We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Download

Structure of litter macrofauna communities in poplar plantations in an urban ecosystem in Ukraine

Author(s): V. V. Brygadyrenko,O. Y. Pakhomov,E. V. Prokopenko,T. M. Kolombar,L. I. Faly / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The litter macrofauna of 8 plantations of Populus italica (Du Roi) Moench, P. deltoides Marsh. and P. alba L. was studied in the city of Dnipro. The invertebrates were taken by manual sifting of litter from experimental plots of 8 m2. The total number of litter macrofauna in the poplar plantations varied from 8 to 187 specimen/m2, on average 53 specimen/m2. The greatest variety of species was obtained from a white poplar plantation with common hop and an elm-poplar plantation with bare soil and Amorpha fruticosa L. bushes (15 and 9 species correspondingly). The maximum readings on the Shannon–Weaver diversity index come from the abovementioned areas (3.2 and 2.9 bits respectively). The highest number of zoophages (40%) was obtained from the white poplar plantation with common hop. There was great consistency in the species composition across the plots, with the same 60 species (more than 50% of the total number of species of litter macrofauna recorded in the study) being found in 7 out of the 8 study plots. The share of species rare for any given ecosystem exceeded 10% in only 2 out of the 8 plantations studied. The dominant group in the size structure of the litter macrofauna of the poplar plantations (44–96%) was invertebrates of 4–7 mm length. In 5 out of 8 poplar plantations no species over 15 mm in length were found. This indicates the degraded size structures of the litter macrofauna communities. In taxonomic structure the dominant groups were Formicidae, Pulmonata, Porcellionidae, Lygaeidae, Julidae, Silphidae, Araneae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae. The results obtained indicate the low variety and degradation of the trophic and size structure of the litter macrofauna of these urban poplar plantations, which are subject to lack of moisture.

More...

Download

Використання фумарату бактеріями Desulfuromonas sp.

Author(s): O. Chayka,T. Peretjatko,S. Gudz,A. A. Halushka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

The main goal of the work was to study the utilization of fumarate by sulfur-reducing bacteria Desulfuromonas sp. under different growth conditions and accumulation of hydrogen sulfide by bacteria in the media with sulfur and different electron donors. Sulfur-reducing bacteria Desulfuromonas sp., isolated from soil in Yazivske sulfur deposit, were used in the research. Bacteria were grown in the medium Postgate C without sulfates. The content of hydrogen sulfide was determined by formation of methylene blue. The content of organic acids (fumarate, succinate, lactate, acetate) was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biomass of cells was determined by the photoelectrocolorymetry method using KFK-3. The highest level of accumulation of hydrogen sulfide by bacteria Desulfuromonas sp. was found in media with sodium lactate and sodium pyruvate. The maximal concentration of hydrogen sulfide was 1.9 mM. Maximal accumulation of biomass was observed in the media with malate, lactate and fumarate with the presence of elemental sulfur. Sulfur-reducing bacteria Desulfuromonas sp. are able to utilize fumarate as an electron donor and acceptor in the absence of elemental sulfur in the medium. After the incubation of Desulfuromonas sp. in the medium with fumarate, chromatographic analysis of culture liquid showed that fumarate is converted to succinate and small quantities of acetate The presence of acetate is, probably, due to the particularaties of the functioning of citric acid cycle in bacteria of the genus Desulfuromonas. Consequently, the results indicate that the fumarate serves as a donor and acceptor of electrons.The simultaneous introduction of two electron donors – fumarate and elemental sulfur – was accompanied by inhibition of sulfur reduction. After an additional source of carbon (sodium lactate) and electron acceptor (elemental sulfur) was added to the medium with fumarate a five fold increase of sulfidogenic activity was observed. Thus, regulation of respiration in bacteria Desulfuromonas sp. is directed to the primary utilization of the most energetically favorable electron acceptors.

More...

Download

Кіспептин-опосередкована регуляція морфофункціонального стану сім’яників щурів за дії наночастинок золота

Author(s): V. Y. Kalynovskyi,A. S. Pustovalov,G. Y. Grodzyuk,N. S. Andriushyna,M. E. Dzerzhynsky / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

