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Konference „New Measures of Age and Ageing,“ Vídeň, Rakousko, 3.–5. 12. 2014 (Marcela Petrová Kafková) [891] Konference „15th Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology: EUROCRIM 2015“, Porto, Portugalsko, 2.–5. 9. 2015 (Lukáš Dirga) [892] Český sociálněvědní datový archiv zpřístupnil data z předvolebních výzkumů České televize ke krajským volbám v roce 2012 (Johana Chylíková) [893]
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As a result of the developments in the science and technology of Western countries in the modern world, social changes have occurred and human life has been prolonged. The consequences of modernization such as urbanization, migration, the active role of women in business life and the transition to the nuclear family structure have caused changes in the perception of old age. In this study, individuals' perception of aging and healthcare use and the effect between them were examined. In the study, a questionnaire was applied to a sample group of 500 people. The European Aging Attitude Scale (AAQ), adapted to Turkish by Eser and others, was used to measure the perception of aging. Individuals old age; more family physicians and clinical services are used as it is perceived as a period of losses. As a result, the participants; As he perceived old age as a time when certain abilities were lost, he used more polyclinics, family physicians and clinical health services. In addition, as the participants perceived old age as an experience and an example, they applied less to the private physician.
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It is estimated that the proportion of people aged 60 years and above in the world will double between 2000 and 2050. This is very much due to modernization and new technologies developed which make living standards and behavioural patterns of the population changed and continuously changing. Different sectors such as government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and religious organizations have developed programs and services to address the needs and concerns of the elderly people under the support and supervision of the concerned ministries or organizations. Many programs and activities have been developed to cater for the elderly and it becomes more challenging if the aged population are of different backgrounds with different cultures, values and belief systems. This situation raises the question of how the programs and activities are conducted by the concerned organization for the elderly and to what extent the programs and activities fulfil the needs and expectations of the old aged especially in a multi-cultural background. Qualitative descriptive research method is used in the study using survey questions, interviews, observations and documented materials. The result of the study shows that there are differences in the needs and expectations of the elderly towards the services rendered by the organizations and people’s core beliefs and traditional cultural values have become the main concerns of the elderly and should be incorporated in the programs and activities prepared. Hence, results of the study are aimed at policy makers and other organizations to ensure preparedness in management and program needs of the aged population.
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The paper focuses on assessing the situation of older persons in the Republic of Moldova, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The social diagnosis of the structural, institutional, community and intergenerational openness to the needs of this category of population highlights the pandemic challenges it faces. The methodology of the study is based on the results of the qualitative study conducted in August−September 2020 and April−May 2021 with the older people, local public administration and social workers. Through empirically reasoned findings, the paper updates the main difficulties encountered in the context of the pandemic and the depth of the social impact on the older people at community level. In addition to the direct risk to physical health, the exclusion and discrimination of the older people increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increased risk of violence and neglect, and cases of stigma at community level. The individual/family resources of the older people, especially in the case of COVID-19 infection and treatment, have played an important role in overcoming the crisis. The consequences of COVID-19 are associated with a worsening of the health of the elderly and an increase in the need for medical services. “Ageist” attitudes also occurred in the post-quarantine period, undermining the rights of older people to quality services. Thus, the need for continuous monitoring of the situation and combating "ageist" attitudes in the post-pandemic period is emphasized.
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The main objective of the paper is to explore the impact of health perception and health-related determinants on achieving healthy food consumption among the elderly and to indicate how possession and importance of different determinants influence the eating behaviour of the elderly population. In our research 18 specific determinants and their manifestation in healthy food consumption were explored. The purpose of the exploration of health perception is to identify seniors’ beliefs about food and health-related aspects. Empirical research was conducted on a sample of 400 elderly participants aged above 65 years and living in their own flats. The relationship between health perceptions, health-related determinants and healthy eating behaviour was confirmed by employing correlation analysis. These findings can be used also in other areas such as food choice motives, where behaviour can be investigated by exploring the contribution of various determinants.
