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Silver economy is a broad concept incorporating many different fields of investigation. All of them arise from the needs of the aging world population and the concurrent need to comply with economic sustainability, but otherwise have very specific characteristics and implications. Recent academic findings suggest that in the context of architecture, not enough attention is paid to the user perspective, concerning the increasingly older population. At the same time, architectural quality and long-term performance of housing objects are becoming more and more dependent on the needs of the elderly, who rightfully expect to grow old in a caring environment, including adjusted living premises. By applying scientific analysis, synthesis, and comparison of data from relevant secondary sources, this paper aims to investigate key trends regarding architecture as part of the silver economy. In addition to that, the intention has been to generate recommendations that would enable having a quality, active living even within the aging society. Findings suggest that the silver economy in architecture is conceptually elaborated but still rather a marginal scheme in real life. However, a multidisciplinary approach in terms of integrating architectural and space efforts with smart technology conveniences emerges as the direction of future research as well as practice. Limitations of this study are primarily financial concerns and prerequisites that have not been appreciated enough while evaluating the need for silver architecture investments.
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For today’s workers, the process of aging will differ from previous generations. Social contracts among governments, employers, and individuals are central to retirement systems around the world. Today, throughout their lifetime, individuals are more responsible for their finances than ever before. Financial markets are rapidly changing with developments in technology and new and more complex financial products. Skills are becoming more critical and it is important to understand whether people are equipped to effectively navigate the maze of financial decisions that they face every day. Generous defined social security benefit pension plans are diminishing, as life expectancy and the need for self-funded retirement savings are increasing. In this paper, the author presents the results of the research conducted in the region of Slavonia related to retirement literacy and understanding of the financial behavior of the population of teachers that work in schools. The questionnaire was based on the Big Three financial and retirement literacy measurement and The Aegon Retirement Readiness Survey. The goal of the research is to compare the results to similar research studies and to find out financial understanding and the need for organizing retirement literacy education for teachers’ population in the region of Slavonia.
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The majority of European countries are witnessing a population aging process for several decades. This trend is rapidly transforming the age structure of society, resulting in a declining share of working-age persons in the total population. During the next three decades, the number of older people is projected to follow an upward trend. Population aging has resulted primarily from a long-term fall in fertility rates and increased life expectancy. The growing number of older people (65+) within society leads to a range of economic challenges, such as pressure on economic growth, reduced labor supply, higher social and healthcare costs, etc. Such negative processes call into question the sustainability of public finances. Namely, assuming that the old-age dependency ratio will continue to rise, a shrinking labor force may no longer be able to provide enough earnings for pensions and healthcare systems. One of the major areas of concern for policymakers is the cost of providing adequate health and long-term care, as very old people consume proportionally more social services than other age groups. Demographic trends of population aging in Croatia are rather similar to other EU Member States. As the issue of population aging is very important, it is often present in scientific literature and theory and therefore it should be at least equally important to economic policymakers. The main analysis in the chapter includes the relation between population aging and potential pressure on the size of the workforce and the financial challenges of our social systems. Because the share of older people (65+) differs between the EU Member States, the regional analysis in the context of the median age of the population in each of the EU-28 Member States is provided. Furthermore, the overall scores of the Active Aging Index (AAI) for EU-28 are presented, showing a regional aspect of population aging. The chapter also explains potential financial products and services which can support solving the aforementioned social and economic problems based on the analysis of contemporary financial systems, techniques, and mechanism, etc., which should be implemented in the countries under study.
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The issue of organ donation and transplantation is, in the first place, an issue of medical excellence of transplantation teams, but also a controversial issue with doubtful bioethical, legal, cultural, religious, and other questions. Since medical research are improving constantly, research in the field of organ transplantation is setting new interesting (bio) ethical and legal questions. According to the last population census, there are approximately one million inhabitants in the Republic of Croatia who are older than 60 years and who are also more likely to be on the organ transplantation candidate’s list than the younger inhabitants, because of the various health problems of the aging process. Also, according to research, the median age of 150 patients on chronic dialysis at the Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek is 65.5 years. Since bioethics is a scientific discipline that studies all issues related to life itself, organ transplantation and aging are some of the crucial fields of the human aspect of bioethics. By connecting these two issues, this chapter aims to expound the main (bio)ethical and legal problems of organ donation and transplantation and put them into the context of the issue of aging in the Republic of Croatia. The main questions that may arise are what the main problems of older people are when it comes to organ donation and transplantation, whether they are aware of them and if there is any kind of age discrimination in the process of organ allocation. The author will try to point out these and other bioethical questions when it comes to aging and organ donation and transplantation, and also set a new scheme of awareness in relation to this issue.
