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Comparison of Health Care Results in Public Health Systems of European Countries

Author(s): Viera Pacáková,Pavla Jindrová,David Zapletal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Health of citizens is a precondition for economic prosperity. Ensuring optimal functioning of health systems at limited financial resources of countries and regions is a difficult task. Its solution requires a lot of information that can be obtained only by appropriate analysis of data collected by authorized world, European and national institutions. About the state of public health systems there are collected and published a number of data on the regional, national, EU or OECD countries, continental and the world level. These databases can be used for comparative analyses on health status, risk factors to health, health care resources and utilization, as well as health expenditure and financing. Huge differences in health and healthcare exist between and within countries and regions. The aim of this article is to present the results of application of multivariate comparison statistical methods, regression analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis, which provide an overview of the health care status and public health systems expenditures, various causal relations and regional differences or similarities. This information is essential to the development of national and international health policies for treatment and financial budget of public health systems.

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Hubnutí a chování spojené s jídlem u žen ve vynořující se dospělosti: Zdravotní důsledky a možnosti intervence

Author(s): Carlos A. Almenara,Nicola Kociánová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Ovlivňování váhy je v celosvětovém měřítku multimiliardovým průmyslem. Jeho hodnota byla stanovena na 158 miliard dolarů (Euromonitor International, 2015a), z čehož l2e usuzovat, že ovlivňuje velké množství lidí snažících se hlídat si váhu. Podle sociodemografických dat jsou klíčovou skupinou zákazníků tohoto průmyslu mladé ženy — 40 procent mladých žen si hlídá jídelníček za účelem udržet si svoji váhu (Euromonitor International, 2015c). V této kapitole se pomocí sociokulturního a vývojového přístupu pokusíme vysvětlit fenomén hubnutí během vynořující se dospělosti (od 18 do 29 let). Zároveň zde prezentujeme data z naší studie o chování spojeném s hubnutím u mladých českých žen v tomto období. Nastíníme možné zdravotní důsledky držení diet a hubnutí, na něž navážeme závěry našeho zkoumání a doporučeními pro zákonodárce zabývající se zdravotnictvím a veřejným zdravím.

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Vztah věku, genderu a dispozičního optimismu k chování souvisejícímu se zdravím

Author(s): Iva Burešová,Martin Jelínek,Helena Klimusová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Každý jedinec prochází v průběhu života celou řadou významných změn v mnoha oblastech svého vývoje, které probíhají na kontinuu od postupného růstu až k postupné degradaci, přičemž se jedinec mění nejen po stránce fyzické a psychické, ale významnými změnami prochází i jeho pozice ve společnosti a role v sociálních vztazích. Všechny tyto postupně probíhající změny se s různou mírou intenzity promítají i v uplatňovaném chování souvisejícím se zdravím, přičemž jej mohou ovlivňovat jak v pozitivním, tak i v negativním směru, což se následně odráží na subjektivně vnímaném i objektivně hodnoceném zdravotním stavu každého jedince. Z historického i současného hlediska se u jednotlivých autorů výrazným způsobem liší šíře úhlu pohledu na zdraví, od definic určujících zdraví jako pouhou nepřítomnost nemoci (Brannon, & Feist, 2009) až po velmi široký kontext intervenujících proměnných, v jejichž rámci je zdraví popisováno (Albery, & Munafó, 2008; Rohleder, 2012; Rosen, & Imperato, 2015). I samotná definice zdraví prošla komplikovaným vývojem od čistě biologického vnímání pojmu zdraví přes integraci sociálního a později i psychologického hlediska až k nynějšímu holistickému pojetí, reflektujícímu jak dynamiku vývoje zdravotního stavu v čase (na úrovni ontogeneze jedince i vývoje změn na škále mezi zdravím a nemocí), tak i systémový přístup ke zdraví ve všech jeho stěžejních souvislostech, založený na principech cirkulární kauzality (Egger, 2013).