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The pandemic has had its toll on the socio-economic life of most people. Governments and international organizations face new challenges in a situation of uncertainty. The next step in the fight against the threat of COVID-19 is the mass vaccination procedure. Social campaigns are designed to encourage as many people as possible to join the vaccination plan. Achieving population resilience requires a significant commitment of organizational, financial and communication resources. Older people constitute a priority group in the vaccination system in Poland. However, despite the measures taken, there remains a significant share of seniors who remain reluctant to vaccination. The government is taking further pro-turnout measures targeted at the elderly. The shortcomings of the existing strategies should be eliminated for the benefit of society. This article is an attempt to summarize the research conducted so far in the field of the needs and possibilities of communication with the elderly, attitudes towards vaccinations and sources of influence on making purchasing decisions of seniors.
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Ageing of the population constitutes a global phenomenon. This process not only means that the number of the elderly people in population increases, but also entails the demographic changes which influence several social-economic mechanisms, including labour market. Combating its adverse consequences on labour market includes actions directed at extending the professional activity of individuals and the increase in employment indicators of persons in immobile working age and it is a significant element of implementing the concept of active ageing. Implementing certain solutions covered by the concept of active ageing, together with the extension of retirement age, is perceived as the remedy on some adverse consequences (especially those concerning the labour market and pension systems) associated with the process of societies’ ageing. Therefore, projects and programmes are passed on EU and national levels, which strives to boost the activity of senior citizens. This article attempts to analyse chosen indicators connected with aims included in the Programme of Solidarity between Generations. Actions to Increase Professional Activity of Persons over 50 (Program solidarność pokoleń. Działania dla zwiększenia aktywności zawodowej osób w wieku 50+), while using the data from the Eurostat’s database and analyses such as Balance of Human Capital (Bilans Kapitału Ludzkiego).
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In the context of the demographic and psychosocial changes capturing the factors that are relevant to theprocess of perception of the aging process and their own old age becomes a significant problem. The articlediscusses the results of the study conducted on a group of 430 people on the factors determining the per-ception of old age by young people. Presented selected results relate to the personality correlates of per-ception of the aging process.
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This paper compares current narratives about COVID-19 on various websites and in the daily press with strategies of presenting death and diseases in oral folklore. As a holistic and consistent system, the folklore model of the world has no “lacunae” when it comes to the cause, meaning and purpose of events. Therefore, serious illnesses and sudden deaths (deaths which are not a consequence of choice, epic feats, “natural” old age, etc.) are conceived of as a result of a curse, ancestral sin, etc. However, the same strategy also characterizes works of pop culture, which speaks to the fundamental human need to “explain” death. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia, COVID-19 patients’ deaths were regularly presented in the news accompanied by information that they were old, suffered from diabetes or cancer, were undergoing dialysis, were obese, etc. In this way, neutral information about COVID-19 deaths was transformed into information which created the concept of a “protected” majority (young, healthy population). In this case, the fear of death relied on the discriminatory concept of the Other, which also testifies to opposites present in conceptualizing otherness in folklore and urban narratives (sin vs. disease / old age).
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Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the level of perceived social support in people with mild to moderate form of dementia in residential care settings. Also, aim of this study was to investigate the level of perceived social support from different sources in social surrounding of people with dementia. Method: Sample consisted of 29 participants diagnosed with mild to moderate form of dementia. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used for the purpose of evaluating the level of perceived social support. Results: Participants rated perceived social support fairly high. There were no significant differences in social support regarding to gender and education. Further, participants stated that they have significantly more social support from family, comparing to friends and other significant persons. Conclusion: These findings are an important start of research addressing the quality of life in people with dementia, with the aim of improving the existing social support mechanisms in Serbia.
