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The Making of Immigration Policies in Turkey: An analysis of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection Drafting Process

Author(s): Deniz Eroğlu Utku / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Although Turkey has been an important immigration and asylum country (see Kale, 2005; Kaya, 2009, 2012; Kirisci, 1996, 2002, 2003, 2007) as well as a transit county (Sahin-Mencutek, 2012) in the region, the legal infrastructure to deal with the migration subject has been somewhat poor . This field has been governed by piecemeal legislations, and this lack of primary legislation, which covers both rights and responsibilities has been indicated as one of the reasons for decreasing the level of protection given to refugees and asylum seekers (Amnesty International, 2009). When we come to 2011, it is possible to see a remarkable development in the field of asylum seekers, although negotiations with the EU remained in deadlock. In 2011, The Law on Foreigners and International Protection in Turkey (No. 6458) was drafted and it was approved by Parliament on 4 April 2013.1 This was an innovative movement in the history of Turkish migration policies because it was the first comprehensive law to cover both foreigners and those who need international protection.

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Turkish women in Alsace: Language maintenance and shift in negotiating integration

Author(s): Feray J. Baskin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

European political themes in the 21st century are overwhelmingly dominated by concerns about the nature of national identity, the role of Islam in democratic society, and the impact of immigrants and their descendants on the perceived cultural homogeneity among the majority of EU countries (Modood, 2013; Meer & Modood 2013; Joppke, 2007; Crul et al., 2012; Akgönül, 2009). The immigration policies of the European Union have been critical towards immigrant populations in the sense that policies have been inconsistent and heavily focused on assimilationist processes.

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The Impact of Mass Migrations on Immigration Policy of Turkey

Author(s): Özlen Çelebi,Özlem Pehlivan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey is believed to pursue a nation building process with migrations since it was established. There is consensus in the literature on this. On the other hand, migration flows have always occurred in/through Anatolia, where Turkey is located, due to its geographical location. However, Turkey has tried to manage migration influxes with separate laws and directives. But, mass influxes have induced Turkey to make a comprehensive legislation changes and eventually to establish necessary institutions to implement those new regulations. In this study, Turkish laws, regulations and directives managing migration to Turkey and existing institutions/institutional structures are examined.

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Deportation of Foreigners in Turkey: What Has Changed After the Law On Foreigners and International Protection and the Creation of the Directorate General of Migration Management? Evidence from Kocaeli

Author(s): Ali Haydar Soysüren,Kuvvet Lordoğlu,İbrahim Soysüren / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Historically, the deportation of foreigners has been considered as an indispensable tool by the nation states firstly for the construction of their “imagined communities” (Anderson, 2006) and then for the implementation of their migration policies. In this regard, Turkey has not been an exception. As it is rapidly trasnforming into a country of immigration, the deportation of foreigners has become an essential tool of this country’s immigration policies .

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Emigration Policy in the PostConstitutional Period (1908-1914)

Author(s): Meryem Günaydın / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The emigration from the Ottoman Empire to America from the 1820s to 1914 became a long-time matter with a history of about 80-90 years. Immigration to America from Anatolia, Rumelia, and the Arab provinces continued intensely from the last 30-35 years of the Ottoman Empire. In the period after the proclamation of the Second Constitution, not only wealthy and skilled artisans and craftsmen but also unskilled workers and peasants’ participation in this immigration. The immigration movements to America occurred in groups of 3-4 people or 5-10 people. A mass immigration was out of question. It took place on a voluntary basis. Apart from various reasons according to the information revealed in the archive documents and memoirs, these immigrations usually occurred due to economic conditions and forcing factor brought about by the military obligation.

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Turkey’s Policy on Employment of Syrian Refugees and its Impact on the Turkish Labour Market

Author(s): Cihan Kızıl / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The war in Syria is one of the worst humanitarian crisis of our time, with millions of people forced into refugee status in neighbouring countries. In addition, at least 470,000 Syrians have died in this conflict and Syria has lost 29.8 per cent of its HDI value in 2015 compared to 2010 (SCPR, 2016, p.17). As the immediate neighbour, Turkey has responded to this humanitarian crisis, declaring a temporary protection regime for Syrian asylum-seekers and setting up 26 camps where 267,000 people are currently staying. The country already struggles to cope with nearly 3 million Syrian refugees, and this number may rise further following the agreement to stop Syrian refugees from flooding into the EU.

