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The article is focused on the study of the family image in the mass consciousness of the Belarusians. The main indicators of family stereotypes in Belarus are analyzed in the paper. Among them are the following: attitudes and factors that influence reproductive behavior; the attitude of Belarusians towards traditional and non-traditional forms of family relations; intergenerational and gender relations within the family; experience of living in a “civil” (unregistered) marriage; attitude towards the activities carried out by state bodies within the frame of family policy. A detailed sociological analysis with the identification of socio-demographic and territorial specifics was given to each of the revealed «markers».
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The family in Western Europe and North America has undergone multiple transformations since its theorization by Parsons in the 1950s. From now on, the ideal of conjugality is gender equality. Its formulation was made possible, thanks to the mobilization of the feminist movement, by the recognition of women’s right to control their own fertility in the 1970s. It is this ideal of conjugality that presided over the legalization of same-sex marriage during the 2000s. Since then, the axis of common family law is filiation not marriage. Today, it is the child who should be at the heart of the new family law, but the legislator (for example, in Quebec or France) is slow to materialize this major transformation in the construction of the contemporary family.
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Based on empirical data from a sociological study conducted in April and May 2019, the article analyzes the structure of socio-economic and perceived parameters of quality of life. The research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The article using the factor analysis revealed the typological structure of the values of the adult population of Russia. It is shown that it remains predominantly “materialistic” (according to R. Inglehart). The most significant is the value of patriotism, and it has a twofold nature - active patriotism and warlike patriotism, each of which expresses a different understanding of love for the motherland. The high importance of family and material wealth remains. The role of “post-materialist” values is insignificant. The author defined the state of such parameters of the perceived quality of life as physical activity, the importance of physical issues in restricting life activity, the state of mental health, the significance of emotional issues in restricting life activity, the volume of subjective pain sensations, the general state of health, vitality, and social activity. The nature of their change in the 21st century, from 2002 to 2020, is shown. The nature of the relationship between the state of socio-economic and perceived components of the quality of life is determined.
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A child’s hearing impairment is a challenge for parents. Thanks to early diagnosis, parents can decide to treat and support the development of a deaf child already from infancy. The surdopedagogical literature mainly focuses on the role of the mother in the development of such a child, her experiences, as well as the effects of deafness on her functioning. The present article offers a review of Polish and foreign literature on fatherhood with a deaf child and aims to show the researchers’ interest areas in paternity in relation to a child with hearing impairment, including: the importance of the father’s presence in the life of a deaf child, the role of the father, his commitment to care, paternal/parental stress and its effects on the whole family, a sense of efficiency and coherence in fathers, coping with problems, social support, mental health disorders in fathers. Finally, the paper proposes postulates for further research on the fatherhood of deaf children.
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Paternity to a deaf child is a big challenge, while the attention of researchers and practitioners focuses mainly on the experiences and role of the mother. Therefore, the increasing number of scientific reports on the experiences of the father in this situation, his paternal role and the importance of his involvement in the upbringing of the child should be noted with appreciation. The article presents the results of 14 fathers’ research by means of a diagnostic survey using a self-assessment questionnaire and M. Ziemska’s Parents’ Questionnaire. On the basis of the research results it can be concluded that fathers of deaf children understand paternity as a responsibility for the child and a duty to meet its needs; they evaluate themselves as good fathers; most of them try to support the development of their child by participating in its everyday activities, rehabilitation, important life events and instilling the hierarchy of values, but they attribute to their wife a much greater role in the child’s everyday life and in supporting it emotionally; they perceive their child with hearing loss as independent, yet in need of more care and attention than a child with hearing loss; fathers differ in parental attitudes, some adopt an attitude of over-abundance, control and helplessness, half of them with an attitude of distance. Undoubtedly, fathers, like the rest of the family (or rather the family as a system), require various forms of help and support, including psychological support.