There are a variety of biomedical applications of nanoparticles. They can be used as drug carriers, anti-tumor agents, biosensors and modulators of immune response. But full-scale real clinical application of nanomaterials requires a great deal of information on their safety and biotoxicity. Even traditionally harmless materials, like gold, can obtain toxic features when scaled to the nanosize. In vitro studies showed that nanoparticles can be geno- and cytotoxic, but their effects on the body as a whole remain largely a mystery. To shed some light on this, our study focused on the reproductive toxicity of nanomaterials. We synthesized 10–15 nm gold nanoparticles through the reduction of sodium tetrachloroaurate (III) in an alkaline medium with the addition of sodium polyphosphate as a stabilizing agent. Next, these particles were administered intraperitoneally to young and old rats for 10 days. To test functional capabilities of the testes, we injected kisspeptin-10 or its antagonist peptide-234 intracerebroventricularly. These substances are known to stimulate or inhibit the central component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis respectively. After the routine histological procedures, we measured the diameter of seminiferous tubules and the nuclear cross-sectional area of Sertoli cells as markers of testicular spermatogenic activity and a cross-sectional area of the Leydig cells’ nuclei as a marker of testicular steroidogenesis. We found that injections of nanogold caused no significant changes in the young animals. At the same time, morphometric parameters of adult animals were significantly lower compared to control, although we observed no pathological changes in the tissue. Combined administration of gold nanoparticles and kisspeptin showed that the stimulatory effect of the latter was not observed at all. This is a specific feature of toxicants called “endocrine disruptors”. Moreover, we found morphological signs of testicular degeneration, which are characteristic of the low-testosterone state. Simultaneous injections of gold and peptide-234 resulted in the highest degree of testicular functional downregulation, regardless of age. Taken as a whole, our data indicates that gold nanoparticles disrupt the regulatory network of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, possibly due to direct action on the interstitial cells and spermatogenic epithelium.

More...

Download

Синтаксономія рослинності Калуського полігону токсичних відходів гексахлорбензолу (Івано-Франківська область)

Author(s): V. I. Parpan,N. V. Shumska,M. J. Rudeichuk-Kobzeva,M. M. Mylenka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

The vegetation of a landfill of hexachlorobenzene toxic waste was studied. It is situated in the neighborhood of Kalush (Ivano-Frankivsk region) and has an area of 4.5 ha. As a result of damage to the containers, hazardous waste has contaminated the air, soil and aquifers at the test site and adjacent areas. During the period 2010–2012 measures were taken to recover and remove the mixture of toxic waste and contaminated soil from the landfill. In its place, unpolluted soil was brought to the landfill. Work was carried out to recultivate the territory. Nowadays natural succession of vegetation cover is observed. There is closed herbaceous cover in the western part of the landfill. The total projective herbaceous cover in the central and eastern parts varies from 10% to 60%. Vegetation composition of the landfill contains eight syntaxa of association rank that belong to seven alliances, six orders and five classes. Communities of the Phragmito-Magnocaricetea and Bolboschoenetea maritimi classes (ass. Typhetum laxmanii) grow in areas with excessive humidification. The central and eastern parts of the waste landfill are primarily occupied by halophytic communities of the Puccinellio distanti-Tripolietum vulgare association of the Asteretea tripolium class. Ruderal communities belong to three associations of the Artemisietea vulgaris class. These communities mainly occur in the periphery zone of Kalush landfill. Areas with a moderate moisture regime are occupied by ruderal communities of the Calamagrostietum epigeios association of the Agropyretea repentis class. The total number of vascular herbaceous plant species at the landfill is 119. The dominating groups are meadow, synanthropic and wetland species. The differentiation of vegetation cover is caused by heterogeneity of edaphic and hydrological conditions, also by different activity of succession processes.

More...

Download

Розподіл астрогліальних білків у мозку щурів за дії доксорубіцину та гуміліду

Author(s): Y. V. Babets,G. A. Ushakova,L. M. Stepchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

Doxorubicin causes toxic side effects which result in profound changes in various organs including the heart muscle, which leads to the development of cardiomyopathy, with further complications, as our earlier studies have shown. But there are complications in treatment by anthracycline chemotherapy. The reduction of toxicity of cytotoxic drugs without reduction of their antitumor action remains an important medical challenge. The S-100b and glial fibrillar acid protein (GFAP) are the key astroglial proteins which are widely used as biomarkers for neurotraumas and strokes. Thus the purpose of our work was to study the GFAP and S-100b levels under the experimental model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy and the effect of the cytostatic separately or combined with Humilid. The level of studied proteins was measured by ELISA using monospecific antibodies against GFAP and S-100b (Sigma, USA), secondary anti-IgG labeled with horseradish peroxidase (Sigma, USA) and GFAP and S-100b standards (Sigma, USA). The experiment was conducted on white Wistar male rats weighing 210 ±50 g, which were divided into 3 groups with 8 animals in each: 1 – control, rats received saline i/p, 2 – doxorubicin 1 mg/kg i/p once weekly during 4 weeks, 3 – doxorubicin by the same scheme plus 0.01% solution of Humilid during 4 weeks. Under impact of doxorubicin an increase of fibrillar GFAP content in the rats’ hippocampus was shown, which may have occurred as a result of the proliferation of astrocytes. An increase of concentration of S-100b to 20–26% compared with the control animals was also detected in the hippocampus, thalamus and the cerebral cortex of the studied animals. Concomitant administration of doxorubicin with Humilid partially prevented the increase in concentration of GFAP and S-100b in the rats’ hippocampus. The reciprocal change in the level of S-100b and GFAP in the peripheral nervous system of the heart tissue was defined with a high degree of correlation under impact of doxorubicin. Accordingly, we have proposed the hypothesis that the increase in of the filament GFAP in the hippocampus may occur due to the development of the ischemic state under the impact of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Humilid with doxorubicin prevented changes in the researched astroglial proteins of the heart muscle and brain parts of rats.

