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Együtt, vagy külön?

Author(s): Ágnes Sárosi-Blága / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The topic of my paper is the analysis of rural elites´ narratives about inter-municipal cooperation in the Felcsík micro-region of Szeklerland. The importance of this topic is closely linked to the new rural paradigm and is one of the central elements of EU programs and strategies in recent years. In the study I present four ideal types identified in the discourses related to inter-municipal cooperation: (1) the ideal type that manages the interests of the municipality as a priority, (2) the abstain, (3) the interest oriented and the (4) project-oriented ideal type. My research is based on interviews made with 15 persons belonging to rural elites and coming from the public administration sector. The results of my research shows that the identified ideal types define the external and internal relations of the region, the cooperation practice of municipalities and, in this sense, the direction and the results of the developments. At the same time, from the point of view of the development policy, attention is drawn to factors stimulating and limiting the development processes of the region.

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WPŁYW WYBRANYCH ROZWIĄZAŃ URBANISTYCZNYCH NA DOSTĘPNOŚĆ PRZESTRZENNĄ TERENÓW ZIELENI – PRZYKŁAD WROCŁAWSKIEGO OŁBINA

Author(s): Katarzyna Chrobak,Piotr Kryczka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

High investment in housing and increasing density of urban areas led to a situation in which highly urbanized city districts do not offer wide range of places that can inspire local community and simultaneously be an attractive part of neighbourhood. The article poses an overview of environmental and social problems in cities. In the elaboration modern urban solutions connected with sustainable development connected with greenery (e.g. parklet, pocket garden) were characterized. Subsequently, based on urban inventory and geospatial analysis, universal implementation guidelines for highly developed areas were formulated. The valorisation of Ołbin was conducted. On the grounds of it, solutions of increasing accessibility to public greenery were proposed. That is why in conclusion the importance of creating areas for local communities was emphasized. Because of the shortage of available spaces they are suggested to be effectively and sustainably developed

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Socio-prostorna transformacija i susedski odnosi u Novom Sadu

Author(s): Ana Pajvančić-Cizelj,Jelena Knežević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

Summary In the first part of the paper, the authors discuss some of the classical sociological ideas about the neighborhood, developed within the Chicago School and the symbolic interactionism of Jane Jacobs. Those ideas are then used in order to examine the neighborhood relations in Novi Sad, in the context of transition and spatial transformation. The authors present selected results of a survey conducted in 2015 on the representative sample of 503 citizens of Novi Sad. The neighborhood relations in Novi Sad are investigated with the aim of analyzing their quality in different parts of the city and their relation with different social characteristics. According to the research hypothesis, the quality of neighborhood relations varies significantly in different parts of the city and between different social groups, whereby the parts of the city are classified by the degree of their socio-spatial transformation in transition. The research confirmed the first hypothesis and found that the neighborhood relations are more intense in the old, historic part of the city, within the single-family and mixed housing, among the owners of apartments as well as those who were born in Novi Sad or moved to the city less than 10 years ago. Although some findings suggest that differences in the neighborhood relations arise from the degree and quality of socio-spatial transformation in the transition, these links are not simple nor direct. Through the analysis of the research results, the authors assess the relevance of some classical sociological ideas for understanding and planning the neighborhoods in the contemporary city in transition. In the conclusion, the authors emphasize the importance of overcoming strict spatial determinism as well as the idealization of neighborhood relations in further research in this area.

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TRANSLOKAL OLMAYAN BİR GÖÇEBELİK TÜRÜ OLARAK: KENT YAŞAMI

Author(s): Ayşegül Durukan,Osman Arayici / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 40/2018

Today, the urban and urban sub-districts are defined as different spatial environment approaches for the recognition of other social life and creating special places. These works in the effort to create a special sense of perception want to overcome the concept of fixed space. While the choice of placement in social spaces with vernacular development is entirely dependent on social relations and similarities, today's user has to make choices about space only on the basis of aesthetic and economic reasons. On the other hand, the city user can view a product as much as he can in a place where he lives, such as streets, parks, bridges and museums, and sometimes take part in it. At the same time, these units can be transformed by moving sub-units and be retransformed in different ways. Thus, social spaces begin to acquire personality as a result of the fact that the depth of the relationship of the user he establishes in as well as the production in the commercial spaces outside the personal space.

