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Social Inclusion Processes for unaccompanied minors in the city of Palermo: Fostering Autonomy through a New Social Inclusion Model

Author(s): Roberta Lo Bianco,Georgia Chondrou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter describes and proposes a new social inclusion model for supporting unaccompanied minors in becoming autonomous, as they are one of the most vulnerable groups of contemporary migration flows. According to the Committee on the Rights of Children “unaccompanied children (also called unaccompanied minors) are children, […] who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible for doing so” (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2005).

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CONTRIBUTION OF NGOS TO THE INTEGRATION OF SYRIAN IMMIGRANTS IN MARDIN

Author(s): Süleyman Şanli / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

People who fled their countries of home voluntarily or forced have been described as refugee, migrant, and person with temporary protection in the countries hosting them. The challenges faced by these uprooted people seeking security have forced many countries to develop and formulate new migration, asylum, and refugee policies.

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Coming to Terms with Liberal Democracy by the Populist Radical Right Parties of Western Europe: Evidence from European Parliament Speeches over Minorities and Migration

Author(s): Caner Tekin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Populist radical right oppositions to international migration from Islamic countries are argued to undergo a discursive change from ultranationalist and religious constructs to –misleadingly– liberal argumentations, claiming that European liberal democracy is under threat of migration (Brubaker, 2017, pp.1191-1226; Hafez, 2014, pp.479-499; Börzel & Risse, 2018, pp.83-108; Börzel, 2016, pp.8-31). The present study aims to demonstrate how these ‘liberal’ grounds for objecting migrations exist at European (supranational) level, and explores the conceptions of liberal democracy used by pan-European radical right in opposition to migrant and minority rights. Therefore it asks how mainstream populist radical right factions represented in the European Parliament debate migrant and minority rights and what conceptions of liberal democracy emerge within their debates. It orients this question to two plenary sessions held in the European Parliament, in the shadow of the EU’s refugee crisis, to discuss the situation of fundamental rights and terrorism in Europe. Recent refugee debates in the EP have the potential to shed light on this issue, as the way populist radical right parties reject the EU’s minority, migration, and asylum policies feature exclusionary conceptions degrading the substantial meaning of liberal democracy.

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Borders, Exception and Sovereignty: Australia’s Migration Policies as Instruments of Suspension of (Human) Rights and (International) Obligations

Author(s): Ana Carolina Macedo Abreu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Hostility towards migrants of non-European origin is a recurring subject in contemporary political space, especially among Western/developed states. In fact, the move towards stricter migration and border control in relation to some forms of migration has led authors to characterize such phenomena as a war on migration (Hyndman and Mountz, 2007) or a new ubiquity of borders (Balibar 2002). The crusade against irregular migration has particularly affected prospective asylum seekers who, fleeing from conflict and persecution in their countries of origin, attempt to reach safety and protection through unauthorized border crossings. The Australian border regime presents a paradigmatic case in this context of increasing hostility and control, having been described as “the most original yet retrograde means of repelling and excluding asylum seekers from its shores” (Hyndman and Mountz 2007, 83) and “the most fully developed policy regime that is oriented around control” (Johnson 2014, 67). This chapter focuses on the policies and practices of border/migration control that were/are employed in the context of the Pacific Solution (2001-2007) and Operation Sovereign Borders (OSB) (2013-present). The practices of control implemented during this period include interception and turnback of boats outside of territorial waters, forced return, detention and exclusion of parts of Australian territory from the migration zone (excision).

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Power and Sandwiched Sovereignty: Nepali Migrant Workers in the Gulf Countries

Author(s): Hari KC / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nepal is relatively a new entrant to global labour markets. Nevertheless, over the past few decades, a huge portion of its population has migrated abroad for employment, changing the image of Nepal from a country of “global warriors to global workers” (Rajauriya, 2015). In particular, the political change of 1990 that ushered Nepal into a multiparty democracy triggered the globalizing processes. Unlike during the King’s regime, obtaining passports became easier even for general people, affording them more agility and freedom to travel outside the country (Tiwari & Bhattarai, 2011). Further, the government formed after the 1992 elections embraced a policy of fast-paced economic liberalization, connecting Nepal with global economy and global labour markets (Labour Migration for Employment Report: 2014).