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HEALTH MANAGEMENT WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE – STUDY OF INSTITUTION AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL

Author(s): Senka Mesihović-Dinarević / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this study was to evaluate the health system in Europe, including a vision of health care in the 21st century, human resource management in health care, doctrinal approaches, the basic tasks of public health, and the main health problems in Europe. The review of the state of health care in our country has been provided. The special emphasis was on the issue of human resource management ie. principles, techniques and problems of management of human resources in health. The activities and processes of importance to business management in the health sector were emphasized as well. The paper points to the openness towards European integration in the areas of health and education, the need for financial, organizational and strategic reconstruction of the health system and education, a stronger connection between educational sector and the health sector and the labor market, with the condition that patient is always in the focus of the health care policy. The second part presents a model for the organization and management of the health system of most vulnerable population: paediatric, age from birth to 18 years, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, during period from 2003 to 2016, which has resulted in health brand, competitive in the Balkan countries as well as on the European market labor, a brand that respects the principles of good medical practice and evidence-based medicine. When institutions invest wisely in human resources: eduction, training its staff, the result is a satisfied and motivated staff, which provides high-quality health services in the country and the region. This institution fully fulfills its mission, contribute to society, providing an excellent healthcare services to population, institution which is recognized and acknowledged in this region by the medical experts.

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DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES IN CENTRAL EUROPE: HEALTH POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE SITUATION IN SWITZERLAND, GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS

Author(s): Klaus Schmeck,Susanne Schlüter-Müller / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Child and adolescent psychiatry is a young medical specialty that is in charge of mentally disturbed children and adolescents and their families. The discipline is in close contact with pediatrics and general psychiatry as well as with psychology, educational sciences and social work. In the core of child and adolescent psychiatry are the developmental perspective and the social psychiatric approach that integrates the family system and other relevant psychosocial systems like school or peer-groups. Developmental psychopathology approaches are the basis of all etiological explanations of child psychiatric disorders. In central Europe, child and adolescent psychiatry has evolved in different ways. Switzerland has the highest concentration of child and adolescent psychiatrists worldwide and, as a consequence, is focused mainly on individual psychotherapeutic approaches. In Germany, the number of child and adolescent psychiatrists has been insufficient for a long period of time so that the approach is more focused on social psychiatry where a child and adolescent psychiatrist leads a team of psychologists, social pedagogues and social workers. In the Netherlands child and adolescent psychiatry is clearly focused on evidenced based medicine, but has been taken out of the medical system in 2015 and has become part of community care together with social work and therapeutic pedagogy. In many Balkan countries child and adolescent psychiatry has a long tradition but the number of child and adolescent psychiatrists is low in comparison to western and central European countries. Currently there are many threats that endanger child and adolescent psychiatry as an independent and powerful medical specialty that is of high relevance to compete the various challenges for children and adolescents in modern societies and especially in societies in transition.

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Posthümanizm, Tıp ve Biyoetik İlişkisi

Author(s): Sadık Toprak / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Transhümanizm ve posthümanizm insanın şu andaki halinden farklılaşacağını, bir tür evrimleşmenin meydana geleceğini iddia etmektedir. Bu evrimleşmenin ise aşamalı olacağı, transhümanizmin sonunda, kaçınılmaz olarak, posthümanizme ulaşacağı bazı transhümanistlerce iddia edilmektedir (Ferrando 2013). Aşağıda örneklerle açıklandığı üzere, söz konusu değişimin anahtarı ise biyoteknolojidir. Biyoteknoloji; bilim ve teknolojinin, insan üzerindeki uygulamalarının birleşme noktası olarak kabul edilebilir (Ferrando 2013).

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Postupanje policije u slučajevima nasilja u porodici

Author(s): Alma Kovačević / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Nasilje u porodici je jedan od osnovnih vidova kršenja ljudskih prava i zato međunarodni standardi za zaštitu ljudskih prava zahtijevaju od država da poduzmu odlučne mjere kako bi osigurale odgovornost počinioca i zaštitile žrtve. Pojava nasilja u porodici predstavlja veliki društveni problem i kao takav zahtijeva maksimalnu uključenost svih vladinih i nevladinih institucija. U ovom poglavlju će se razmatrati intervencija policije i njeno postupanje po prijavi nasilja u porodici, sa kratkim osvrtom na situaciju u doba pandemije COVID-19.

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Zaključna razmatranja i preporuke

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Priručnik: Postupanje službi podrške i pravosuđa u predmetima nasilja u porodici tokom pandemije COVID-19: osvrt stručnjaka je publikacija koja je namijenjena stručnjacima u sistemu zaštite, nosiocima pravosudnih funkcija i policiji. U postupanju u predmetima nasilja u porodici ove službe su neraskidivo povezane i Priručnik to nedvojbeno pokazuje. Autori i autorice Priručnika u svojim tekstovima daju osvrt na izazove i nejasnoće u postupanju u slučajevima nasilja u porodici koju donose nerijetko neujednačene stručne prakse i tumačenja zakona. Priručnik daje doprinos stručnoj zajednici u cilju ujednačavanja praksi, postupanja u skladu sa zakonom, te adekvatnijem korištenju resursa u zaštiti osoba izloženih nasilju ali i sankcionisanju počinitelja.