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RESTRICTIVE ASYLUM POLICIES AND REFLECTIONS IN THE LABOUR MARKET: THE CASES OF ITALY AND TURKEY

Author(s): Anita C. Butera,Secil Ertorer / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Introduction The term globalization has been a main topic of political and academic debate since late 1980s. Broadly speaking, globalization refers to free movement of goods, service and people in an integrated manner; referred as coming all countries together. One of the main characteristics of globalization is the increase in migratory flows of people as a result of political, economic, or environmental causes as well as easier access to information, means of travel and communication.

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WHOSE DIASPORA? RETHINKING DIASPORA POLITICS: CHINA’S OVERSEAS CHINESE ENGAGEMENT IN TRANSNATIONAL SPACES

Author(s): Carsten Schäfer / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In recent years, migration studies have increasingly started to draw attention to diaspora strategies pursued by nation states. Indeed, diaspora policies are becoming a common phenomenon in the globalized world: Large sending states such as China long have developed policies intended to embrace and control “their diaspora”. Using the example of Chinese migrants in Austria, this article focusses on China’s policies towards overseas Chinese and the complex transnational environments in which they unfold and evolve: How are these policies put into practice? And what actors exert influence on these processes? The mixed-method approach of this study is based on a qualitative content analysis of two Chinese language weeklies in Austria (Europe Weekly, hereafter: EW, and the Huaxinbao, HXB), of the Austrian Chinese internet forums www.achina.at (AC) and www.outuo.net (OT), as well as of Chinese state media. Included into the analysis are articles and postings that focus on activities of overseas Chinese organizations (mainly in Austria), on meetings between Chinese migrants and Chinese state officials, as well as on China’s overseas Chinese strategies. In addition, the analysis includes a critical interpretation and analysis of official Chinese documents, official statements by Chinese politicians, teaching materials for Chinese cadres, official publications on China’s diaspora politics, as well as of Chinese language research conducted in China.

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Identity Struggle in Post-Socialist City: Re-Imagineering Belgrade, Remodelling Skopje

Author(s): Nebojša Čamprag / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

More than two decades after the collapse of the communist system, most of the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have completed their transition to market-oriented democratic societies. CEE countries have generally shown diverse rates within the process of post-socialist transition, in addition to them not following the same dynamics observed during the forceful imposition of the socialist system after the World War II . Coupled with profound political and economic reforms, the transition process has also influenced the means and dynamics of spatial transformations in the region. Amongst the most prominent cases highlighting these issues are the successor states of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), which are further challenged by the particularly complex socio-political issues. These independent nation states have for decades been under the influence of socialist planning and modernist functionalism that fundamentally transcended national boundaries and local specificities. Thus, the complex post-conflict recovery process driven by a neoliberal agenda is one of the last remaining common characteristics amongst these countries.

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Domestication as Pacification: Public Space Design in Post-Soviet Countries

Author(s): Jacopo Leveratto / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2008, a group of young artists led by Stefan Rusu and Vladimir Us and supported by the Oberliht Association and the European Cultural Foundation pioneered an original intervention for the rehabilitation of a dilapidated esplanade located in front of the Council’s Department of Culture in Chişinău, the capital of Moldova. The efforts started with the idea of building a new urban identity for a civic area that was formerly dominated by representations of power or advertising, to restore the sense of a real public space that could be different from the one imposed by the central government. The group, then, studied a permanent installation meant to represent both a catalyst for the artistic events of the city and a trigger for active processes of social engagement, using the only typology of participated public space that could be symbolically recognisable by the citizens, namely the domestic one.

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The Post-socialist City and the Revaluation of Public Space. Case Study Velenje

Author(s): Daniel Grünkranz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This text discusses the revaluation of the public space of the so-called post-socialist city by the example of the town of Velenje. Velenje is located in the northeast of Slovenia and has 33.000 inhabitants. Once a small market place, belonging to the vast Habsburg Empire, Velenje became a major industrial hub after the Second World War and a regional economic centre of the newly founded Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. At the same time a new Velenje emerged. Today, after Slovenia's independence a quarter of a century ago, the town stands out as an example of modernist town planning of the socialist period in East and Southeast Europe. Velenje is currently promoted both as an important business location and as a tourist destination emphasising its heritage as a modernist model city. The transition from socialism to market economy has been accompanied by a revaluation of Velenje's modernist architecture and design of public space. This is evident in processes of aestheticisation and reorganisation. On the one hand, the built environment is now associated with a different system of meaning. On the other hand, parts of the public space of Velenje have been reorganised. The effective redesign and reprogramming of a vast pedestrian zone in the centre of the town serve the production of a different form of publicness in contradiction to the notions of the socialist period.

