associated with learning undertaken against the backgroud of professional activity.

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Neke karakteristike slobodnog vremena mladih u Republici Srpskoj

Author(s): Ivan Šijaković,Mirjana Čeko,Vanja Nišić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 9/2015

Ovaj rad analizira nekoliko aspekata slobodnog vremena mladih u Republici Srpskoj na osnovu podataka dobijenih iz uzorka koji je poslužio kao osnova provedenog istraživanja kojim smo ispitivali stavove i percepciju mladih o slobodnom vremenu u starosnoj dobi od 15 do 25 godina. Cilj ovog rada jeste da se utvrdi kako mladi u Republici Srpskoj provode svoje slobodno vrijeme i kako to utiče na ostale segmente njihovog ličnog i društvenog života, kao i ukupan image mladih. Rad posebnu pažnju poklanja uticaju ekonomskih i socijalnih faktora na kvalitet slobodnog vremena, kao i praćenju stepena zainteresovanosti mladih u RS za kulturne, obrazovne i sportske sadržaje u provođenju slobodnog vremena.

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Wkład polskich myślicieli w rozwój idei integracji europejskiej

Author(s): Marcin Kawalec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2017

The idea of a united Europe under a common authority has its origins in the days preceding the commonly understood beginning of integration, which has often been equated with the rise of today’s European Union. The genesis of the consolidation of the European continent can not be traced back only to the Schuman Plan, but the multiple attempts at peaceful or military merging of European territories under a joint power, starting with the Greek polis and the Roman empire. In addition, the development of the idea of European integration cannot be restricted only to Western European countries. Dating back to at least the sixteenth century, history shows that Polish representatives have contributed significantly to the development of the idea. Many of their proposals, after taking into account the factor of time, seem remarkably up-to-date today. The purpose of this paper is to outline the contribution of Polish thinkers to the development of the idea of European integration.

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The Social Role of Mother after the Cessation of Marital and Extra-Marital Relationship

Author(s): Bojan Macuh,Jana Goriup / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2014

The article deals with the role of mother during the time of marital relation and after its cessation from the sociological point of view. It presents several theoretical lines of the institution of motherhood together with the historical development of mother’s role. It also provides a description of marital relationship, as well as reasons that lead to its breakup (divorce). In addition, it also gives an outline of consequences related to the execution of mother’s and father’s social role. After the cessation of marital and extra-marital relationship the role of mothers is significantly increased, whereas the role of fathers is importantly diminished. However, such scenario is not in accordance with mothers’ expectations. Both parents are usually prepared to keep contact and to co-operate for well-being of their children because they perceive such co-operation as important and needed. Mothers often expect fathers’ co-operation if they see the father’s influence on their child(ren) as positive. Nonetheless, there are some mothers who reject any contact with the father of their child(ren) after the divorce, yet they are prepared to seek help concerning the counselling, and express their overall contentment with the functioning of the existing state institutions. Yet, they often don’t have any oversight and are not familiar with NGO’s and their operation.

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Društvena uloga majke nakon prestanka bračnih i vanbračnih veza

Author(s): Bojan Macuh,Jana Goriup / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 7/2014

Članak se bavi, iz sociološkog ugla, ulogom majke u vreme bračnog odnosa i nakon njegovog prestanka. Predstavlja se nekoliko teorijskih linija u sagledavanju institucije materinstva zajedno sa istorijskim razvojem uloge majke. Takođe, daje se opis bračnog odnosa, kao i razloge koji su doveli do njenog raspada (razvod). Pored toga, članak, takođe, daje pregled posledica vezanih za vršenje uloge majke i društvene uloge oca. Posle prestanka bračne i vanbračne veze uloga majke je značajno povećana, dok uloga očeva je značajnije umanjena. Međutim, takav scenario nije u skladu sa očekivanjima majki. Oba roditelja su obično spremni da ostanu u kontaktu i da sarađuju za dobrobit svoje dece, jer takvu saradnju vide kao važnu i potrebnu. Majke često očekuju od očeva „saradnju koja donosi pozitivan uticaj“ na njihovo dete (decu). Ipak, postoje neke majke koje odbacuju bilo kakav kontakt sa ocem svog deteta (dece) posle razvoda, ali one su spremne da traže pomoć od savetovališta i izražavaju svoje ukupno zadovoljstvo funkcionisanjem postojećih državnih institucija. Ipak, one često nemaju nikakav nadzor i nisu upoznate sa NVO (njihovim funkcionisanjem) koje se bave zaštitom majki koje su razvedene.

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