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Population aging and its repercussions have a powerful impact on the traditional concept of retirement and the established transition patterns from work to retirement. Demographic statistics in the twenty-first century show low fertility and low mortality rates for most countries, leading to the Croatian population aging. Several trends impact the aging population: most people live much longer lives, have better health, and have different personal expectations than generations before us. For example, people now expect to live longer after leaving full-time work. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the retirement and post-retirement attitudes of teachers aligned with the current priorities in life. The paper aims to present the changing perception of aging from biological, economic and social perception and investigate how teachers in the region of Slavonia view their pension plans, life expectancies, and the expected needs in old and retirement age. This paper analyzes part of the data collected in the survey conducted on a sample of 5%of 11,839 teachers employed in elementary and secondary schools in the five Slavonian counties: Virovitica-Podravina, Požega-Slavonia, Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem counties. The research results may be beneficial for age-friendly policy-making and administrative reforms needed to accommodate the Croatian „silvering” of economy and society.
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Digitalization has emerged as a critical driver, enabler, and supporter of plenty of socio-economic processes in the contemporary digital economy. Since the world population is continually aging, information and communication technology (ICT) is considered a factor in the aging process qualitative shift. Creative aging is identified as a form of active aging. The adoption of digital technology by the elderly population is considered a precondition for their active aging. This study aims to investigate the opportunities for creative aging of the elderly population. The study examines the experiences of the EU countries in relation to ICT promoted creative aging and reducing social isolation among the older population. Through in-depth research, the study is mainly focused on analyzing older adults aged 65+ in the Macedonian and Croatian economy, exploring how they embrace ICT in favor of creative aging.
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The silver economy is a relatively new term representing demographic change and explaining the aging of the population as the economic potential. As a result, global population aging has a strong influence on the economy and society. However, national governments and rural and urban people are not adequately prepared for the aging population growth. The healthcare sector sees the elderly population as one of its most essential consumers due to the many disorders connected with age. The connection between the silver economy and the health sector allows us to qualify and view aging as a consumer group that shapes the health market and directly influences health policymaking. Population aging affects a country’s economic potential and implies socio-health aspects. Active again communicates the specific and more demanding needs of the elderly population, which can be seen through public and personal consumption, primarily through health services, emphasizing medicine consumption. As one of the potential viewpoints for both the silver and healthcare sectors, a growing number of older people are acquainted with the benefits digital technology can provide. With the use of e-tools and information technology, the healthcare sector can also increase its effectiveness for the elderly population. Thus, in this chapter, we analyze the potential of implementing different e-tools in the healthcare sector, especially toward aging people. In the research, we analyze the potential of the elderly and the elderly population and their attitudes and contribution to the health system as the majority consumers of health services.
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Data on demographic trends in developed countries indicate the need for increased attention and a better approach to care for older adults. Better health care results in increased life expectancy, which as such poses certain challenges to society. Life expectancy accompanied by good health alone often does not guarantee an individual’s satisfaction. Due to an accelerating pace of life and continuous lifestyle changes, social exclusion of retired older adults from the community appears to be increasingly present. To reduce the occurrence of this phenomenon and enable this population group to remain active members of the community, it is important to offer them the opportunity for education. After the analysis of European trends, the paper points out the need for continuous strategic planning and more agile organization of education in the Republic of Croatia. Special attention is given to the situation in the city of Osijek, which is a center for education in Osijek-Baranja County. The types and usefulness of the most common forms of education conducted in the period from 2015 to 2020 are also presented.
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Older people are often insufficiently involved in the community’s life and participate to a limited extent in cultural activities for various reasons. These reasons may be geographical isolation, unfavorable financial opportunities, disability, etc. Lack of awareness of the need to involve generation 65+ in cultural education further adversely affects the availability of cultural content intended for them. Increased access to such content contributes to their quality of life, activation, and greater inclusion in society. Social inclusion is an essential element of quality of life and dignified aging. It permeates different segments of life and includes different dimensions and layers. One of its main characteristics is that it is changing. Older age brings with it the problem of adapting to everyday life. The involvement of the elderly population in cultural content is significant, both for the mentioned population and for the local community. This chapter will present the results of a survey conducted among the elderly population of Osijek - Baranja County on their involvement in cultural content and culture perception.