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The COVID-19 pandemic, which began its global spread in early 2020, has significantly changed the lives of people in almost every corner of the world. Today, almost two years later, long-term and unplanned effects of this, mainly health crisis may be observed, especially on the lives of the elderly. The elderly have also proven to be the most affected by the epidemic as the highest absolute and relative numbers of deaths from the disease have been recorded among them. The initial wave of the pandemic was marked by a dramatic health crisis and delayed responses of governments to prevent the spread of the pandemic, for example, in Belgium, Italy or Spain, and by strict measures to prevent the transmission of the infection in the other EU Member States; the Czech Republic, Slovakia or Croatia. It could be said that, among EU members, former socialist states were more successful in controlling the first wave of the pandemic, an aging to protect the most vulnerable groups of the population, especially the elderly. Unfortunately, by the end of 2020, the uncontrolled spread of the pandemic in those countries had pushed their health systems to the limit of endurance, while the number of deaths reached unprecedented levels, accompanied by extremely high excess mortality. In addition, the COVID-19 vaccine did not arrive in time to contain the spread of the pandemic in early 2021. Due to a lack of response to voluntary vaccination, mainly during the summer of 2021, many countries entered the so-called fourth wave of the pandemic. To reveal how the pandemic has changed the lives of older Europeans the SHARE Corona Survey was launched in 26 EU Member States, Switzerland and Israel in mid-2020. It was conducted in two stages via a short telephone survey (lasting 25–30 minutes). The first SHARE Corona Survey collected data from approximately 57,000 respondents aged 50 and over. In mid-2021, about 47,000 respondents who had been surveyed at the first stage of SHARE Corona were re-surveyed at the second stage. This paper examines the effects of the pandemic on health, health behaviour, unmet health needs, and loneliness in a sample of 52,649 people aged 50 and over. During the first wave of the pandemic, the highest self-rated health deterioration occurred in Lithuania, Portugal and Belgium. Portugal and Luxembourg recorded high numbers of cancellations of scheduled medical examinations and treatments, while the fewest cancellations were observed in Romania and Bulgaria. Among people aged 50+, those in Luxembourg and the Czech Republic avoided seeking health care the most due to fear of corona-virus infection. On the other hand, almost every fifth person aged 50+ in Greece, Italy and Belgium has reported an increased sense of loneliness. It was also established that in post-socialist EU Member States, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Bulgaria and Latvia, the prevalence of deteriorating health during the first wave of the pandemic was lower by one to five percentage points compared to the so-called old Europe countries (χ2 (1, N = 52,649) = 16.9 p <0.001). At the same time, in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, Latvia, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, the prevalence of delayed examinations was lower by two to 26 percentage points compared to the other EU Member States and Switzerland (averaging 21% vs. 26%; (χ2 (1, N = 52,649) = 44.4 p <0.001). In post-socialist countries, people over the age of fifty were statistically significantly less likely to refrain from using healthcare services due to fear of coronavirus infection compared to other so-called old Europe countries (averaging 10% vs. 13%; χ2 (1, N = 52,649) = 114.3 p <0.001). The prevalence of increasing loneliness was significantly lower in post-socialist countries, averaging 8% versus 13%, in so-called old Europe countries (χ2 (1, N = 52,649) = 554.4 p <0.001). Policymakers, primarily in the field of health care and social welfare, should strive to create measures targeting social groups that are particularly vulnerable and have become even more vulnerable due to the pandemic. Such an approach, such as targeted measures for the most vulnerable, could reduce growing health and social inequalities among the 50+ generations.
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Foster care is a type of social service where accommodation is provided to children or adults under certain conditions by foster parents (including single parents), or foster care providers and their families. The paper provides an overview of foster care for older persons from a theoretical and research perspective, as well as foster care in the context of deinstitutionalisation. The purpose of foster care is to provide care and support to individuals in need by providing a stimulating and positive family environment in accordance with their individual plan of change. Despite a recent increase in the number of older persons placed in foster families in Croatia, there is a lack of interest in the scientific community to critically assess this type of care. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of foster care for older persons in Croatia with the aim of improving this form of care.
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Communication in social processes means that all the social phenomenon also imply a social communication process, whether it is about a relationship, interaction, exchange, exerting power, control or influence by the communities, by groups, by structures, or by social functions. In our case, the elderly are a social category very vulnerable people with many social communication problems. The social communication disorder can result in many problems for elderly people, including difficulty participating in social settings. Social structures are stabilized interactions, in which communication processes intercede directly and sometimes decisively, formatively or destructively; as such, you can say that communication is a cultural and socio-communicational ensemble (Stoica-Marcu 2013, 128). The social communication difficulty includes difficulty in interacting with family, friends other people around them and social isolation in the different moments of social necessity.
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The article focuses on the meanings that social actors attach to siblinghood in older age and the way of support between siblings in the period of life crisis or transitions (divorce, widowhood, illness). It is based on an analysis of data collected in Czechia in 2017–2019 from qualitative interviews and focus groups with participants aged 50+. The analysis highlights the symbolic level of siblinghood in old age and the gradual deepening of the relationship between siblings. The siblings provide each other mainly psychological support, the life transition or event do not significantly change their relationship. Rapprochement between them in old age is rather due to a progression in life course and a change in lifestyle. Siblings have more time for each other, they share common memories and the general experience of aging.