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The aim of the study is to outline the similarities and differences in fertility intentions of the contemporary young generations in Bulgaria. The analysis is focused on the people in reproductive age belonging to different social groups defined by ethnicity, education, social origin etc. Data from European Social Survey-2010 are used. This wave of the survey includes а question about fertility intentions in the near future (next three years). Based on these data a descriptive analysis of the similarities and differences in fertility intentions among the respondents from different social groups defined by gender, age, marital status, ethnicity and education was done. Descriptive statistical analysis as well as two logistic regression models in which the significance of the social differences among the respondents are applied. The results show that age, marital status, number of children, ethnicity, education and health status have strong differentiating effect on individuals’ intentions of having a child in near future.
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The present study aims at analyzing the changes in the cohort fertility models and the dynamics of their major characteristics. The analysis spans 40 generations of women born in the period 1930-1970 and having completed their reproductive cycle as well as generations still in fertile age as of the study completion date. The study used data on the cohort fertility in Bulgaria until 2009 available from the Human Fertility Database and subsequently new data on the completed and cumulative cohort fertility at age 40 was calculated. For this purpose, the distributions of women by generation, age and parity were reconstructed for the period 2009-2019 and their age-specific cohort fertility rates were calculated: both total and according to the rank of the children born. The dynamics of the completed cohort fertility indicators shows a clear trend towards a decrease in the fertility of the generations of women considered. The process of declining of secondrank births began among the generations of the 1950s while in first-rank births, albeit less, the decline began among the generations of the 1960s. The most noticeable is the change in the agespecific fertility patterns of first and second rank observed in the generations of the 1970s when the process of births postponement is assumed to have been starting. The births of younger fertile ages decrease and the births of the higher ages increased and were especially visible in the generations of women born in the mid-1970s showing a process of recovery of some of the postponed births for those generations of women.
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In this article I use the socialist concept “happy childhood” and the popular after the end of socialism notion “carefree childhood” to analyze state policies in relation to socialist children’s happiness and their subjective experiences. By focusing on the memories of then children of their summer vacations I aim to show that the organized holydays in summer camps as part of the project of “happy childhood” are remembered with ambivalent feelings, while vacations spent in grandma’s (and grandpa’s) village house are saturated with positive meanings and are constructed as the most “carefree” time of childhood. Thus, it can be argued that socialist state attempts to remove children’s happiness from their home and family by creating organized public spaces for that purpose were not especially successful, as far as summer camps were concerned. Instead, today’s adults construct grandma’s (and grandpa’s) house in the village as a parallel territory of happiness during their childhood years where under “adult care and in full freedom” they spent a large portion of their summer vacations.
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The article tries to show the development of the concept of the good of spouses, its formation in the jurisprudence of the Tribunal of Roman Rota and its breadth, which appears in the apostolic exhortation of Amoris laetitia. Exhortation is a pastoral document that aims to show the spouses the beauty and breadth of goodness, to which they are called upon by the Creator, and to excite them to reach the maximum. The concept of good of spouses in jurisprudence is, on the contrary, minimalist, trying to define the minimum of mutual love necessary for the validity of the marital union. However, it can be expected, that the breadth of the good of spouses, expressed in Amoris laetitia, will affect the concept of good of spouses in canon law.
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The article raises the issues of social activity aimed at supporting families. In particular, reference is made to the classic concepts of political models of the state organized according to the principles of liberalism, socialism and socliberalism as the middle ground between the first two. On the foundation of political assumptions, proposals are built of model family support arranged in three different circumstances of state governance. Three respective models of family support are outlined, which refer to the liberal, socialist and socliberal assumptions. Each of the models is discussed, i.e. the incentive, the caring, and the partnership model. The concept of family support models can be a tool for the analysis of real models which are applied today in the countries with a family policy in place. It is the product of many years of research conducted in countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, England and the United States.