More...

Download

Фізіологічний стан розвитку личинок і зараженість домашніх копитних Echinococcus granulosus (Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae) у Північно-Східній Україні

Author(s): A. M. Yemets,V. M. Demenko,V. V. Kabanyets / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) has a worldwide distribution. Different types of carnivores (dogs, jackals, wolves, foxes), domestic and wild ungulates are included in its life cycle. There are significant differences in its pattern of contamination of domestic ungulates in the various regions of Ukraine. Pigs are major intermediate hosts of E. granulosus in the northern and western regions of the country, sheep and cattle in the southern and eastern regions. These differences are associated with strains of Echinococcus. The article presents the results of research conducted on 1,884 pigs, 1,025 sheep and 1,406 cattle in Polesia and the forest-steppe zone of the north-east of Ukraine. We have established the development of Echinococcus larvae in pigs (extent of invasion 10.2 ± 0.6%) and sheep (extent of invasion 0.7 ± 0.2%). The cysts did not develop in cattle. Pigs generally had a low invasion intensity (less than 6 larvae). A high level of invasion intensity (more than 10 larvae) was infrequently recorded in these animals. All sheep had a low level of invasion intensity.The E. granulosus larvae found in sheep were dead. In pigs, most cysts developed to fertile state (139 cases). Young, sterile and dead larvae were less common (39, 10, 4 cases). Pigs older than 10 months had the highest number of fertile cysts. Young larvae dominated in pigs younger than 10 months. In these animals, larvae were localized predominantly in the liver. The kidneys and lungs were infected less frequently. The large number of fertile cysts in pigs older than 10 months made this group of animals the main intermediate hosts of E. granulosus in the north-eastern part of Ukraine. They enable the parasite to function actively here. Analysis of infestation by E. granulosus larvae of domestic ungulates of the Polesia and the forest-steppe zone showed no significant differences. Identified differences were not statistically confirmed.

More...

Download

Дія гібереліну та ретардантів на морфогенез, фотосинтетичний апарат і продуктивність картоплі

Author(s): V. V. Rogach,I. V. Poprotska,V. G. Kuryata / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

We investigated the influence of gibberellin and antigibberellin agents (tebuсonazolе and chlormequat-сhloride) on the growth, development, leaf apparatus, formation of the mesostructure, net photosynthetic productivity, contents of different forms of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds in the vegetative organs of potatoes of the Sante sort and their productivity. We established that the use of tebuconazole and chlormequat-сhloride reduced the linear dimensions of plants and increased the number of leaves on them, the mass of damp matter of leaves and their area. Gibberellic acid increased plant height and leaf area significantly. Gibberellic acid and tebuconazole thickened the laminae by cell proliferation of the main photosynthetic tissue – chlorenchyma. The volume of the cells of palisade parenchyma increased under the influence of these agents. The size of the spongy parenchyma cells increased due to the action of the growth stimulator. The content of chlorophyll in potato leaves was reduced significantly after processing by gibberellic acid and it grew after application of tebuconazole. Content of photosynthetic pigments tended to increase due to action of chlormequat-сhloride. It was found that retardants increased starch content and protein nitrogen in the roots, stems and tubers with a simultaneous decrease in the sugar content of the vegetative organs. Gibberellic acid reduced the content of sugar and starch in the roots, stems and leaves and increased their content in the tubers. The hormone reduced content of protein nitrogen in leaves. Gibberellin and antigibberellin agents increased the weight of dry matter in the plants, raised net photosynthetic productivity and optimized productivity of the culture. Treatment of potato tubers with the retardants during the dormant period led to slower germination, which contributed to preservation of production.

More...

Download

Структура сообщества гнездящихся птиц байрачной дубравы долины реки Оскол

Author(s): A. A. Atemasov,T. A. Atemasova,T. N. Devjatko,G. L. Goncharov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

