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The study focuses on the process of ethnographic field research among homeless people from the perspective of researcher. It presents methodological approaches vis-á-vis initial ideas about the field research before going out to the field. The study covers the problematic aspects of the course of the research, from entry in the field up to the generation of data in relation to the changing positional of the researcher. It shows how the relationship between the contact persons and the researcher changes in a given situation on the basis of the different characteristic features of the public and the private space and the forms of power that affect this space. Emphasis is placed on gender issues in the field and on how this fact influences the field research, contacts and the researcher. It describes the various forms and contexts of violence, from symbolic up to sexual ones. The study asks questions about how violence can be minimized during field research, and offers proposals for solutions.
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Along with technological progress, there has been a development in the field of computerization which is present in almost every aspect of our life. Computerization is a term inherently affecting each field of human activity, including professional work, functioning in society and after-work activities. One of the main determinants of contemporary – ICT human existence has become the Internet as the fastest source of information, which at the same time serves as a convenient space used to provide a variety of services. In this way, the cyberspace appeared, a new area of human activity full of information portals, e-shops, avatars symbolising users of the system. Identifying the term “cyberspace” has led to the emergence of other terms with the “cyber-” prefix: “cyber security”, “cyber threat”, “cybercrime”, “cyber terrorism” etc. The aim of the work is an attempt to classify and characterise chosen threats associated with cyberspace.
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Maintaining national security, also called state security is one of the basic functions of each country, covering the issues of opposition make every external and internal threat to its existence and development. An analysis of the specific influences on the watercraft is likely to indicate that the area of the opponent’s actions will be the coastal zone (littoral zone). The correctness of this statement confirms the technical capabilities of the forces and means at its disposal. This is because they are forces with little autonomy and maritime prowess. Their primary and most important asset to be in particular is high mobility and speed of movement. In the above situation, the safety guarantees of the subject of international law at sea can only be provided by ships. Major representatives of the classes of ships that would be capable of responding to such potential threats are, inter alia, the Fast Patrol Boat. Due to their tactical and technical properties, they can safely manoeuvre in coastal areas in the ready to rapidly change their position relative to the localized opponent. The article presents the issues of political and legal aspects of the prevention of threats to the sea and to the possibilities and limits of fast patrol boats in the fight against threats from the sea direction.
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The publication presents an analysis of legal and organizational solutions in the area of counter-terrorism measures taken at the scene of a terrorist nature in accordance with applicable Polish legislation, including a law on anti-terrorist operations. It points to the introduction of new organizational solutions affecting the efficiency of antiterrorist operations, enabling conducting counterterrorist operations.
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The West Galician Code (Ustawy Cywilne dla Galicyi Zachodniey) was a codification of law created under rule of Franz Joseph I and it was in force on the whole area of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which had earlier became part of the Habsburg Monarchy. The code dealt with every aspect of civil relations, including parental, to which chapter IV was devoted. According to the act, the main role in the process of child-upbringing was given to a father whose parental responsibility for offspring remained crucial. However, the child was able to act against his/her parents’ will if the court granted him/her the permission. The issue of parental responsibility and status of illegitimate children also gained complex regulation. In that matter, the most important of father’s duties was providing financial support for the offspring. The regulations included in the above-mentioned code cannot be seen as revolutionary but need to be considered as a result of the evolution of law that occurred during the modern age. Some state’s interference with parental authority was, however, a sign of upcoming great European codification movement of the 19th century.
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The article concentrates on psychological violence against cohabitees in intimate relationships; the author does not ignore such important issues as definition of violence, its reasons and effects; she also mentions the results of studies concerning the subject of violence in families, against the background of which she analyzes her own study results.
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The article, on the basis of chosen films, presents the portrait of a modern dysfunctional family in Polish movies. The author asks about the origin of these abnormalities as well as about the reasons of failure in these families. The author also wonders about the role of the cinema in breaking social taboo concerning family violence.
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Cyberspace is a place of many opportunities that allows young people to search and create their own identity. Unfortunately, interacting (being) in a virtual world is seemingly safe can promote the development of many negative phenomena such as cyberbullying and the occurrence of threats and dangers to adolescents.
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The enclosed study is devoted to problems connected with criminality. The principal purpose of the publication is to outline the history of human criminal behavior. Moreover, several concepts aimed on causing such behavior are discussed.
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Although violence in sport is a common phenomenon that is sometimes accepted, it often draws strong condemnation as well. The main causes of aggression are physiological in nature and seem easy to understand. They can be clearly noticed in sports competition and the accompanying emotions. Sometimes violence is a spontaneous and ill-considered behavior. The decision to act aggressively is often made under the pressure of time. However, violence among players may also be a goal in itself. Another person or group of people (sports team) may be seen as an obstacle or a threat that should be knocked out in order to achieve one’s goal. This kind of aggression leads to bloody fights, attacks and hatred for others, in which case a game or a match is only a pretext to release aggression. There exists a deep conviction that violence needs to be systematically prevented from an early age. Violence prevention takes place primarily in the family, peer group and school. First programs of violence prevention should be introduced as early as in the primary school and should focus on developing empathy and the ability to control emotional arousal, learning how to solve problems, as well as acquiring competence in dealing with anger and frustration.