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Urban Resistances and Migrant Activism Challenging the Border Regime in Madrid City

Author(s): Ana Santamarina / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

On the night of the 15th March 2018, the neighbourhood of Lavapiés in Madrid was literally on fire. A burst of rage swelled the streets as the district became a battlefield. That night, Madrid was raising its voice for Mame Mbaye, a black African resident that died just few hours ago running from a police identity control. A migrant insurrection broke out against these racist controls that had been increasingly happening in the neighbourhood since Mame arrived fourteen years ago. This time it was Mame, but it could have been any of the migrants that were claiming justice that night. The night of the 15th March was an explosion of urban rage in which Madrid claimed not to be a border anymore. In a later interview, Mame’s friend Serigne stated: “In Madrid you live with fear. Every morning we joke and say each other: ‘Have a good breakfast because you never know if you will ever be back home for lunch”.

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The Certainty of Uncertainty; The Critical Tool of Certainty in a Migrant’s Journey to Effectively Control Issues in Human Security, Fraud and Integration for the Benefit of the Migrant and the Receiving Country

Author(s): Sherene Özyürek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From an Australian perspective, which can be extended to other countries’ migration frameworks, this study raises the notion that “uncertainty” negatively modulates systemic issues in recurring themes of human security violations, fraud and non-integration. Such understanding could lead to insights into migrants’ decision-making processes resulting in the subsequent use of unintended pathways. Literature and case study reviews were undertaken, coupled with a quantitative approach analysing retrospective data from the Department of Immigration and Border Protection and the Australian Federal Police to determine the ineffectiveness of current legislative tools that do not take certainty into account and to determine the impact of uncertainty on migrants in Australia’s migration program as a receiving country. Practical recommendations are presented for consideration by policy-makers to ensure certainty for the migrant, including; to combat human security violations via the provision of visa pathways for applicants to remain after lodging a complaint, ensuring that both employment and human securities can co-exist; to effectively control fraud via the removal of discretion, ensuring certainty in pathways of decision-making processes to combat unintended pathways; and finally, the permeation of certainty throughout the migration program, ensuring that steps to attain citizenship are not out of necessity but instead a step towards successful integration.

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HUMANITARIAN SECURITIZATION OF THE 2015 “MIGRATION CRISIS”: INVESTIGATING HUMANITARIANISM AND SECURITY IN THE EU POLICY FRAMES ON OPERATIONAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

Author(s): Maciej Stępka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The 2015 “migration crisis” has stimulated the European political imagination with an image of migration and border control as based on a mixture of humanitarianism and security. Indeed, the European borders and migratory routes have been increasingly framed in the media and political debates as the sites of a humanitarian and security emergency (see Dekker & Scholten, 2017; Greussing & Boomgaarden, 2017; Ibrahim & Howarth, 2017). The accounts of children dying in the Mediterranean have been reproduced together with images of uncontrollable crowds gathering at the borders, and again with overburdened reception centres with deplorable humanitarian conditions (see BBC, 2018; The Guardian, 2018; Reuters, 2018). All these framings have been (re)merging in the public debate, building a sense of humanitarian crisis, but also insecurity and uncertainty regarding the most suitable course of action at the European level. Regardless the European Union’s (EU) attempts to respond to the increased migratory flows, the humanitarian situation has been getting more severe, generating a political momentum for mobilization of more decisive, security-oriented and even militarized measures in dealing with the crisis. Consequently, the EU has decided to increase its operational and military presence in the Mediterranean with Frontexled Joint Operations (JO) (i.e. Triton, Poseidon and Themis) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) naval mission (i.e. EUNAVFOR MED Sophia), explicitly framing the mobilization of security capabilities as search and rescue and “live saving” operations.

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Retrotopía: un anhelo del conservadurismo nativista estadounidense

Author(s): Laura Natalia Rodríguez Ariano / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

La política migratoria que surgió a partir de la culminación de manera unilateral del Programa Bracero, propició nuevas ideologías antiinmigrante y con ello, nuevas reformas políticas por las que se vieron respaldadas; dicha política se agudizó con la construcción del muro fronterizo, el poder que se otorgó a la Patrulla Fronteriza y las interminables leyes estatales en contra de la población inmigrante. Estas leyes abarcaban temas respecto al trabajo, educación y seguridad social, que contribuyen al crecimiento del conservadurismo blanco estadounidense. Como consecuencia del flujo constante de inmigrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos, en especial los irregulares, los lineamientos migratorios se tornan hacia el nacionalismo xenofóbico.