This investigation was carried out in a forest on the southern borders of the Central-Russian Upland, on the Prioskolsky plateau, in the Srednedonskoy subprovince of the Pontic steppe province. The aim of this work is to identify the peculiarities of structure and ways of formation of the breeding population of ravine oak forests on the border of two geographic zones. The objectives of the work were to describe quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the population of the nesting birds of ravine oak forests, as well as provide an analysis of the faunogenesic structure of the nesting bird population. To obtain data on the species composition and density of nesting birds we used the line transect method by D. Hayne – Y. Ravkin. The surveys were carried out in 2011–2015 three times per season (April to June). The indicators of the breeding density of each bird species and the totals for each year were calculated. The Polydominant Simpson index was used to characterize species diversity. To evaluate the uniformity we used the calibrated version of G ‘Alatalo index F’. The calculations were performed using the program PAST. In total we observed 34 species of birds over the 5 years of research. The dynamics of the total density of breeding birds in the period researched (2011–2015) showed a maximum in 2013 (1,711 pairs/km2); the average index for the 5 years was 1,288 ± 133 pairs/km2, which is similar to the characteristics of the populations of birds forests of the steppe zone (Donetsk Ridge, Azov Upland). The dominant and subdominant species comprised 32.2–54.7% of the population, indicating a balanced community, in spite of the insular nature of the forest. The absolute dominant in all years was the Chaffinch (an average of 21.2% of the population); subdominant species were the Robin (11.2%), Great Tit (10.5%) and the Collared Flycatcher (10.3%). Over a third of the total number of birds are the hollow-nesting birds (37.1%); species nesting in the crown were 32.3% and ground-nesting species 25.3%. The geographical and genesis structure of the communities of nesting birds are characterized by predominance of species from Nemoral and Ancient-Nemoral faunal assemblage (in some years up to 90.9% of the population). The species from the forest-steppe faunistic complex of the European type of fauna account for 3.6% to 9.48% of the population of nesting birds, and most of these have the status of third-degree (rare species). The composition of the group of third-degree species is highly diverse: in addition to the elements of Nemoral, Ancient-Nemoral and forest-steppe complexes, it includes species from the tropical and boreal groups. Among third-degree species there is a tendency to decrease in some species from the Nemoral faunal complex with a simultaneous increase in the forest-steppe faunistic component and increase in the homogeneity of the geography-genesis structure as a whole. The significant share of the population from the Nemoral and Ancient-Nemoral species complex, which formed in deciduous forests, is evidence of the origin of the researched ravine oak wood as a remnant of the once vast oak-forest areas.

More...

Download

Продуктивность лактирующих коров при использовании в рационах сенажа из вико-овсяно-гороховой смеси с внесением нового биологического консерванта

Author(s): P. I. Baryshnikov,V. N. Khaustov,S. V. Burtseva,R. V. Nekrasov,M. G. Chabaev,A. А. Zelenchikova,D. A. Durnikin / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

The effect of a new biological preservative representing a mix of lyophilized Lactobacillus plantarum VKPM V-4173, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis VKPM V-2092 and Propionibacterium acidipropionici VKPMV-5723 strains (40 : 40 : 20) on the quality of haylage prepared from a mix of vetch, oats, and pea has been studied. The total bacteria content in the preservative was 1·1011 CFU/g. Five different variants of conservation of alfalfa haylage prepared at the budding stage were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The variants included a self-conserved control and the preservative at two different dosages (3 and 6 g/ton) with and without the addition of cellulolytic enzymes. The best results were observed in the case of both the enzyme-free and the enzyme-containing preservative at the dosage equal to 6 g/ton. These variants provided the maximum protein content in the haylage (94.3% and 94.5% of the initial content, respectively) and a high content of lactic acid (62.9% and 65.4% of the total acid content, respectively) and also good organoleptic characteristics. The determined optimum biopreservative dosage was tested under industrial conditions using 750 tons of vetch-oats-pea haylage. The use of the biopreservative provided a high-quality haylage of high nutritive value. Industrial evaluation of the effect on the productivity of milk cattle (n = 15) of the addition of the biopreservative to the haylage showed that the maximum average daily yield of milk with basic fat content (3.4%) was obtained from cows of the experimental group whose ration included haylage prepared with the use of the studied preservative. This yield came to 32.7 kg , which exceeded the yield for the control group (fed on self-conserved haylage) by 7.0%. Three months feeding of cows with the haylage prepared with the use of the new preservative brought a significant saving of money (4,862 rubles per a head at the prices of 2015–2016).

More...

Download

Synopsis of the genus Anopteris (Pteridophyta, Pteridaceae)

Author(s): A. V. Vaganov,A. I. Shmakov,N. Friesen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

In the article a synopsis of the genus Anopteris (Prantl) Diels is given. The synopsis of Anopteris includes three species. For each species, the Latin name, basionym, nomenclatural citation, synonyms, information on locus classicus, type, habitat, and distribution are given. An original key for identification of the species of Anopteris is also prepared. The localities of occurrence of each species are precisely given.

More...