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Review of: Metka Mencin - Simone de Beauvoir: Starost II. Biti v svetu. Ljubljana: Opro, Zavod za aplikativne študije, 2020. 328 strani (ISBN 978-961-94813-1-8), 29 EUR.
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Research by psychologists in the late 1990s has shown that older people have significant needs that cannot be met by psychotherapy, social work or other areas of help, as older people face meaning, dignity, religion, love necessity, morality, death and other existential issues (Erichsen, Buessing, 2013). Most often, professionals working with the elderly have noticed a problem of loneliness caused by self-alienation and selfrejection (Moustakas, 2008). These experiences clearly illustrate the phenomenon of existential loneliness in the lives of the elderly. If the problem of existential loneliness is not solved, it causes psychosocial problems that turn into existential anxiety and cause a sense of meaninglessness, which Yalom (1980) identifies as one of the four existential “gifts” next to death, freedom, and isolation. Studies focusing on the loneliness of older people in the European context are rare. However, the existential needs and existential loneliness of the elderly are discussed instead by Edberg & Bolmsjö (2019) and Sjöberg et al. (2019) . The aim of this study is to reveal a multidisciplinary perspective on the existential loneliness of elderly wives. A scientific analysis of the literature was performed. The method of this study was chosen to reveal the phenomenon of existential unity from a multidisciplinary perspective, revealing the holistic, existential nature of loneliness. Existential loneliness is associated with a social problem, the origins of which lie in diminished social skills and individual differences between the individuals. The loneliness of the elderly is closely linked to the value system of society and the spread of solidarity in society. From a sociological point of view, existential loneliness is treated as a multi-faceted construct related to the historical and cultural context of society and is therefore in a constant negative transformation within social groups. From the point of view of psychology, existential loneliness is related to the possibilities of a person’s development, deeper self-knowledge, discovery of creativity, on the other hand, existential loneliness has a negative connotation of sadness, helplessness, grief, meaninglessness, or suffering. In the philosophical-theological perspective of the perception of existential loneliness, two aspects emerge related to loneliness as an inevitable existential part of a person and isolation from oneself.
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The aim of this article is to draw attention to the growing phenomenon of working in retirement in the light of active and successful aging concepts. The change in attitudes towards aging, work and retirement among Poles can be seen as a kind of social process that has been ongoing since the early 1990s. Nowadays, more and more people of retirement age, anxious to remain active and independent for as long as possible, are delaying the moment of professional deactivation. The article presents the partial findings of research conducted by the author. The purpose of the qualitative study ”Attitudes towards retirement and type of reflexivity as determinants of positive aging” was to characterize the motivations for career continuation and the benefits of prolonged professional activity among people over 60. The findings—concerning participants considered professionals (n = 20) according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations ISCO-08—suggest that continuing one’s career after reaching retirement age can be considered one of the strategies for achieving successful aging.
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The Lithuanian context of an increased need for care in old age is framed by the demographic trends, such as population aging, the intense emigration of younger generations, and a significant proportion of older people living alone on the one hand, and on the other the strong support represented by filial duties in respect of care and insufficiently developed social services. How do older people experience and handle the situation? This paper uses qualitative interviews (N=27) to analyze the preferences and experiences of care among older people living alone in Lithuania. Based on the study findings, older people seek to maintain their agency under all circumstances related to care, and informal support is appreciated as providing more such options. Formal social services are rejected for reasons including distrust, the lack of social skills, or the cost and insufficient accessibility of such services.
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This research examined factors predicting the financial well-being of older people and how financial well-being was associated with life satisfaction among older adults in Vietnam using a national survey. We found that income, assets, health status, and demographic factors were significantly associated with older adults’ financial well-being. The results also revealed that, for older adults, subjective financial well-being was positively associated with life satisfaction, but among the objective financial well-being indicators only the number of assets was directly related to life satisfaction. On the other hand, income might be indirectly related to life satisfaction through subjective financial well-being. The results were consistent across various measures of subjective financial well-being.
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