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Psihološka trauma silovanja

Author(s): Heather Huhtanen / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Silovanje spada u kategoriju visoko intenzivnih traumatskih događaja, odnosno događaja koji su izvan granica uobičajenog ljudskog iskustva i koji su izrazito neugodni svim ljudima, a posebno djeci. Prema petom izdanju Dijagnostičkog i statističkog priručnika za duševne poremećaje – DSM-5, traumatski događaji uključuju izravnu i neizravnu izloženost stvarnoj ili prijetećoj smrti, ozbiljnom ozljeđivanju ili seksualnom nasilju. Ovakvi događaji tako jako čovjeka izbacuju iz njegove „životne ravnoteže“ da mu je iznimno teško ponovno je uspostaviti. Traumatski događaji mogu biti jednokratni, ali i ponavljajući. To su događaji koji su izrazito teški i koji kod svake izložene osobe neminovno dovode do psihičkog stanja koje se naziva psihološka trauma. Intenzitet i trajnost psihološke traume nije isti za svaku osobu. Naime, jačina i intenzitet traumatske reakcije, kao i dužina njenog trajanja određeni su individualnom kognitivnom procjenom takvih događaja. Prema tome, kod nekih osoba traumatska reakcija može biti teža i dalekosežnija, dok kod drugih može biti manjeg intenziteta i trajnosti. Silovanje, kao jedno od najtraumatičnijih iskustava, rezultira dugoročnijim i dalekosežnijim posljedicama u odnosu na druge oblike traumatskih iskustava. Naime, pored fizičkog napada koji za sobom vuče mogućnost zdravstvenih rizika vezanih uz zarazu HIV-om te spolno prenosive bolesti i neželjenu trudnoću, silovanje narušava intimne i psihološke granice žrtve. Dakle, psihosocijalne posljedice silovanja često su teže i dalekosežnije od trenutnih fizičkih efekata ove vrste nasilja.

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Posebne vulnerabilnosti žrtava krivičnog djela silovanja

Author(s): Majda Halilović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Na temelju primjera i istraživanja predstavljenih u poglavlju četiri, ovo poglavlje razmatra vulnerabilnosti žrtava i percepciju ranjivosti koja proizlazi iz kombinacije rodne nejednakosti s drugim društvenim i ličnim karakteristikama i preprekama zbog kojih učinioci smatraju da će imati lakši pristup potencijalnim žrtvama ili da ove osobe neće imati kapacitet da prijave silovanje i seksualni napad, ili da će im prijavljivanje biti onemogućeno. Grupe o kojima govorimo u ovom poglavlju jesu osobe koje su najčešće izložene višestrukoj diskriminaciji zbog toga što su žene, osobe sa invaliditetom, pripadnice manjinskog naroda, izbjeglice ili migranti. I kada su ohrabrene da prijave djelo, ove osobe su često izložene dodatnom preispitivanju, dvostrukim predrasudama i nepovjerenju.

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The Psychological Trauma of Rape

Author(s): Heather Huhtanen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Rape is in a category of highly intense traumatic events that so exceed the limits of common human experience as to be exceptionally horrific for all people, especially children. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), traumatic events include those involving direct and indirect exposure to death or threats of death, serious injury, or sexual violence. These events are extremely difficult and imminently result in the psychological condition called psychological trauma. These events may be isolated or recurring, and can so severely disturb the “life balance” of an individual that they have difficulty ever finding it again.

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Special Vulnerabilities of Rape Victims

Author(s): Majda Halilović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In order to best deliver justice to victims of rape and sexual violence, judges must understand their real vulnerabilities, as well as perceptions of vulnerability that arise from a combination of gender inequality and other social and personal characteristics of a victim and make them targets of perpetrators. These factors lead perpetrators to believe they will have easy access to the victim, or that the victim will not have the capacity to report the assault or will be prevented from reporting. Among the groups discussed in this context below are some of the people most frequently exposed to multiple layers of discrimination – because they are women, disabled, members of a minority community, refugees, and/or migrants. Even when they report a rape, these individuals are often exposed to additional review, double prejudice, and distrust.