Download

Новый высокопродуктивный штамм Propionibacterium acidipropionici FL-48 с повышенной устойчивостью к пропионовой кислоте и масштабирование технологии его наработки в промышленных биореакторах

Author(s): M. A. Kartashov,T. M. Voinova,A. V. Sergeeva,N. V. Statsyuk,S. V. Rogovsky,Y. O. Grebeneva,D. A. Durnikin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

Propionic acid bacteria, including Propionibacterium acidipropionici, are widely used in the chemical industry to produce propionic acid and also for food and feed preservation. However, the efficiency of the industrial production of these bacteria is limited by their sensitivity to high concentrations of propionic acid excreted into the cultivation medium. Therefore, the development of new biotechnological processes and strains able to overcome this limitation and to improve the profitability of the microbiological production remains a relevant problem. A new P. acidipropionici FL-48 strain characterized by an increased resistance to 10 g/L of propionic acid (the number of viable cells after 24-h cultivation reached 1.05 × 106) was developed by a two-step induced mutagenesis using UV and diethyl sulphate from the P. acidipropionici VKPM B-5723 strain. The mutant strain exceeded the parental strain in the biomass accumulation rate and the amount of produced propionic and acetic acids by 35%, 20%, and 16%, respectively. The stability of such important characteristics as the biomass accumulation rate and the viability on media containing heightened concentrations of propionic acid was confirmed by three sequential monoclonal subculturings on a medium supplemented with 10 g/L of propionic acid. The optimization of the cultivation technology made it possible to determine the optimum seed inoculum dose (10% of the fermentation medium volume) and the best pH level for the active growth stage (6.1 ± 0.1). The scaling up of the fermentation to a 100-L bioreactor under observance of optimum cultivation conditions demonstrated a high biomass growth rate with a sufficient reproducability; after 20 h of fermentation, the number of viable cells in the culture broth exceeded 1 × 1010 CFU/mL. The new strain could be interesting as the component of silage and haylage biopreservatives and also could be used as an efficient producer of propionic acid.

More...

Download

Изменчивость морфометрических признаков водяного ужа Natrix tessellata (Reptilia, Colubridae) Центрального и Южного Приднепровья

Author(s): S. V. Yermolenko,A. M. Hahut,V. Y. Gasso / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The dice snake Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768) is one of the common snake species in the Southern Palaearctic and North Africa. In the Central and Southern Dnieper River basin the dice snake is one of the most numerous and characteristic species. Relative isolation and the varying influence of environmental factors are known to be a motive force behind epigenetic divergence between populations. In populations of N. tessellata this divergence can be manifest in the form of morphometric and phenetic peculiarities. Research into these parameters of dice snake populations in terms of anthropogenic influence on habitats along a latitude gradient is essential. In the Central and Southern parts of the Dnieper River basin such studies are of great importance for the monitoring of populations and for further indicative purposes. The aim of our study is to characterize the morphometric features of N. tessellata in this area and to determine the variability of these parameters in the snake populations under varying intensities of anthropogenic influence. The snakes were collected in 2013–2016 from the territory adjacent to the Prydniprovska Thermal Power Plant, from the Maiorova gully (Maiorka village, Dnipropetrovsk region) and the National Nature Park “Velykyi Lug” (Zaporizhia region). The following morphometric parameters were recorded: snout-vent length (SVL), tail length (TL), the number of ventral scales (V), and the number of subcaudal scales (SBC), the number of scale rows at mid-body (MBS), the number of supralabial scales (SLS), the number of temporal scales (TS), and the number of postocular scales (POS). All the tested parameters generally correspond to the limits known for this species from the literature. Nevertheless , some geographic peculiarities in variability of the tail length and number of subcaudal scales were identified. According to data from the literature, the southern populations of the dice snake are distinguished by an increase in the number of subcaudal scales . The studied dice snake populations were characterized by some sexual dimorphism in the snout-vent length, tail length and the number of subcaudal scales. A higher percentage of bilateral asymmetry in snakes from the population close to the Prydniprovska TPP was found. Such changes are usually considered to be an indicator of a certain destabilization of the embryogenesis.

More...

Download

Вплив десинхронозу на маркери окисного стресу та стан гліальних проміжних філаментів головного мозку щурів

Author(s): S. Kyrychenko,N. Chernyshenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

Desynchronosis may be the cause of many diseases. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. The present study investigates the effect of constant light on biomarkers of oxidative stress and content of glial intermediate filaments protein in the brains of old rats. We found that desynchronos is led to development of oxidative stress in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum of old rats. Prolonged continuous lighting led to an increase in the content of TBA-reactive products in all studied regions of the brains of old rats. This indicates an activation of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Significant changes in the content of TBA-reactive products were found in the departments responsible for the functions of the higher nervous activity, particularly in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The level of restored glutathione in all three regions of the brain decreased in the group of rats kept under constant illumination in comparison with the control group. The results of the indicators of locomotor and orienting-investigative activity of the animals in the "open field" test revealled changes in the indices for desynchronosis. This showed a reduction in locomotor activity, inhibition of exploratory activity and development of emotional stress. In the brains of old rats kept under constant illumination a significant increase in the content of glial fibrillary protein (GFAP) was shown. There was a significant increase in the intensity of the polypeptide zone 49 kDa in the filamentous and soluble fraction of the cerebellum and hippocampus. This fact indicates that desynchronosis activates fibrillogenesis in glial cells. At the same time, there is degradation of polypeptides GFAP with Mr in the field of 46 kDa. Melatonin is a universal adaptogen that regulates the function of many body systems. The amount of melatonin which is synthesized depends on the illumination mode. Violation of the global mode reduces the amount of melatonin and leads to the development of desynchronosis, which may be the cause of many diseases. The administration of melatonin helped reverse the changes – raising the level of restored glutathione and preventing the growth of the content of peroxidation products and indices of "open field" test, and also decreasing the degradation of GFAP and the amount of protein. The results indicate the protective effect of melatonin, showing reductions in glial reactivity and in the level of oxidative stress in the brains of old rats subject to desynchronosis.