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The Fundamental Parameters of Turkey’s New Migration Policy and Management Within the Terms of New Legislation

Author(s): Ali Zafer Sağıroğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey has developed into the sending, transiting and receiving position in regard of migration throughout the republic’s history. These characteristics have differed from time to time depending on the global migration trends. In the early period of the republic, ethnic concerns became the main influence of the policies. Like the other contemporary nation states, Turkey used migration as an instrument of “homogenization” and building the nation-state (Kirişçi, 2007; Erder, 2007, p:6). İskan Kanunu (settlement law), issued in 1934, is important to show a typical policy of the early period. Turkey maintained the iskân kanunu and was in force until recently. The iskan kanunu deteremined that only the Turks or people of Turkic origins including the Muslims coming from the ex-territories of the Ottoman Empire were accepted as an “immigrant” (İçduygu, 2007, p: 206).

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EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement: Not a "Carrot" but More a ‘?’

Author(s): Ülkü Sezgi Sözen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

First of all, it is essential to point out the importance of the cooperation with the neighboring countries. Solely the protection of European Union's (hereinafter EU) borders cannot be successful unless neighboring countries cooperate in the fields of irregular migration and the fight against cross-border criminality and terrorism. In order to do this, the EU should offer a certain level of compensatory measures that incentivize such cooperation, such as economic privileges or visa facilitation. As an incentivizing measure, the EU recently signed readmission agreements with its neighboring countries and offered economic advantages, such as access to the single market, free trade agreements or the possibility of easier visa acquisition, which can be considered a "realistic option".

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The Integration of Immigrants in Rural Communities: An Example of City Council’s Approach Towards Turks in France

Author(s): Markéta Seidlová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

France has among the European countries one of the longest tradition of receiving immigrants (Freeman, 1994) and was considered for long time as one of the model countries of incorporation of immigrants. France has represented the model called “assimilation”, i.e. the attitude that gives to immigrants all the civic rights very quickly, but in exchange it’s expected that they will give up their cultural particularities and that they will in some sort “forget” from where they come (Seidlová, 2008).

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“Zorunluluk mu?”, “Gönüllü mü?” Türkiye’den Britanya’ya Yeni Göç Dalgası: Ankara Anlaşması

Author(s): Tuncay Bilecen / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bu makale, Ankara Anlaşması olarak bilinen Avrupa Topluluğu Ortaklık Anlaşması’dan (European Community Association Agreement - ECAA) Britanya’da yararlanan kişilerle yapılan görüşmeler neticesinde şekillendirilmiştir. Ankara Anlaşması yoluyla oturum almanın, göçün değişen karakteri ve göç etmeyi zorlaştıran düzenlemeler bağlamında “yeni bir göç yolu” olduğu makalenin iddialarından birisidir. Makalede üzerinde durulacak bir başka husus ise, göçe sebep olan çatışmaların göçten sonra da başka şekillerde devam ettiği ve bunun da insan hareketliliğini artırdığı görüşüdür.

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Suriye’den Türkiye’ye Göç ve Açığa Çıkan Temel Sorun Alanları

Author(s): Ahmet Şahin,Fikret Elma / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Türkiye kuruluşundan bugüne önemli ölçüde iç ve dış göç deneyimi yaşayan bir ülkedir. Geçmişte Türkiye açısından en büyük dış göç dalgaları olarak, özellikle Balkanlardan (Yunanistan, Bulgaristan ve Bosna gibi) Türkiye’ye gelen göçmenler ve Türkiye’den Avrupa ülkelerine yönelen işçi göçü ifade edilebilir. Dolayısıyla, dış göç çerçevesinde ülke farklı dönemlerde hem dış göç alan, hem de dış göç veren bir konumundadır. Ancak özellikle 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren küresel ve bölgesel gelişmeler bağlamında Türkiye’nin daha çok dış göç alan bir ülke haline geldiği dikkati çekmektedir. Bu süreçte ayrıca göçmenler ve mülteciler için Türkiye’nin güney-kuzey ve doğu-batı ekseninde transit geçiş ülkesi olma konumunun da giderek belirginleştiği görülmektedir.