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Older age can be accompanied by a lot of changes in the field of health, which influence the social functioning of seniors.One of the factors influencing the quality of life of seniors is the connection of healthcare and social care, built on the interdepartmental cooperation. This approach is still absent in Slovakia.The aim of the paper is therefore to emphasize the importance and need of integrated care and to describe the barriers that prevent its implementation in Slovakia. In search of answers to the questions: “When and why was the healthcare and social care department of seniors established in Slovakia? What are the reasons persisting in this condition? What are the consequences of this divided care for the seniors in practice? What strategies use facilities for seniors to overcome this situation during the COVID-19 pandemic?” the authors used the method of the case study (Yin, 2003) focused on the Trnava self-governing region. Persistent structural, procedural, legislative and political factors have been identified as the main barriers. Specific for Slovakia is the existence of a barrier of the profession, which is caused by the low interest of social workers in the issue. The authors state that the situation in Slovakia is caused mainly by the reflection of integrated care as a political problem. In the end, the authors make several suggestions for solving the situation.
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The ever-increasing number of the elderly in developed countries creates the need to keep them active as long as possible to maintain their psychophysical health and prevent them from living isolated, sedentary life. The chapter analyzes the phenomenon of an aging population and the characteristics of this life stage in European countries, emphasizing the Republic of Croatia. Based on the hypothesis that the number of the elderly using information and communication technologies has been increasing, the chapter offers a solution to the problem of keeping them up to date through a web application. The application enables them to communicate easily and quickly, establish social contacts and find out about organized meetings and training of associations and other institutions. The application also lists work opportunities for the elderly. If mentally and physically healthy, they can earn additional money, increase the household budget and beneficially use their time.
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The fast technological improvements, sustainable growth and development of the world economy have led to what has become a fundamental determinant of the modern, hectic way of life, known as the lifestyle of the 21st century. In such context, people’s expectations are increasing, and they are always seeking for the new opportunities; however, many are often failing to take a break from every day’s haste and stress. Young people often do not have time for their private and business obligations, and thus for activism and caring for society. Scientist in technical and architectural sciences, Mr. sc. Marina Šimunić, finds that only 5% of young people are socially engaged in the Republic of Croatia. This research finds the main reason for such a low interest in social activities and lack of initiative for changes is the fact that youth accept their community as it is. Decreased involvement of young people in social actions has becoming more evident in Croatia especially, when an average of 30,000 young people a year have migrated in the period from 2015 to 2020.
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In this final chapter, we aim to interpret the findings presented in the individual chapters of the book within the theoretical frame outlined in Chapter 1. We assess the main findings regarding the current development of childcare and eldercare policies in the Czech Republic and Norway, the discourses of the policy actors in both countries, and the strategies and views of families that are providing and ensuring care for children and elderly persons. Lastly, we discuss some possibilities for policy changes or innovations that might facilitate the combination of family care with paid employment.
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In recent years, the concept of successful aging, which means living in a healthy, productive, safe environment with a high quality of life, having a good social environment, and having a state of physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being throughout life, has become important for all individuals. In the literature, there are many variables and studies in different areas associated with successful aging. There are many factors that affect successful aging, such as social support, mental and physical health, general health status, and life activities. The concept of social support, which has an important place among these factors, has been examined within the scope of this study. Within the scope of the study, it was aimed to raise awareness about the contribution of social support to the level of successful aging. In this context, the concepts of social support and successful aging, its scope and theoretical basis were examined, studies on social support and successful aging were mentioned, and the relationship between social support and successful aging was explained. The results of the research were examined and supported by the literature. The results consistently show that higher levels of social support improve people's psychological and physiological health and have a positive effect on successful aging. No study has been found in the domestic literature that associates social support with successful aging. In this context, it is aimed to contribute to the literature.