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Procesy demograficzne, tj. wydłużanie się czasu trwania życia i wzrost odsetka seniorów w ogólnej populacji, przyczyniają się i stają się impulsem do tego, że funkcjonowanie osób starszych staje się coraz częściej przedmiotem analiz badawczych. Celem artykułu uczyniono zobrazowanie przekonań osób będących w różnych fazach dorosłości na temat funkcjonowania osób starszych w rodzinie, z uwzględnieniem różnic w percepcji pomiędzy młodzieżą szkolną i akademicką. Główny problem badawczy brzmi: Jakie są przekonania osób będących w różnych fazach dorosłości na temat funkcjonowania osób starszych w rodzinie i czy istnieją różnice w tym zakresie pomiędzy młodzieżą szkolną i akademicką? Zastosowano narzędzie w postaci kwestionariusza ankiety autorstwa A. Kanios, M. Czechowskiej-Bielugi, A. Weissbrot-Koziarskiej, R. Krawczyk, P. Zielińskiej. Przeprowadzono badania wśród 1084 uczniów i studentów z 9 polskich województw (opolskiego, śląskiego, podlaskiego, dolnośląskiego, lubelskiego, świętokrzyskiego, mazowieckiego, małopolskiego, podkarpackiego). Badania pozwoliły ukazać przekonania młodzieży licealnej i akademickiej na temat osób starszych w perspektywie familiologicznej.
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In her article, the author focuses on the issue of guaranteeing the right of defence in proceedings for nullity of marriage before a church court. With regard to salvation of souls, which belongs to the purposes of every trial before a church court, the truth about marriage (veritas matrimonii) must be ascertained. That is why the lawmaker so consistently protects the right of the parties to the defence. This allows judges to gain an objective view of the marriage at issue and the moral certainty in order to decide the case.
More...Vancáková, Soňa Keď rodina trpí. Pomoc, podpora a sprevádzanie Košice: Equilibria, 2020. 120 p. ISBN 978-80-8143-270-5
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Objective: Maintaining healthcare services consumption as needed during a pandemic crisis is important, in general, and specifically for older adults. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine factors associated with experiences related to healthcare services among Israeli older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 261 older adults (aged 60+). Participants completed measures of perceived health status, COVID-19 perceived risk, knowledge about COVID-19, depression, coping resources, experiences with healthcare services (contact with a family physician, fear of contracting the virus via direct contact with the healthcare system). Two multiple regressions were calculated for the following dependent variables: contact with a family physician during COVID-19, and fear of contracting the virus via direct contact with the healthcare system during COVID-19. Results: Older adults’ contact with a family physician during COVID-19 was lower than their contact prior to the pandemic. A higher extent of contact with a family physician during COVID-19 was related to higher knowledge about COVID-19. In addition, a higher extent of fear of contracting the virus via direct contact with the health system during COVID-19 was related to lower years of education, higher COVID-19 perceived risk, and lower knowledge about COVID-19. Conclusions: The results could provide public health policymakers with a more complete picture of the impact of the COVID-19 crisis among older adults. This study highlights the characteristics and factors that encourage/discourage older adults from seeking healthcare services during a virus outbreak, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The Covid-19 epidemic has most affected old people, not those who live at home – but those in old age homes. In Slovenia, as many as four-fifths of those deceased in the epidemic were residents of these institutions. The analysis shows that the essential moment of infection is institutionality, not age, that it is in this sense almost an institutional epidemic. The make-up of total institutions presents a significantly higher risk of transmission of infection – due to increased human concentration and increased frequency of contacts, but also because of the institutional structure and ethos, which objectify residents and deprive residents of the power of action. The deceased residents can be seen as (passive) victims not only of the virus, but also of the institutional nature of the organisation of care (prevailing in Slovenia). This was neglected in the debate so far, the measures introduced did not allow transfer to community care, which would provide residents with the level of safety comparable to the population at large, such services allowing a greater degree of self-isolation and control of contacts. The deceased residents are victims of a delay in deinstitutionalisation and in introduction of a potent, community based long-term care. These are the pressing tasks for the future, if we are to ensure at least safety for old people, and with it a life worth living.