More...

Download

Процеси ліпопероксидації у клітинах Chlorobium limicola IMB K-8 за впливу купрум (ІІ) сульфату

Author(s): T. B. Segin,S. O. Hnatush,M. B. Gorishniy / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

The effect of stressors, including heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, promotes activation of free radical processes in the cells of microorganisms, which causes changes in their physiological and biochemical properties and the structure of bacterial membranes. The aim of this work was to assess the influence of copper (II) sulphate on intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) of Chlorobium limicola IMV K-8 by measuring the content of primary (conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides) and secondary lipid peroxidation products (TBA-reactive products). Microorganisms were cultivated at a temperature of 28 °C in GSB cultivation medium with exposure to light of wavelength 700–800 nm and intensity 40 lux. A suspension of C. limicola ІМV К-8 cells in the phase of exponential growth was treated for one hour with metal salt solution in concentrations 0.05–0.50 mM for investigation of the influence of copper (II) sulphate on its physiological and biochemical properties. The control samples did not contain any copper (II) sulphate. Biomass was determined by turbidity of diluted cell suspension by application of photoelectric colorimeter KFK-3. A mixture of n-heptane and isopropyl alcohol was added into cell-free extract for conjugated dienes determination. The samples were incubated at room temperature and centrifuged. Water was added into the supernatant and the samples were stirred. Ethanol was added to the heptanes phase and adsorption was measured at 233 nm. The content of lipid hydroperoxides was determined by a method based on protein precipitation by trichloroacetic acid followed by addition of ammonium thiocyanate. The concentration of TBA-reactive products in the cell-free extracts was determined by color reaction with malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid exposed to high temperature and acidity of the medium, which causes formation of trimetinic adduct with maximal absorption at 532 nm. It was shown that when CuSO4 was added to the incubation medium the content of conjugated dienes and lipid hydroperoxides increased with the enhancement of salt concentration. However, its value decreased by the seventh and eighth days of cultivation. The content of TBA-reactive products under the influence of copper (II) sulphate varied depending on the duration of cultivation and concentration of the metal. Its highest quantity was observed on the eighth day of cultivation. Thus it was determined that under the influence of CuSO4 the content of conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-reactive products increases. This indicates the increased activity of lipid peroxidation processes and the free radical chain reaction damage mechanism to lipids under these conditions.

More...

Download

Вплив гемічної гіпоксії на динаміку концентрацій ГФКБ у структурах мозку та сироватці крові щурів

Author(s): T. I. Duka,V. I. Chоrna / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

This article clarifies the questions on study of hypoxic influence on distribution of filament and soluble forms of GFAP in various structures of the brain (neocortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, middle brain, pons) and blood of the rats. Quantitative analysis of the contents of GFAP in the brain structures of hypoxic rats has established that hemic hypoxia results in changes in intracellular levels of GFAP forms and also in updating their ratio, which allows one to assume not only a change in astroglial cells, but also testifies to reorganization in the system of intermediate filaments of astrocytes. The level of GFAP substantially changed in all cerebral formations, which was already investigated in the early terms of hypoxic period. Observations showed that hemic hypoxia exerted a varied influence on expression of neurospecific protein in the different structures of cerebrum of rats. Differences in expression of GFAP can be caused by the regional differences in astroglial cellular population, and also their internal features that define the possible answers to hypoxic damage in different functional and morphological structures of the brain. An increase in expression of the investigated form of protein can explain strengthening of astroglial reactivity, a feature of the brain that appears in various types of pathologies of the CNS. Reactive asters in such exhibit hypertrophy and are characterized by an increased level of GFAP, which is an early and reliable indicator of astroglial pathology. An increase in expression of the investigated form of protein may be explained by strengthening of astroglial reactivity, a feature of the brain that appears in various types of pathologies of the CNS. The contents of GFAP in the blood of adult rats, as a result of the hypoxic influence received from it, can indicate a release of GFAP from damaged astrocytes in the blood flow.

More...