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Sukobi uvijek ostavljaju složene izazove koji zahtijevaju učešće različitih aktera/ica. Pojedinci/ke, čiji su glasovi marginalizirani, moraju učestvovati u razvijanju održivih rješenja kako bi poslijeratne politike odražavale raznolikost perspektiva i znanja. Istraživanja pokazuju da je uloga žena od ključnog značaja za uspjeh izgradnje mira, ali one su još uvijek nedovoljno zastupljene u ovim procesima. Međunarodno prepoznavanje različitih iskustava žena i različitog stupnja njihove ranjivosti tokom i nakon rata, te globalno priznavanje njihove uloge u izgradnji mira (Pratt & Richter-Devroe 2011: 489-503; Strickland & Duvvury 2003; Greenburg & Zuckerman 2006) doveli su do uspostavljanja međunarodnog okvira politika kojima se žele uključiti i podržati žene pogođene sukobom. Na primjer, tokom sukoba na Zapadnom Balkanu u središte pažnje međunarodne javnosti je dospjela sistemska upotreba seksualnog nasilja kao oružja rata, te rodna specifičnost iskustva u svim fazama sukoba. Iskustva žena u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) potakla su usvajanje Rezolucije Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a (UNSCR) 1325, kao i kasnije osnivanje Programa UN-a za žene, mir i sigurnost (WPS) koji predstavlja okosnicu savremenih poslijeratnih politika i programa za žene.
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The discrepancy between the world’s economic and demographic performance dates back decades. The mismatch between population and economic growth has developed through globalization. The oldest theoretical directions and doctrines sought a rational explanation, but the problem became more and more complex over time. The basic premise of the paper is that demographic structure affects GDP. Furthermore, this impact varies from country to country and over several related years. A comparative analysis of selected countries/regions will show what the relationships are between economic and demographic performance. Measuring and evaluating this as accurately as possible is important to draw the right conclusions and adequate messages. Various demographic indicators were compared under different conditions and by structure. At the same time, their relationships with economic parameters were analyzed through their linear regression relationship using econometric analysis. The conclusions of the paper may be useful for creating socioeconomic policies in the future.
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The world population is getting older, and many retiring people face the dilemma of what to do now that they are still in good health and can still do something for themselves and society. Many retired people are considering starting ventures as senior entrepreneurs because of their skills, knowledge, and personal networks. At the same time, however, they face various disadvantages. Senior entrepreneurship is seen to extend the working lives of older people and provide additional financial resources in retirement. The topic of senior entrepreneurship is gaining research interest in academic society, and we find that there are more and more studies on senior entrepreneurs and senior entrepreneurship. The results show a variety of definitions and terms, problems in operationalizing the silver entrepreneur concept, and a lack of data on the age of entrepreneurial groups. The available data shows that senior-age entrepreneurship is increasing worldwide, but the number varies from country to country. Based on the literature review on senior entrepreneurs and senior entrepreneurship, several additional questions emerged that could (need to) be explored concerning Croatia and globally.
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Researching the shopping behavior of older consumers (65 years and older) is important because this population segment is expected to grow in the coming years. Understanding their preferences and challenges will help businesses adapt and meet the needs of this important consumer group. Older consumers may have different needs and preferences than younger consumers, such as a preference for brick-and-mortar stores over online shopping and a desire for knowledgeable and helpful sales staff. They may also have issues such as limited mobility and difficulty with technology. By understanding these preferences and challenges, companies can improve the shopping experience for older consumers, increasing their loyalty and boosting sales. In addition, addressing older consumers’ needs can positively impact the community and society as a whole. Specific information about research on the shopping behavior of older consumers in Croatia is scarce. However, reviewing previous studies and articles on the shopping behavior of older consumers in other countries and regions may provide relevant information that could be applied to the Croatian context.
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The terminology used to describe and refer to citizens aged 60 or 65 and older has been a subject of evolving discourse in literature. A comprehensive literature review reveals a shift away from traditional terms such as “senior citizens” or “elderly” which are often perceived as outdated and laden with negative connotations. The literature underscores the significance of language sensitivity in fostering inclusive and age-friendly societies, recognizing the diverse experiences and capabilities of older citizens. Researchers highlight the importance of adopting language that promotes positive and respectful attitudes toward older individuals. Commonly endorsed alternatives include “older adults” and “seniors”, emphasizing a focus on the individual’s stage of life rather than defining them solely by age. In conclusion, the literature converges on the consensus that respectful, person-centered language is pivotal in shaping public perceptions of aging and fostering a more inclusive and age-positive societal discourse.
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