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Dropping out of Education: Refugee Youth Who Arrived as Unaccompanied Minors and Separated Children

Author(s): Aycan Çelikaksoy,Eskil Wadensjö / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Unaccompanied minors or separated children (UMs) are children under the age of 18 who are outside their country of origin and came to Sweden unaccompanied by a parent or other legal guardian. Such migration has increased around the world and it is the most fragile type of migration across countries. This population is considered ‘vulnerable’ due to their young age during the fleeing process combined with the fact that they are unaccompanied by their parents or legal guardians (Derluyn and Broekaert, 2008; Derluyn and Vervliet, 2012; Rodriguez, et al., 2018). These children face heightened vulnerability to exploitation, and violations of their rights by virtue of their age and status. The global movement of unaccompanied and separated children presents challenges for children’s rights and well-being. Research on unaccompanied minors has often focused on vulnerabilities of this group (Derluyn et al., 2008). However, recent studies have increasingly stressed the strength, resilience, and agency of unaccompanied minors (UMs), despite the traumatic experiences and challenges (see e.g. Luster et al., 2010).

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‘A Forest with many trees’ - Mapping migration governance and the dispersion of authority in Europe

Author(s): Lisa Marie Borrelli,Rebecca Mavin,Giorgia Trasciani / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The effective governance of migration has become a key issue in contemporary politics, on both the national and international levels. While attempts have been made to lock down border zones – for example, in the Schengen area or the Mexico-U.S. border – the so-termed ‘migration crisis’ and summer of migration in 2015 has shown the permeability of borders, the agency of migrants, and the diversity of actors involved in the migration process more generally.

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From Invisible to Visible: Brazilian Female Migrants’ Occupational Aspirations under the Force of Visibility in Japan

Author(s): Tamaki Watarai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 1990, the Japanese government began issuing renewable three-year “long-term residence visas,” with no restrictions on socioeconomic activities, for non-citizen children and grandchildren of emigrants from Japan and their family members. Although the Japanese government denied publicly that this policy was intended to attract unskilled foreign workers, it served, in fact, to alleviate Japan’s shortage of unskilled labor, especially in secondary industries. For Japanese–Brazilians, who were mainly members of the Brazilian middle class, returning to their ancestral homeland and becoming unskilled workers at that time was a solution to the high unemployment and wage reductions that were resulting from Brazil’s economic crisis and hyperinflation.

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Suriyelilerin Eğitimine Suriyelilerin Gözünden Bakmak: Eskişehir’de Suriyelilerin Toplumla Bütünleşme Perspektifleri Üzerine Değerlendirmeler

Author(s): Fuat Güllüpınar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç; bireylerin ekonomik arzularla karar verdiği bir hareketlilik eylemi olmaktan oldukça farklı yönleri olan bir toplumsal olgudur. Bu yönüyle, günümüzde, kaynakların kıtlığı, demokrasinin yeterince konsolide olmaması, etnik, dinsel, politik vb nedenlerle ortaya çıkan savaşlar ve istilalar nedeniyle, bireylerin hiç arzu etmedikleri şekilde bir hareketliğe zorlandıkları durumlar azımsanamayacak kadar kitlesel bir görünüm arz etmektedir. Göçü, sadece daha iyi bir yaşam şansı arayışındaki kişinin başka bir yere göçmeye karar vermesi, doğduğu yerle köklerini koparması ve yeni yerde çabucak asimile olması gibi basit bir eylem olarak düşünmek oldukça güçtür. Göç, toplumsal değişimin neden olduğu kolektif bir eylemdir ve hem göç alan hem de veren yerdeki bütün bir toplumu etkiler (Castles ve Miller, 2008). Nicos Papastergiadis’in (2000) “türbülans”a benzettiği uluslararası göçün fiili olarak yarattığı çokkültürlülük ve melezleşme, beraberinde toplumlardaki farklı toplulukların nasıl yönetileceği meselesini gündeme getirmiştir. Bu anlamda, göç sahip olduğu sayısız çeşitliliğiyle, modern yaşamın her noktasını etkilemekte ve dönüştürmektedir.

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Kayıp Neslin Eğitimi (İstanbul’daki Suriyeli Mülteci Çocukların Eğitimi)

Author(s): Kamil Çoştu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanlık tarihi kadar uzun geçmişe sahip olan göç, dünün ve bugünün olduğu gibi geleceğin de bir olgusudur. Göçü; iş-aş arayışı, eğitim, ticaret vb. etkenler tetiklediği gibi, savaş ve iç karışıklıklar da etkilemektedir. Her ne sebeple olursa olsun göçten en çok etkilenenler arasında ilk sırayı çocuklar almaktadır. Savaş sebebiyle meydana gelen zorunlu göçlere bakıldığında, maalesef pek çok çocuğun bu sıkıntılı duruma yenik düştüğü görülmektedir (Doğan - Karakuyu, 2016, s. 303).