Download

Новые подходы к контролю качества культур насекомых при разведении

Author(s): T. Y. Markina / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

An analytical review of existing methods of quality control for cultures of insects for rearing is presented. It is shown that there is a need to search for new approaches to solving this problem. The suggested methods for quality control for insect cultures are based on the rule of taxis intensity dependence on insect viability level. Testing of new methods of control and prediction of biological material viability was carried out on several breeds of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and a laboratory culture of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.). It was established that the caterpillars of silkworm breeds with high viability show higher chemotaxis intensity. It was found that intensity of taxis manifestation can be considered as a criterion of population condition. Selection of the most promising breeds of silkworm can be carried out at the moment of hatching without expensive rearing. It was shown that testing of neonate caterpillars by chemotaxis intensity provides the control of viability in all stages of insect development. Evaluation of chemotaxis intensity of adult males on female sex pheromone gives the possibility to select the specimens with the highest physiological properties for hybridization as well as to predict viability for progeny. The method of biological material selection by chemotaxis intensity was improved due to decrease the time of selection from 30 to 15 minutes and preliminary starvation of these insects. Positive correlation was evaluated between general viability of silkworm culture and intensity of chemotaxis of neonate larvae to the smell of mulberry leaf during 15 minutes after 12 hours of starvation. A significant increase of viability for silkworm breeds and hybrids was registered using such selection method during the spring and summer rearing. This selection method can be used also for assessment of culture viability. A new express-method of biological material selection for insect cultures establishment has been approbated. It is based on the positive correlation between insect viability parameters and their trophotaxis intensity. It is shown that for establishment of a laboratory culture of gypsy moth it is necessary to obtain the material from populations with the highest chemotaxis intensity. It was experimentally proved that parameters of chemotaxis intensity and insect viability reflect a certain level of population heterozygosity. The higher is the intensity of chemotaxis, the higher is the relative level of population heterozygosity. This fact gives the possibility to determine the level of heterozygosity for artificial insect populations by testing larvae for chemotaxis intensity. This method may be suitable for monitoring of natural populations condition in zones with intensive anthropogenic loading.

More...

Download

Устойчивость сперматогенеза и проявления отбора на клеточном и индивидуальном уровнях у незрелых представителей Pelophylax esculentus complex

Author(s): O. Biriuk,O. Usova,O. Meleshko,D. Shabanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

Pelophylax esculentus is an interspecific hybrid which reproduces hemiclonally by crossing with the parental species (P. ridibundus or P. lessonae). The structure of hemiclonal population systems is of great interest. The majority of investigations into populations of water frogs deal with samples of mature animals, while subadults are less studied. We collected a random sample of 73 small water frogs from three localities in the Siverskyi Donets River floodplain. All frogs were measured, injected with colchicines and killed after anesthesia. We determined the species specifity, sex, age and ploidy of every individual. In addition, we measured testis length and studied the germ cells of all males by means of karyological analysis. We calculated the portion of triploids in the largest subsample from the vicinity of the Biological Station of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University and carried out a meta-analysis of previous publications dealing with composition of green frog samples from this locality. The proportion of triploids in our sample appeared to be approximately the same as 12 years ago. However, this proportion in our sample differed significantly from that obtained in recent samples of green frogs belonging to other age groups (adults and metamorphs) from the same locality. The share of triploids of P. esculentus is the lowest in the sample of metamorphs. This proportion increases in froglets because of early death of representatives of parental species which originated from hybrid-hybrid crossing. Then the number of triploids among adult P. esculentus individuals declines again probably because of their lower viability compared to diploids. We have revealed that subadult diploids have erythrocytes smaller than 28 microns, while triploids’ erythrocytes exceed 27 microns. Therefore, in borderline cases true ploidy could be determined only by the karyological technique. The average ratio between testis length and body length appeared to be larger in the parental species than in both diploid and triploid hybrids. Karyological analysis has revealed that P. esculentus had significantly lower portions of spermatocytes I with normal karyotype (13 bivalents) in the testis in comparison with P. ridibundus, but this value increases in adult hybrids. We suggest that increasing of spermatogenesis stability in adult frogs as opposed to subadults might be the consequence of both selection of germ cell lines in the testis and more frequent survival of individuals with stable gametogenesis.

More...

Download

Внутрішньопопуляційний поліморфізм мартина жовтоногого (Larus cachinnans) у Північно-Західному Приазов’ї (оологічний аспект)

Author(s): Y. Y. Dubinina,A. I. Koshelev,V. A. Koshelev / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