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The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Romanian Tourist Sector

Author(s): Cristina Ioana Balint / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Tourism is considered one of the most important economic sectors, due to its multiple roles, namely: economic, social, cultural, educational and political role. The tourism also is considered to be one of the most important sectors for supporting and developing a country’s economic through the fact that people have traveled for a long period of time and still continue to do it also nowadays more often. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused several global damages and has spread rapidly, affecting all the sectors, and especially the tourism one. The development of this sector is closely linked to the ability of people to travel, which is why the restrictions imposed by the authorities for stopping the virus to spread, have reduced seriously the evolution of the tourism. The purpose of this paper is to reflect the effects of the pandemic on the Romanian tourism, and, at the same time, to highlight the relevance and the sensibility of this sector crisis events. This article analyzes the situation of the tourism in Romania, both in the pre-pandemic period and during it, following the number of international arrivals and the tourism receipts, but also the evolution of the establishments of tourist reception with accommodation functions. The data provided by the World Tourism Organization (UNTWO), World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank and the National Institute of Statistics (INS) were used in order to observe the impact of the pandemic on the Romanian tourism, and the research was based on the analysis and interpretation of the obtained data. As a conclusion, in the end, the effects of the pandemic and the impact that the possible crisis situations have on the Romanian touristic sector can be observed.

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Divergențe jurisprudențiale în materia formularului digital de intrare în țară, ca mijloc de prevenire a expunerii persoanelor la Covid-19

Author(s): Andrei-Radu Dincă,Ioana-Anamaria Filote-Iovu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In the present study, the authors aim to highlight the successive legislative changes implemented in domestic law in the context of the introduction of the digital entry form, in order to combat the effects of Covid-19 pandemic. The authors also present the differences in judicial practice in the application of specific legislation, aimed at determining the territorial jurisdiction to resolve cases having as object a contraventional complaint, by reference to successive amendments to the law, on the the relevant moment for establishing the competence and the legal consequences resulting from these legislative changes. Finally, the authors aim to offer some solutions arising from the analysis of the identified jurisprudential problems.

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Modificării ale legislației muncii determinate de criza sanitară din ultimii doi ani

Author(s): Dan Ţop,Ana Maria Alexandra Iancu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Legislative changes in the last two years, largely due to the pandemic that has swept society as a whole, have also affected the classic development of labor relations. Law no. 55/2020 on some measures to prevent and combat the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, in section 3 (art. 16 - 31) established a series of measures to adequately protect labor relations. Measures were needed to protect the workplace even after the end of the state of emergency, in order to avoid the precarious state of the employees generated by the post-pandemic problems. All the changes that labor legislation has undergone have taken into account the highest possible protection of employees by establishing a new workplace culture in terms of interrelationships and health protection.

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Criza sanitară - un exercițiu impus de flexibilizare a raporturilor de muncă. Observații critice și propuneri de lege ferenda pe marginea Legii nr. 81/2018 privind reglementarea activității de telemuncă

Author(s): Corina Mihaela Marcu-Şiman / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The present study aims to analyse, from legal perspective, the impact of technological development on working relationships. The benefit of teleworking has been unequivocally proven during the COVID-19 pandemic. The legal pre-existing frame represented by Law no. 81/2018 regarding teleworking has proven its practical utility, but also its limitations and vulnerable points, which claims for immediate improvement. Therefor, this study includes both criticism and de Lege ferenda propositions concerning Law no. 81/2018.

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Cultura și patrimoniul cultural în era crizelor globale

Author(s): Mirel-Sorin Ivan / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

We live in an era of big changes and large-scale crises. Against the background of globalization, digitalization and hyper-pragmatization of existence, civilization is undergoing major transformations and evolutions, under such concepts as: ‘post-truth’, ‘post-culture’, ‘post-religion’, ‘post-humanism’, etc. In a broad sense, the notion of ‘post-culture’ can also define the decline of culture in the conditions of the world’s prevalent orientation towards material values and consumerism, under the pressure of an exacerbated pragmatism. At the same time, we are going through a time of big crises, successive or simultaneous: regional conflicts, increasing tensions among the great powers, the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, new epidemics threatening humanity, growing economic crises, etc. The pandemic drastically limited the access to culture, events, exhibitions, shows, archeological sites, etc. for two years. Wars endanger cultural goods, cause their degradation or destruction, also providing a framework for illicit operations. Economic crises, paroxysmal increases in costs overshadow the field of culture in terms of priority and importance. All these processes and global evolutions have an impact in the Romanian space as well, affecting culture and the national cultural heritage. Culture, deeply linked to education, is the means of building the individual spiritually, intellectually and morally, and the cultural heritage remains the background of a civilization’s spirituality, the framework of a people’s identity values in the concert of European and global diversity. Beyond crises and pandemics, culture and the legal protection of cultural heritage must remain a priority for every state. In the Romanian legal system, access to culture is a fundamental right enshrined in the Constitution.