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Asylum Under Pressure: international Deterrence and access to asylum

Author(s): Vasiliki Kakosimou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In order to respond to the refugee crisis or control the migration flows, States may take certain measures to keep migrants out of reach of their borders. These measures involve push-backs, interception at high seas, erecting fences, bilateral agreements for off-shore processing etc., under national security reasons or for maintaining public order. All these measures are referred to as deterrence strategies, they do not conform with States' obligations under International Human Rights Law and they result in preventing refugees from having access to asylum. Through treaties, customary law and case law, the principle of non-refoulement has an extra-territorial application. States are bound by the principle of non-refoulement by the moment States agents exercise effective control upon migrants -potential refugees. Unless States cooperate with each other, share the burden, build -up their capacity for fair asylum procedures and comply with International human rights law obligations, refugees cannot have access to international protection and enjoy their fundamental rights.

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Crimmigration in Brazil and the Netherlands: How the Phenomenon of Securitization can be a Fuel to These Processes?

Author(s): Laís Azeredo Alves / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this paper is to verify the extent to which Brazilian Migration Policy has been influenced by the US War on Drugs and how, justified through a security discourse, it employs practices that violate human rights. A key objective is to determine if the combined effects of drug securitization and historical racism are resulting in the start of a “crimmigration” process. The fact that the federal police, the agency in charge of policing drug trafficking, is also the one that manages immigration, is a major factor in this assessment. This paper further analyses the immigration policy of the Netherlands, for two key reasons. Because a Crimmigration process is also apparent in the Netherlands comparison with the Brazilian context provides for an assessment of the relative degrees of Crimmigration. Secondly, because Dutch drugs policy is fundamentally different to Brazil’s, it provides scope for valuable insights into how differing causal factors lead to the same results, such as the fact both countries treat migration policy with a security bias. The methodology applied in this research is based on bibliographic materials and governmental documents related to the immigration process in Brazil and in the Netherlands.

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In Searching Law on The Indonesian Diaspora: Lessons Learnt from South Korea and India Experiences

Author(s): Wicaksana Dramanda,Ali Abdurahman,Bilal Dewansyah,Susi Dwi Harijanti / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The existence and movement of diaspora across the world, challenge the existing legal norms on citizenship and migration. The responses from the law-makers from origin countries vary. Most of European, Latin America and African countries adopt dual citizenship law to their diaspora for the different reasons: immigrant integration, maintenance of loyalty to ex-citizen or because the closeness ethnic relation. However, most of countries in Asia-Pacific region - which gain the independence through decolonization process - do not favor dual citizenship towards their diaspora, including Indonesia, mostly because of the ideological perception of citizenship. In this sense, many countries grant the special status or scheme to their diaspora (neither citizens nor residents of the country) as an external quasi-citizenship based on ethnic descent as coined by Bauböck as “ethnizenship.” In Indonesia case, while the rejection of dual citizenship proposal is unavoidable, it leads idea to adopt a kind of ethnizenship status as an alternative regulatory model for Indonesia diaspora. In order to search the suitable and realistic regulatory scheme for Indonesian diaspora, this paper compare experiences from India and South-Korea which adopt a quasi-citizenship for their descendants overseas. The result from this comparison will be considered as a benchmark to develop regulatory model for Indonesian diaspora.

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Inserción laboral de inmigrantes venezolanos en el contexto de una ciudad intermedia

Author(s): Jessica Andrea Ordoñez Cuenca,Carlos Fernando Soto Pérez / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

A nivel global en los últimos 30 años la migración ha tomado mayor relevancia desde el ámbito económico, político y social debido al proceso de globalización, el crecimiento demográfico y el cambio climático, lo cual ha generado la desaceleración del crecimiento en las economías y la consecuente falta de oportunidades laborales. Algunos países de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC)(como México, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, entre otros) se han caracterizado por una constante tendencia emigratoria internacional con destino a países desarrollados: Estados Unidos, España, Canadá, Japón (Martínez, Cano y SoffiaContrucci, 2014). Hay que señalar que, a partir de 2012, algunos países de la región de ALyC cambian de tendencia migratoria,debido a la crisis económica y financiera internacional pasan a ser una región de acogida de inmigrantes internacionales e intrarregionales, según notas censales a 2010 el dato más relevante es el México hacia donde retornaron alrededor de 860.000 personas; otros países donde emigración internacional es menos cuantiosa también reciben emigrantes retornados, aunque con menor importancia, entre los que se encuentranEcuador (72.272) y Brasil (54.608), Costa Rica (17682), Uruguay (17280), Panamá (8.756) (Martínez, Cano y SoffiaContrucci, 2014).

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