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The article deals with an issue of audio description (AD), verbal description of visual content, transmitted with the use of the auditory system to visually impaired people. The analysis covers audio description of works of art. The paper presents the origins of AD of fine arts in Poland and across the world. It describes types of audio description in museums and principles of its creation. Another discussed issue of borrowing visual sensations through haptic, kinesthetic or olfactory senses that accompany AD. The reader may find examples of audio description from Łódź museums: the Museum of Art in Łódź (ms1, ms2, Herbst Palace Museum) and the Museum of the City of Łódź.
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Social integration and activation of people with visual impairment is one of the most important challenges in modern democratic countries. Due to the rise of awareness, there has been an increase in number of projects undertaken by cultural institutions to enable visually impaired consumers receive culture in a broad sense. The process is vital because, culture has become more and more visually oriented. Audio description (a way of translating visual to auditory) is one of the best ways to enable blind people to receive sport and theatrical events but also exhibitions and works of art. The main problem discussed among specialists in the field right now is the question of objectivity, that should be the main rule to follow, while creating a description and what how it should be used. Another vital issue is the participation of people with visual impairment in the cyber environment and exploring the ways in which state of the art technology can help the efforts of audiodescribers, museums and art galleries in matters of enabling. For several years prof. Aneta Pawłowska from the Department of Art History at University of Łódź, has conducted a research project which main aim is to provide audio descriptions for a number of museums in Łódź. The main aim of constant drive for improvement, interdisciplinary character of the works and the cooperation with Department of Spanish and Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics is to research audio description as a method of enabling, teach it’s basics to the students and create descriptions for cultural institutions in Łódź.
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The article points out some dangers that stem from the comparison of audio description (AD) to ekphrasis. The comparison has been proposed by Robert Więckowski and since then used in the Polish literature concerning the topic. Emphasized are the differences in the reception of the two literary forms: ekphrasis encourages mental visualisation based on the recipient’s own experience, while AD is to evoke aesthetic experience also among people whose imagination is devoted of visual qualities. The two forms of description have other goals as well: ekhprasis aspires to become an autonomous literary work, whereas AD is only a tool directing to the art piece. The reflections proposed are initiated in the practical experience of a text-writer, but come back to the general problems concerned with the goal of AD and its relation to the work of art.
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Hearing persons have a free touch with World of the Culture and Art. The article deals with the problems of Deaf and hard of hearing persons, who through the partial or complete lack of the hearing have a limited access to culture (theatre, exhibitions with the guide, museums, libraries, etc.)? It results in lack of interest with involvement in the culture, even if the cultural offer is interesting and rich. However, the situation is changing on better. What effective action should be ta ken? The article is taking issues of excluding deaf persons from information about cultural actions of cultural institutes in Poland, is discussing essential stereotypes of the approach towards deaf persons, diversity of the deaf community and is taking into account statistics of the involvement of deaf persons in the culture.
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Art allows artists to express emotions, their outlook on the world. It depicts both the undiscovered and uncharted soul of each artist, and each ordinary viewer. For many Deaf artists it is a means by which they try to present the viewer their attitude toward the outside world. By art Deaf people show their distinct identity. The beginning of contemporary Deaf art is associated with the 1960s, yet it still remains unknown. Thus it is justified to study it and present its beauty to the hearing majority.
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The quality of people’s life with disabilities for some time has been one of the leading social issues. There is a conviction, that people with disabilities in order to fully participate in social life, should have access to the enjoyment of all social goods, spiritual and material, what civilization offers. There are more steps nowadays to change the image of people with disabilities and allow them enjoying the art, culture or politic. Launching a wide range of this kind of mechanisms represents a major step towards social integration between people with or without disabilities and communion with art reveals the meaning of life, giving it a new value.
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The paper discusses the issues related to the provision of cultural texts (art, literature) and the content of the museum exhibition to people with intellectual disabilities using augmentative and alternative communication, especially picture systems. At the present time, museums are places where people with disabilities can come into contact with art in an accessible way. These are institutions that try to abolish barriers in access to culture and have a strong imperative of inclusion of everyone. Such openness was brought about by a two-hundred-year history characterized by gradual widening of the public. A special place among spectators with intellectual disabilities, take those who use augmentative and alternative communication especially picture systems. PCS System (Picture Communication Symbols) is one of the most popular and understandable systems of this kind. PIC (Pictogram Ideogram Communication) is also popular. The paper discusses the goals, methods of work, resources, dictionaries used during classes using AAC at the museum. He also points out the importance of cooperation between the museum and the support person (teacher), describes the planning and conducting schedule of museum activities. Paper also presents the project „Pan Tadeusz” for people with intellectual disabilities, which is addressed to people with intellectual disabilities, using augmentative and alternative communication.
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EU directives or the need to build a wide audience are the main reasons why museums take action to make their exhibitions available to people with disabilities. However the experience of the Museum of City of Łódź related to the dissemination of fine arts, shows that cooperation with people with disabilities is not only a need to adapt to top-down requirements, but also creates a number of educational opportunities for employees and museum guests without disabilities. Projects presented in the paper – implemented by the Museum of the City of Łódź in 2013–2016 – are an example of efforts to adapt the museum’s space to the needs of people with visual and hearing impairments, as well as other types of disabilities. Their analysis – made both from the perspective of a museologist and an educator – presents the opportunities and difficulties associated with cooperation with disabled people and the potential of using the museum space in special pedagogy. Critical evaluation of the tasks carried out may be a commentary on the problem of hidden segregation and inadequate integration of disabled people and thus underline the advisability of applying the principles of universal design and inclusive education.