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Architecture, Sociality and the Production of Locality

Author(s): Anna Müller,Werner Reichmann / Language(s): English Issue: 26 (2)/2018

This article examines the interdependence of architecture and society using insights from Science and Technology Studies. We argue that architecture is not merely a product of sociality but also systematically shapes, influences and coordinates the social. To conceptualise this double-relation, we develop the so-called ‘fried-egg-model of architecture’. To understand architecture’s embeddedness in its peculiar social and material-spatial surroundings and to make architecture empirically accessible, we integrate the notion of ‘locality’ into our model. ‘Locality’ is understood here as the local, earthbound and commonly produced attribute of socio-architectural arrangements. As an illustration of both the theoretical model and the proposed notion of ‘locality’, we use two empirical case studies from economic sociology to show that the social order of markets is significantly shaped by the architectural environments in which the markets are embedded. These examples illustrate the fried-egg-model of architecture and pave the theoretical way for analysing architecture’s connectedness to local knowledge and tangible locations.

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Miejska community a urbanistyka

Author(s): Barbara Lewenstein / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26 (2)/2018

The article is an attempt towards defining the links between the development of conceptual sociological knowledge in relation to the concept of urban community, and the urban planning assumptions emerging in parallel to this knowledge regarding the shaping of such communities in the urban environment. The author portrays the evolution of how the city is conceived as a place in which it is possible to recreate traditional forms of sense of community or transfer the structures of rural local configurations to urbanised communities, to such a moment when both sociological research and the theoretical reflection that follows indicate distinct limitations to the creation of such relations within the configurations discussed. The article’s main thesis is that each of the phases of development of sociological thought and of changing social context, phases pointed out and described, is accompanied by specific strategies in urban planning and city development, strategies that intend to bring about their reproduction.

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Miasto jako domena nieprawomocnego panowania

Author(s): Grażyna Woroniecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26 (2)/2018

In this article I present the historical process of organising the relations of domination in cities, seeking justifications for Max Weber’s thesis that such domination is, in principle, non-legitimate. This quality has characterised the very essence of the city since the beginning of the existence of this form of human coexistence. By applying typologising idealisations, I carry out a review of the relations of domination in European cities, from Antiquity to the modern day. In them, domination invariable appears as non-legitimate, though to differing degrees. A certain novelty is manifested in the ideas, debates and urban civil movements of today: they are developing for themselves rationale that validate actions taken, and which are supposed to supersede the deficit of legitimisation that is typical of cities. However, their scope is limited, and they are not characterised by authoritative effectiveness as a “maxim of their conduct” (definitional for legitimate domination) adopted by others. In the light of the assumptions adopted, these endeavours appear as the creation of partial validations diverging from the actual sphere of domination and limited to residual spaces and scopes of authority in cities. This confirms the fundamental legitimacy of conclusions deriving from the analysis conducted by Max Weber.

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Antystrukturalne zakłócenie i strukturalna gentryfikacja. Sztuka miasta w społeczeństwie spektaklu

Author(s): Paweł Możdżyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26 (2)/2018

The main topic of Możdżyński’s article comprises the structural and antistructural aspects of art in urban spaces. At the beginning the author explores the theory of Victor Turners, after which he examines works of public art in urban spaces in antistructural and structural perspectives. He applies sociological categories developed by Guy Debord, Scott Lash and Celia Lurry, Zygmunt Bauman and Mike Featherstone.

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Jak brzmi Warszawa, czyli współczesne zagadnienia związane ze zróżnicowaniem miejskich przestrzeni akustycznych

Author(s): Łukasz Strzelczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26 (2)/2018

Do we routinely wonder how Warsaw sounds? Or whether in some way the city’s audiosphere is unique? What comprises the spectrum of sounds that surround us, and how does this influence our everyday existence and perception of reality? In my paper, I focus on the different and often unacknowledged relations of sound and space, and examine meanings of sound related to marketing and symbolism, as well as certain artistic practices. I also analyse documents drawn up by the Warsaw City Hall, mainly focusing on so-called acoustic maps.

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Warszawska kamienica czynszowa na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w perspektywie socjologii architektury

Author(s): Piotr Hummel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26 (2)/2018

The author discusses the phenomenon of the late 19th-century Warsaw tenement in the perspective of sociology of architecture. He considers how the lives of tenants were influenced by the buildings’ character, their shape, how they were planned and the atmosphere in them. In addition he analyses which aspects of the tenements may have contributed to social integration among their tenants, and which to social disintegration. He also strives to demonstrate how forms of coexistence within a specific space were generated as a result of the interweaving of actions by different actors (buildings, objects, and residents with varied social, economic and cultural backgrounds – and thus living and communicating in numerous different ways). A comparison of tenements and their residents, in older and newer buildings erected both in city centres and on the outskirts, helps show which featured the conditions most conducive to the formation of close neighbourly relations.