This study presents the results of a long term study of nesting colonies of the Caspian gull (Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811) on the islands of the Molochniy Liman and in Obitochnaya Bay (Azov Sea), in the South of Ukraine (Zaporizhia region), conducted between 1988 and 2013. A description of the size and coloring of eggs of Caspian gull was conducted by generally accepted methods. We measured 1000 eggs from 5 colonies of Caspian gulls. The background coloration of the eggs’ shells was classified into 7 types, the pattern of markings on the surface of the shells was classified into 4 types. In the nesting colonies, comprising different nesting settlements, the study tested differences in the distribution of typical and atypical coloring types and patterns on the surface of the shells. The background color and character of the shell marking patterns is dominated by eggs of phenotypes 3 and 4: gray-green, with a pattern of spots, of medium size (5–60%) and brown, with a pattern of large spots (2–40%). In different settlements the Caspian gull egg sizes vary in length and diameter of 54.5–86.3 x 39.2–60.4 mm, volume 61.7–113.7 cm3 and index of roundness 63.6–85.3%. The study revealed that the linear dimensions of eggs also depend on the number of birds in the nesting colonies. We found that morphological and dimensional characteristics of Caspian gull eggs can vary at certain intervals and characterize individual colonies, settlements and populations. Based on cluster analysis, conducted in terms of the average of the linear sizes of eggs of Caspian gull from several populations within the range of the species, the study identified three groups of colonies – Danube-Sivash, Azov-Black Sea and Caucasus-Caspian. In region of the Azov-Black Sea, the greatest similarity was shown between the settlements of Sivash and the South of Crimea, which in turn is similar to Lebiyazhyi Islands and Kaniv Nature Reserve (river Dnipro). A related link combined the Azov and Black Sea branches, while the Caucasus-Caspian group is relatively separate. As a result this study the influence of the number of nesting birds on the dimensional characteristics of the eggs was established; in the period of increase in the Caspian gull population from the 1970s to the early 1990s they had the highest scores, and in periods of decreasing population in 2001–2005, their values were lowest. Consequently, the use of oomorphological indicators turned out to be a fairly easy and objective method for studying the monitoring data for separate colonial bird species.

More...

Download

The use of antigibberelins with different mechanisms of action on morphogenesis and production process regulation in the plant Solanum melongena (Solanaceae)

Author(s): V. G. Kuriata,V. V. Rohach,T. I. Rohach,T. V. Khranovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The influence of antigibberelin on the growth, development and productivity of eggplant was investigated. It was established that the use of tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride is a highly effective tool for regulation of morphogenesis and productivity of eggplant. We found that retardants slowed the growth of plants, and increased the number of leaves and leaf area and dry substance weight of the whole plant. Under the influence of Esfon ethylene producers the inhibition of the growth process was not accompanied by increase of the number, weight and area of leaves.Antigibberelin agents caused the thickening of chlorenchyma and the growth of the columnar cells and cell sizes of spongy parenchyma. Under the action of agents the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf increased. As a result of mesostructural and morphometric changes of leaf structure under the influence of retardants the leaf index and specific leaf surface density increased.The growth inhibitory agents increased the chlorophyll content in leaves and caused the growth of chlorophyll index in crops.Retardants reduced the content of sugar and starch in leaves because of their enhanced outflow to fruits, the amount of which was predicted to be greater. Under the influence of Esfon the flow of carbohydrates to the acceptor areas was slower.The use of retardants of triazole and onium origin positively influenced the formation of productivity elements of the culture, which led to increase in the fruit yield. The use of tebuconazole was found to be the most effective.

More...

Download

Спектр вірусів, виділених із рослин Pulsatilla pratensis (Ranunculaceae) природної флори України

Author(s): О. А. Shydlovska,Е. N. Andriychuk,T. A. Kompanets / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2016

The article is devoted to virus screening of wild plants of Ukraine’s flora. The object of the research is the Red Book plant Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill., which grows on the territory of Kanev Nature Reserve. Isolated isometric infectious virus-like particles with diameters of 34, 36, 43, 47, 50 and 57 nm were isolated from selected plants of P. pratensis. In our research, determination of the infectious nature of the pathogen, host range, concentration of viruses in plants, species identity and virus isolation from the mixture in mixed viral infections were carried with using indicator plants. The typical viral symptoms were observed on indicator plants: browning of the leaf plate, mottling, chlorosis and necrosis. All symptoms were systemic and could be caused by a variety of viruse species. Virions with sizes from 34 to 43 nm produced the necrotic and chlorotic spotting on Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste and Reyn. On the other hand, virions with sizes from 47 to 57 nm produced the necrosis, chlorosis and deformation of the leaf plates on Cucumis sativus L. That is not typical for viruses previously discovered on P. pratensis. The viruses isolated in these plants viruses were cumulated in small concentrations and rapidly lost their infectivity. The number of isolated viruses was insufficient for their identification. Four bacteriophage isolates with long phage tails of different size were isolated from P. pratensis roots and radical soil. The biological (lytic) activity towards the tracer bacteria, the morphology of negative colonies, and bacteriophage protein structure were characterized. According to our research, it is possible to divide phages into three subgroups that probably correspond to three different types of viruses. Results of the polypeptide analysis may reflect an evolutionary process in a population of phages that had a common ancestor. Comparison of phage proteins of different hosts shows a variety of molecular weights of polypeptides comprising up to several dozens of proteins. The results of the current work lay the basis for studying the spread of viruses in nature and determination of their relationships in biocenoses.

More...