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The age-long tragedy of the Slavic race — the division of the Slavic peoples caused by the fact that some had been drawn into the orbit of Western, Latin, Roman Catholic civilization, whereas others derived their culture Byzantine, Orthodox sources — was nowhere more keenly felt than in Yugoslavia. This country affords the clearest example of the divisive effects of cultural schism: the Serbians are culturally and religiously Eastern Orthodox; the Croatians and the Slovenes are staunchly Roman Catholic. With the political unification of the Serbs, the Croatians, and the Slovenes, which was formally proclaimed on December 1,1918, the formidable task of making a homogeneous nation from these diverse elements, divided by a millennium of separate historical development, was matched by the no less necessary task of adjusting the diversities of their ecclesiastical organizations. For ecclesiastical disunity threatened to prove a serious obstacle to national unity.
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For centuries the territory of the South Slavs was a scene of conflict between the East and the West. Long and bitter religious disputes raged, with the Bogomils, the Eastern Orthodox, and the Roman Catholics struggling for dominance. the Ottoman Turks succeeded in conquering the entire Balkans by the end of the fifteenth century, the process of Islamization gradually extended over a large part of the Yugoslav lands. The Ottomans did not, for the most part, impose their faith on the newly conquered peoples, with the exception of boys taken into the janizaty and spahi corps. The Orthodox and Catholic churches suffered almost no hindrance in the exercise of their beliefs. But members of the Moslem faith were preferred for government positions and were given other favors by the government. As a result, many Yugoslavs went over to Islam. The nobility accepted Islam in order to preserve their privileged social position and wealth, to protect themselves from Turkish and Albanian attacks, and to escape the blood tax.
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19.1. The political imaginary of Croatian national history 19.2. On the history of Bosniak mythology 19.3. The Sarajevo Paradoxon
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All his life Ales Adamowitsch thought about and never tired of writing that the most important and fundamental idea at the end of the 20th century was: Why does one person kill another person? His novellas, essays and literary journalism spoke of this. In this article, which we present to the reader and in which he analyzes the novels “Breast Sign 'Ost” and “The Dam” by the well-known Russian writer Vitaly Sjomin, he repeatedly returns to his constant theme: How can thoughts of murder as such be erased from human mind?
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The site inscription on the UNESCO list of cultural and natural heritage is important for tourism destination development. It is associated with several positive and negative impacts on sustainable destination development. The paper aims to evaluate the impacts and potential effects of the registration of the cultural landscape of the Kladruby nad Labem National Stud Farm on the monument as such, its surroundings, and related subjects in the destination. Quantitative methods such as the number of visitors, tourism density and intensity were used to assess the impacts and sustainability. A qualitative method of structured interviews with various stakeholders was used to evaluate the potential influence and perception of the inscription on the UNESCO list. The observation method was also used. The research showed that the inscription on the UNESCO list had an impact on the visitors´ growth and its year-on-year growth (except in 2020). Tourism indexes of density and intensity pointed to the possibility of destination congestion. The structured interviews showed that the inscription has a rather positive effect on the monument itself, as well as the municipality, destination, and tourism within the region. Results confirm that the positive effects are associated primarily with the ability of the monument itself to regulate its attendance.
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Recreation and tourism, as an important category of cultural ecosystem services, is an important part of the economy and, in addition to economic importance, also contributes to improving the quality of life, overall wellbeing and education. The assessment and evaluation of recreation and tourism is important in the case of both managed and natural ecosystems. The aim of the paper is to provide an alternative view of the assessment and evaluation of the potential of cultural ecosystem services with a focus on the category of recreation and tourism in four model regions of the Slovak Republic with diverse natural and geographical characteristics. In evaluating we used the cartographic layer of ecosystems in model regions and a modified matrix of ecosystem services. The results in the chosen regions indicated that the terrain fragmentation in combination with higher altitude and a larger area of forests and protected areas may represent significant factors influencing the area's potential to provide various benefits from recreation and tourism within cultural ecosystem services. The relationship between the logical assumption that the higher monetary potential for recreation and tourism within the cultural ecosystem services is represented in the region, the more intensively it is used, e.g. in the form of a larger number of visitors or overnight stays, has not been shown.
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The text analyzes the debate on the roles of realism and irrationality in art, especially on the example of the writings of Władysław Strzemiński, Karol Hiller and the Jung Yiddish group, active in Łódź between the wars. The cosmopolitan artistic environment of the visual avant-garde reinterpreted both realism and irrational elements in art as tools of social modernization.
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Language and culture are two inseparable concepts, and a comprehensive study of one must include the other. This connection is evident when learning a foreign language: without acquiring cultural competence, knowledge of a foreign language is incomplete, which is why foreign language textbooks emphasize cultural content. Various approaches to culture have developed in this context. The aim of this paper is to theoretically encompass these approaches, and then to present the status of culture using the method of content analysis. Additionally, the study examines which approach to culture is adopted in three textbooks for the beginning levels (A1 and A2) of Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian as a foreign language.
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