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Protecția drepturilor fundamentale în Uniunea Europeană în timpul crizei sanitare generate de Covid-19

Author(s): Daniel - Mihail Şandru / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Fundamental rights in the European Union, including Romania, are a sensitive point in the action of the European organization, its leaders and the representatives of the Member States during a period of crisis, which has not yet ended. The European Union guarantees the highest level of respect for human rights by establishing the Charter of Fundamental Rights, a document with legal force of Treaties, yet limited in its scope. The study aims to substantiate the possibilities for interpretation and application of specific human rights rules in the European Union, by referring to the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union which adds to the document and other sources, such as general principles of Union law or the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. This multitude of institutions, agencies and offices as well as sources related to the protection of fundamental rights raises the issue of their observance in a borderline situation, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. Although the crisis has not ended at this time, the most important moments seem to have taken place: the imposition of traffic restrictions - on people and goods -, the purchase of medical equipment or the financing of vaccine discovery research and their purchase. The study examines the legal implications of the health crisis by sampling them, starting from the observance of its own rules by the Union institutions, in particular regarding the decision-making transparency of the European Commission, regulation by documents without binding legal force (soft law), especially by recommendations issued by the Commission European or measures taken to restore the free movement of persons.

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Dinamica măsurilor provizorii ale Curții Europene a Drepturilor Omului în perioada crizei sanitare 2020-2022

Author(s): Alina Gentimir / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The paper focuses on the scope of the interim measures requested by persons under the jurisdiction of Council of Europe member states during a health crisis. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights shows three types of requests for interim measures. Given the large number of complaints concerning the violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights relating to conditions of detention and ineffective measures to prevent the spread of Covid virus, many of the provisional measures concerned the same positive obligation of the State as the corresponding fund. Article 3, but also that of Article 5 of the European Convention. The second category of interim measures concerned variants of violation of Articles 8 and 9 of the European Convention, requiring action on compulsory vaccination schemes for certain categories of civil servants. Last but not least, the use of green certificates has been a concern for those who have decided to apply to the Strasbourg court for interim measures. The prudent position of the European Court of Human Rights was in line with the dynamics of restrictive measures imposed in the context of the health crisis at both international and national level. The balance between justified restrictions on the protection of collective interests and the failure to ensure the effective functioning of the essential systems of states and civil society in the medium and long term must be the mainstay of the main European and national human rights mechanisms.

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Necesitatea optimizării confidențialității și protecției datelor cu caracter personal prelucrate de către asociațiile de proprietari în contextul efectelor pandemice

Author(s): Marius Catalin Mitrea / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic represents the cause that has determined in the contemporary society more changes of mentalities, mechanisms, paradigms, customs, legal norms. By penetrating almost all domains, in a measure directly proportional to the degree of international interconnectivity and social flow, the influence of the pandemic ultimately led either to the cessation of ongoing activities or to their optimization by digitization, both having as purpose the limitation of the viral spread. Of course, digitization can be the solution, but all the changes listed at the beginning of the exposure cannot be made in a uniform and coordinated way, nor with the same degree of progress and success. Left in the external sphere of decision-makers 'concerns regarding digitalization, the owners' associations coexist, based on Law 196/2018, a new law, in the old spirit. A law that does not provide the possibility of organizing General Assemblies in a secure hybrid system, which does not explicitly provide for the exercise of the agreements of the owners in electronic format, thus remained the "classic" custom of expression, door to door, based on a table in physical format. A law that does not provide for the possibility of electronic information of the owners regarding the convocations of the General Assemblies (but only based on a convening table or by physical mail, by registered letter), and which does not regulate the way of ensuring confidentiality and data protection in specific activities (correspondence, nominal agreement tables, maintenance lists, processing log, video surveillance, etc.). In this scientific approach, we will identify the practical needs of the owners' associations in 2022 and we will formulate proposals for legislative changes to ensure both the achievement of optimal operational capabilities, implementable even in crisis situations, and optimizing the confidentiality of data protection processed in current activities, by virtue of their assets necessary for the proper functioning.

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