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Demographic aging, which is increasingly becoming a reality in the Republic of North Macedonia, brings challenges for the development of appropriate social services, according to the needs of the elderly, but also the need to acquire and deepen the knowledge of professionals who provide these services. All this is imposed as a need for one purpose and that is to meet the needs of the elderly. The professional development of social protection professionals in the Republic of North Macedonia is part of a comprehensive process that seeks to follow European trends for continuous professional development. However, the fact that the development of social services for the elderly in North Macedonia follows experiences increased dynamics in recent years, and is expected to develop faster with the reformed social protection system from 2019, imposes the need to study the knowledge whereby professionals enter the provision of social services, as well as the need to expand and deepen them. This paper is aimed at studying the knowledge of professionals who provide social services to the elderly, and the results of quantitative research conducted with professionals, indicate the need to strengthen them during vocational education and the process of continuous professional development.
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This article explains the relationship between practices of marriage and family partnership and fatherhood and discursive self-referential identities. Self-reference of identity is considered as a way of self-expression of one’s personality in interpersonal relationships.The task is to comprehend the post-modern filling content of the studied practices, where the discursive of the self-referential identity plays a key role. The above, according to the author, allows to explain the social transition of the institutional foundations of the family and the diversification of social reality.The practices of marital and family partnership and parenthood reproduce the intentional meaningful motives of the subjects of practice and reveal the distinctive identities in them. According to the results of the analysis, there is a multidimensionality of studies, which proves the importance of clarifying both the reasons for their transformation and the social effect of their transformations.The “grounded theory” method was chosen to comprehend and select the tools for cognizing the studied practices as objects of analysis. The expediency of choosing a method is argued by the fact that data on nuclear categories are structured and elements that fit the goals of theoretical validation are built.A description of explicit models of self-referential identities is given, the functioning of which in the studied practices indicates the destruction of normativity. The essence of the transition of the institutional foundations of the family and the diversification of social reality is revealed.It is concluded that the paradigmatic transformation of the practice of marriage and family partnership and paternity significantly affects the structuring of sociality.
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The article focuses on the question how maintenance costs impact the potential resettlement of elderly people into suitable accommodation units. In Slovenia, more than 80 percent of households own their own homes, and among these more than 60 percent of owners are over 65 years of age. The main instrument used to measure their opinions was a questionnaire which 471 participants over 65 years of age were asked to complete. The main conclusion is that despite high maintenance costs, Slovenian participants would not sell their property under any circumstances, not even in return for a better-quality living environment. Their attachment to the environment in which they live is extremely high. They prefer to solve problems related to maintaining rather than moving to a more suitable home or environment. We explain this to be due to their strong social affiliation to the micro-environment, strong intergenerational attachment, and the reluctance of Slovenians to migrate.
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Epidemics have always posed a great danger to mankind, both in terms of their unpredictable outbreaks and huge human losses. The most dangerous disease which decimated the population in the past centuries was certainly plague, also known in literature as the black death. Nothing less dangerous was cholera, which was a disease of urban centres, transmitted by use of contaminated water. This paper examines the development of the healthcare system in Serbia, and methods of struggle against the cholera epidemic in the 19th century. The main emphasis is placed on the attempts of Serbian officials to prevent the cholera epidemic in Serbia in 1892. It was ascertained that the official authorities in the earlier decades gained significant experience and applied highly efficacious means to suppress this pernicious enemy. The mass disinfection of sanitary blocks, and fast tracing and isolation of the diseased helped successfully avoid the danger of the outbreak of a mass cholera epidemic in Serbia. This significant result of the modest sanitary system of the Kingdom of Serbia was all the more important given the tragic experiences of those countries where cholera flared into a mass and unfettered infection, such as Russia and bigger towns of Germany.
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