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Samorządna społeczność lokalna. Tradycja i codzienność civil society na przykładzie małego miasta

Author(s): Paweł Ćwikła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26 (2)/2018

The article tackles the issue of local community, which is presented here in two aspects. The first section refers to theoretical grasps of the issues related to a sociological view of an extremely important theme present in scientific reflection on society: the local community. The second part focuses on the case of a small town as a construct in a broader social context. The town of Sławków, situated in the border region of the provinces of Silesia and Lesser Poland, is the example I use to show the importance of self-governance at the level of institutions of power and in regard to social awareness. I take into account the context of the region, nation, state and Europe, while on the other hand I draw attention to the significance that tradition and local history can have in generating residents’ identity, in shaping and spreading awareness of the essence of belonging to a “little homeland”, in regard to models of individual and social conduct, collective perception, and in the responsible development of civil society in a small town.

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Stambena politika između znanosti i ideologije

Author(s): Josip Pandžić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2018

Ideas represent a logical addition to the institutional and rational actor approach in public policy analysis. In the housing area, various measures like financial, legal, spatial, social and ecological constitute housing policy. The aim of this paper is to point out the ambivalence of knowledge upon which housing policy is based by using the ideational approach in the analysis of basic terms in the field of housing (house, housing, housing system and housing policies), particularly housing policy. Attention in this paper was focussed on linking the ideational approach with various theories on the social determination of knowledge, especially by pointing out the synergy of scientific and political interpretations which date from the 19th- and 20th-century ideological imagery. In accordance with the three proposed theses, the impossibility of unequivocal identification of knowledge in the housing policy area with either scientific or ideological systems was confirmed. Housing policy was identified as an area in which ideas represent a product of interdependence between scientific and ideological cognisances, which is evident from the interpretation of fundamental concepts. By using the example from the history of British housing policy, the inseparability of the ideological and the scientific in defining the terms was depicted as the cause of further discernments in the conceptualisation and implementation of housing policy measures. In the final discussion, the method of “social learning” and the “trial and error” principle were advocated as instruments for improving housing policy.

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Sales range and innovative activity in the manufacturing system of Poland

Author(s): Arkadiusz Świadek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Research background: In the literature, there is a discussion on the importance of the spatial distance from the user in the context innovation activity. However, most of this kind of studies concentrate on exporting enterprises and compare them to domestic ones. Exporting activity is very important for catching-up countries, because of technology transfer in its background. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to determine whether the innovative activity in Poland’s manufacturing system is a consequence of close interactions (local and regional), or perhaps conditioned by the imperative of functioning on the national and international market. The main hypothesis was that on the current development level of Poland, the relationship between the range of sales and innovation activities are different from those in the more developed countries. Methods: Empirical studies was created in 2006–2012 as a result of the systematic collection of questionnaires filled by manufacturing enterprises in Poland from all regions (5209 correct fulfilled questionnaires). Methodical analysis was based on the theory of probability — probit modeling, because dependent variables were binary (0 or 1). Findings & Value added: Local and regional space is not stimulating innovation activity in opposite to national one. High intensity observed only when the company has been working on the international market. It means that the industry maturity level in Poland is good enough for creating a domestic innovation environment. This kind of an aggregation level should be stimulated by the government innovation policy.

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Transportation service of small towns Obsługa transportowa małych miast

Author(s): Andrzej Zalewski,Jan Kempa / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 31/2018

The main problem connected with transport in small towns is an efficient passage of the transit route through the town. Road traffic planning is considered to be vital, which in many cases is not possible due to high costs. Another effective solution is calming the traffic along the route through towns, especially in the central areas, with lowering the speed limit to 30-40 kph (exceptionally allowing 50 kph). In this way, a consensus is achieved between the needs of traffic and town’s functioning. In consequence, the status of “priority for the town” is thus given. Ample experience confirms that there is a significant improvement in traffic safety on the main road, including: decrease in the number of deaths, reduction of traffic speed, improvement in the safety of vulnerable road users, improvement in the aesthetics and appearance of public space, improving parking conditions and reducing air pollution. Effects are achieved by reducing the speed and rebuilding of street sections. In the cross-sections of streets, new solutions for pedestrian and bicycle traffic develop the public space, which in this way becomes friendly to residents. Linear infrastructure for bicycles may be limited only to a road with a high car traffic density. The planned road solution must be integrally connected with spatial development. The threshold of road nuisance perceptible on the street in a small town is lower than in medium-sized and large cities. The average annual traffic daily volume should not exceed 5000 vpd. In the aspect of protection of living environment conditions, traffic intensity on small town streets should be by half lower (<2000 vpd), which means a moderate traffic function of the street.