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The article investigates representations of sexual violence in cinema of the independent Slovenia, drawing on the psychoanalytic cinema apparatus theory of the spectatorial gaze, which is constituted as masculine and condones sexual violence. We believe the national institution for financing of film production, the Slovenian Film Fund (1994–2010), functions as a gatekeeper that indirectly influences the content of the films that are made, while cinema itself functions as an ideological state apparatus. Analysis of the film texts shows the ubiquitous motives of rape and sexual violence against women in the cinema of the independent Slovenia function as punishment for promiscuity or other ways of disrespecting the patriarchal order.
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This paper seeks to examine the security issues created in the Philippines following the unfulfilled peace agreement between the Philippines government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). It discusses how the issues facing the southern Philippines today and the increased rate of radicalization is linked to the failure to implement the Comprehensive Agreement on Bangasamoro (CAB). Many factors driving radicalization would be addressed by the CAB and many fighters become radicalized are disillusioned MILF fighters.
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The essay examines the role of dehumanisation in the context of gross human rights violations, especially focusing on the Bosnian War. This psychological manoeuvre exists in every human society, however I argue that it particularly plays a crucial role in the case of mass violence. By stripping away the humanity of a targeted group, the perpetrators in fact lose moral constraints against violence and cruel behaviours toward the dehumanised victims are no longer inhibited. In the following pages, thus, after having provided a working definition of what does it mean to dehumanise, I will briefly investigate how dehumanisation concretely operates in the most atrocious abuses. Consequently I will consider how are the victims affected both at symbolic and physical level, namely in the way they are represented as well as treated. To conclude I will argue that dehumanisation is not a one-way phenomenon: it impacts perpetrators as well, depriving them of their personal agency and empathy and turning them into deathly tools without a will. The aim of this brief research is to suggest that, in the aftermath of mass violence, beside the reconstruction of infrastructures and institutions, also rehumanisation is absolutely necessary to rebuild a society afflicted by interpersonal devastation.
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The idea of possible applicability of critical discourse analysis (CDA) to the study of the human rights language draws on the inseparable character of relationships between language, power and politics. In international politics of last decades human rights have become a globally accessible moral and legal language applied to express universal claims and to measure development. It has been used to legitimise political actions such as external interventions for regime change as well as to counteract cultural practices if they violate the rights of individual persons or reflect gender inequalities. This rhetoric has also served to establish a powerful perspective relating to the present and past collective experiences of injustice, violence or exclusion.
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The so-called “Armenian Genocide” has been known as one sided story, which for the most part has ignored, dismissed, or forgotten facts about the true story behind these claims: Armenian terrorism, insurgency, revolts, treason, territorial demands and the Turkish and other Muslim losses suffered at the hands of Armenian nationalists (Gunter, 2013, Cora 2013). Most of the historians call attention to the point that the facts of the history straggled behind what the reality is due to the politicians, and rancor of the Armenian Diaspora who has been focusing on one aim, acquiring the lands of current Turkish Republic (Erickson, 2013). These issues that should be left over the historians, are being transformed into tools of interests in the handle of the politicians. (Mango, 2006)
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In this paper we are considering the possibility of overcoming the destructive consequences of social conflicts. The destructive consequences of social conflicts are morally condemned and they are the reason social conflicts represent a threat to global peace. One solution to the moral problem that destructivity of social conflicts poses is to eliminate social conflicts and thus to enable world peace. Another solution to the problem is to accept social conflicts as inevitable, which discards the possibility of moral condemnation of social conflicts. We consider both of the approaches in the paper, and we also offer an alternative solution which combines the understanding of the human nature and the nature of society according to which social conflicts are unavoidable and the understanding of the human nature that delineates man as capable of love and empathy.
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Kołyma — biegun zimna i okrucieństwa. „Kraj, z którego się nie wraca”. Kołyma nie jest nazwą oficjalną ani w sensie geograficznym, ani administracyjnym. Pochodzi ona od rzeki Kołymy , mającej swe źródła w południowej części Gór Czerskiego. Długość rzeki wynosi ponad dwa tysiące kilometrów, a wpada ona do Morza Wschodnio-Syberyjskiego (Ocean Lodowaty). Głównym portem u ujścia rzeki Kołymy jest Ambarczik, przez który w latach trzydziestych przepływało w głąb kraju wiele statków z więźniami. Po utknięciu w lodach jednego z nich i zamarznięciu wszystkich ludzi na pokładzie , drogitej zaniechano. Terytorium, które nazywane jest Kołymą, obejmuje nie tylko dolinę rzeki i jej dorzecza, ale cały obszar leżący na wschód od rzeki Jany — aż do Gór Anadyrskich i Płw. Czukockiego.
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Rynek w Szczebrzeszynie — miasteczku na Roztoczu, blisko Zamościa, przed wojną na wpół polskim, wpół żydowskim. To miejsce było milczącym świadkiem drastycznego eksperymentu okupującej teren III Rzeszy: aby oczyścić przestrzeń dla niemieckich kolonistów, próbowano usunąć całą dawną społeczność. Połaków częściowo wysiedlano, Żydów zgładzono. Rynek, przez który potem brutalnie przetoczyła się wojna, stanowił centrum naturalnej współegzystencji Polaków i Żydów. ( Szczebrzeszyn
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