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Implicare şi participare în planificarea infrastructurilor verzi

Author(s): Oana Catalina Popescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The aim of the research is to identify how the participation of local communities influences the planning process of green infrastructure both at urban and regional level. For that, the existing connections between concepts such as participation, civil society, participatory planning/co-participation - on one side - and the urban planning process / the planning of urban green space and green infrastructures - on the other side - were researched. The actors of participatory urban planning were identified, especially the groups of local actors, involved in green infrastructure planning, as well as the new type of citizen participation through forms of collective action and protests aimed at city development and its local environmental issues. The types of approaches and barriers that occur in participatory planning, and how the community can get involved in the design and planning of ecological networks were presented. The channels through which the inhabitants of the city can get involved in urban design in general and in the case of urban green infrastructure, in particular, with the help of new technologies and online applications, such as VGI, were also researched. One of the conclusions is that participatory planning can improve the quality of urban planning through different approaches. However, regarding the involvement of the community and various social groups in the planning of green infrastructure, the results show, surprisingly, that it is recommended that designers consider the participation of certain stakeholders and a strategy for their participation. Another conclusion is that the involvement of citizens in the planning of urban projects is facilitated by new technologies and online applications and that data from social media give citizens the opportunity to get more involved to protect the environment in which they live and therefore these data can thus be used in a transparent and democratic participatory process.

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Do we regulate to create buildings or to create places? Conventional regulations vs form-based codes

Author(s): Farah Nizam,Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Development regulations are organizational tools and basis for shaping the character of current cities and the form of its development. The efficiency of these regulations, their inclusiveness and flexibility, in addition to their ability to adapt to the needs of the present and future, directly affects the shape and quality of the built environment. The paper discusses conventional development regulations used today, from a critical point of view, and presents form-based codes as an alternative to the former, conducting a comparative study between both types of regulations. Finally, the research recommends taking advantage of form-based codes in creating meaningful places and not just buildings.

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Biophilic urbanism and NBS - conceptual approach and critical case study on the process of implementing NBS specific to the proGIreg project

Author(s): Codrut Papina / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Based on the proGIreg case study, the potential use of neighbourhood-based nature-based solutions for urban regeneration is presented. The classification of the specific solutions of the project (compared to other classifications) will be presented, together with the critical conclusions on why NBS are relevant for the emerging new concept/approach of Biophilic Urbanism. One of the results of the applied research project is the Replication Toolkit - which aims to facilitate the implementation of Nature-based solutions for other cities. The Replication Toolkit contains a set of recommendations for the strategic component of urban regeneration of post-industrial neighbour-hoods, but also for the operational component of concrete implementation of solutions.

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Reviewing and evaluating the efficiency of urban laws and regulations in the city of Lattakia, Syria

Author(s): Farah Nizam,Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The research provides an overview of the stages taken for the development process in a hierarchical manner, in the city of Lattakia, Syria. It mentions the stage number, name, tasks, the party responsible, and tools. Research will also review the laws and regulations related to planning, organization and development in Syria in general and the city of Lattakia in particular, following the descriptive approach. Then the research will evaluate the efficiency of the development mechanism and the laws and regulations, using the descriptive analytical approach, then will come up with several recommendations, which will raise the efficiency of the development mechanism, also laws and regulations in the urban field.

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Planification des infrastructures urbaines vertes et les défis du développement urbain durable : une analyse littérature

Author(s): Mounir Hadji,Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The integration of nature in urban cities is part of ancient planning. Its role was limited to relaxation, leisure and health, but this concept has evolved rapidly in recent years with the emergence of ecosystem services in the light of a green infrastructure approach. Researchers have become increasingly interested in this concept recently with the aim of improving the quality of life of inhabitants in particular by identifying ecosystems that provide economic, social, and environmental services in order to ensure the sustainability of the city. Our research goal is to know these services in order to meet the challenges of sustainable urban development.

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Calitatea spaţiilor publice în Orientul Mijlociu şi Africa de Nord - o perspectivă comparativă

Author(s): Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor,Liliana Elza PETRIŞOR / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

This study specifically analyzes the MENAT area (Middle East and North Africa plus Turkey) using images collected during self-funded on-site documentary studies to look at the public space. The analysis included Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt in Africa, and Turkey and Jordan in Asia. The analysis found out a gradient starting with well designed public spaces in the large cities, down to a lack of care for the public space, seen often as “no one’s land” in informal settlements and small cities. These contrasts between countries, within the same country and even within the same city are a common feature of the analyzed area.

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