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Theoretical study concept of the genesis of a city with regard to simulation modelling of the long-term development of a transportation network. With illustrations from a Klodzko Land case study (south-western Poland)

Author(s): Jan Zipser / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 31/2018

The paper presents a general outline of thoughts concerning a theoretical study concept of examining the genesis of a city. The proposed concept refers to the idea of giving a quantitative foundation for extension of the genesis of a city deeper into the past. In the proposed concept, the process of situating the city should refer to settlement actions much older than the first traces of the urbanization process and should concentrate on manifestations of movement and transportation activities. These activities may be recognizable in the archaeological record. Methodologically, the concept has a basis in the implementation of the ORION simulation modelling procedure with a special emphasis laid on long-term development of a transportation network. The method itself and the simulation procedure are described, and a possible research area is introduced.

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Allocation of funds under the 1% tax donation scheme to public benefit organizations by type of locality in Poland

Author(s): Dominik Sikorski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 31/2018

This paper focuses on analyzing the allocation of funds obtained from 1% of PIT and CIT to public benefit organizations in Poland. The conducted research is based on statistical data sources from the Central Statistical Office of Poland, Department of the Public Benefit, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Labor and Social Policy. The analysis covers the years 2010 and 2016, showing a dependence between the number, type of location, type, statutory objective of organizations and the funds collected by these organizations under the 1% scheme.

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The grounds for metropolitan cooperation. A case study of the Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot Metropolitan Area

Author(s): Rafał Gajewski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 31/2018

The process of institutionalization of metropolitan cooperation within the metropolitan area around Gdańsk has been the subject of a debate with the participation of local representatives of various sectors. Currently, the main entity carrying out activities on a metropolitan scale is the Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot Metropolitan Area Association. It has been responsible for a series of bottom-up projects, implementation of the Integrated Territorial Investments mechanism, as well as lobbying towards establishing a metropolitan union in Pomeranian Voivodship. The article describes the current conditionings that seem to be the most important for the spatial extent and objects of the cooperation in the context of the foregoing metropolitan discourse.

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Determinants of urban development according to the cittaslow concept based on the example of Górowo Iławeckie

Author(s): Łukasz Markowski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 31/2018

This article analyses the awareness of the inhabitants of Górowo Iławeckie regarding the participation of the city in the Cittaslow development network and identifies the conditions of its development. For this purpose, a survey was conducted among the residents of Górowo Iławeckie and questionnaires were distributed to employees of the Town Hall and the Mayor of Górowo Iławeckie. The article also deals with the subject of the city’s activity aimed at achieving the goals promoted by the Cittaslow network related to revitalization.

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Improving on the development of the downtown area as a direction for the spatial policy of Opole

Author(s): Magdalena Śliwa / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 31/2018

The city centre is a most valuable, historically formed area of living and commercial space. However, urbanistic policies of cities do not pay enough attention to maintaining or creating appropriate living conditions for the inhabitants of city centres, while still protecting and taking into account the aesthetic and design-related assets. A chaotic management of historic city centres and the lack of appropriate spatial regulations lead to frequent conflicts and eventual withdrawal of inhabitants from the area. This article aims to identify problems specific to city centres and to show that improving the living conditions thereof is possible, which will definitely lead to city centres keeping their housing function and encourage residents to settle within.

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Spatial planning and the development of small urban towns – visions of the 21st century

Author(s): Małgorzata STRZYŻ,Maria Śmigielska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 31/2018

Today, spatial planning is playing a more and more significant role in forming spatial development at the local level (municipality, town/city). It is closely connected with numerous documents underlying the implementation of the sustainable policy in the sphere of local development. The article presents an analysis of relevant planning documents at the national level, especially, at the level of the Podlaskie, Świętokrzyskie and Opolskie Voivodeships (provinces). Based on the analysis of spatial functioning in the range of small cities (towns) located in two provinces in the so-called Poland B (Eastern Poland) and one province in the so-called Poland A, the initial recognition of the impact of small urban centres on the regional development was made at different levels. The current economic system rooted in the premises of the innovative development of regions requires conducting detailed studies in the field of investigating its internal structure and external dependencies. As a complex, dynamic mechanism, generating an increase in the quality of life corresponding to the human resources, it also requires an appropriate management remaining in harmony with modern, strategic and spatial economy. The article selectively determines the problems appearing in the economic system of a region and indicates the need to solve the most essential development problems, e.g. those arising due to the obligatory introduction of social and economic scientific descriptions as the fundamental documents for the needs of creating sustainable development of the small-town landscape.

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