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THE GLOBALIZATION OF MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

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THE GLOBALIZATION OF MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

Author(s): Victoria Kafedjiska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In addition to the numerous definitions for globalization, most of the authors collectively agree that it represents the increasing trend of the world countries to bond on an economical, social and cultural level. However, social sciences often conclude that the concept of globalization is a disputable one because even if the definition is accepted as true, the dilemmas whether globalization brings more positive or more negative implications would still exist. Today globalization is also perceived as “americanisation” or more precisely as an effort of the USA to impose not only their economic, politic and war power but their attitudes and values as well. The fact that the countries nowadays are considered as main factors in shaping the foreign politics results from the fast development of transport and communication technologies. The growth of nations and national ideas in the 18th ad 19th century increased the ever so great differentiation between the societies of different cultures and identities. The wish to mix and share different cultures was welcomed with eagerness among the supporters of globalization. Another dimension of the cultural but also of the media globalization is that, globalization allows for various encounters, i.e. getting acquainted with the “other worlds”. On the other side, even though these benefits of globalization are publicly acclaimed, there is a stream of opinions which propagate the development of national, regional or even the local belonging, acknowledging the turbulent changes of globalization as a threat to the former.

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Demotywator — emblemat kultury uczestnictwa? (wokół problemów definicyjnych memów oraz memów internetowych)

Author(s): Agnieszka Śliz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

The article focuses on the definitional problems of memes and the Internet memes. The presented review of the cyber memes` definition is claimed to be incomplete, however, helps to show the main difficulties connected with the attempt to use the term (which has rather long and tempestuous history) to describe the specific, cultural phenomenon. The large part of the essay is devoted to the deliberation about demotivators — the topic which has been extremely popular recently. Demotivators distinugish themselves out of the wide range of audiovisual forms thanks to not only the compostition (similar to the emblem) but also the meaning and functional diversity.

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Uloga i utjecaj medija na društveno ponašanje, djelovanje i komunikaciju među mladima

Author(s): Ivana Sivrić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 19/2015

The power and effect of the media is, without much polemics, a great and indispensible part of our world and our everyday communication. What motivates us and makes our everyday life, our thoughts, debates, what activates our ideas, and makes needs is for the most part a consequence of the use of the media and of what the media create and consumers adopt and reproduce. The development of technologies and of the use of the media through various techniques in every respect has changed the world, the communication, and human habits. The most frequent and special target of the use of new technologies are young people. Online communication has become a primary social communication of the young. This research should, in a certain measure, give the answer to the question of the effect of the media on the formation of the opinion, views and behavior of the young, and the impact of the media on the quality of living and the social communication among them. The essential problem presented here refers to how and in what measure the mass media can, through their negative effect and suppression of media professionalism and morals, be a threat to the mental and moral health of the society, especially of the young, particularly by assertion and promotion of socially unacceptable models of behavior. However, the media could, considering their potentials and power, contribute to the decrease of social deviations. Judging on the basis of much knowledge and research the Internet is supposed to be a medium that with its contents mostly stimulates/endangers the social communication and behavior of the young. The social networks have come to rule over the world and established a new form of communication among the young. How harmful the effect of virtual communication is and how much it brings about the deviation of behavior in the young, the violation of privacy, the weakening of social trust, the occurrence of violence are only some of the topics dealt with in this paper. The paper tried to present a short review of the negative effect of the media (Internet, social networks) on the communication among the young, not wishing to deny the positive effects and the possibilities they offer.

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Man as an Electro-Mechanical Art Project

Author(s): Elżbieta Gajewska / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

The concept of the machine as an extension of the human body or a kind of prosthesis is rooted in European cultures (cf.. the mechanical dolls created in ancient times, which can be regarded as the prototypes of robots). The concept of cyborgs is part of contemporary imagery. A cyborg may be perceived as a creation of imagination, inhabiting s/f films and novels, but also as an element of modern reality, a hybrid who changes the relationships between nature and culture, by making technology indispensable to its life. Referring to this Janus creature in the present volume, I use the term cyborg in a double meaning: firstly when I talk about the creation of human imagination, futurological projections and speculations; secondly to refer to the modern man preoccupied with technology. It is difficult to draw clear boundaries between fiction and reality; one is reflected in the other. Fiction and imagination allow us to perform a mental experiment of creating a different version of ourselves – for example a human as an electro-mechanical art project. This project is the subject of the article.

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Experiments in (Social) Software Curating: Reprogramming Curatorial Practice for Networks

Author(s): Piotr Kryś / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

The paper addresses the issue of new developments in the field of curating in the context of information technologies. It explores the emergence of an interdisciplinary approach that directly links the field of curating with computer programming and a relatively recent interest in software art. Although there is much contemporary critical work and practice that is described as art-oriented programming or software art, the paper responds to a perceived gap in the discussions about software curating. It is important to emphasise that in this context software curating is not to be understood as the activity of curating software art works (in other words the activity of bringing software artworks into public domain) but as integrating software and programming in the curatorial process per se. Furthermore, the paper reflects upon the recent rise of popularity of social technologies and their relevance for curating. The underlying suggestion is that curating responds to this by developing new forms that increasingly involve socio-technological networks and that can be characterised as socially driven and distributed over networks.

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Art as Technology

Author(s): Antoni Porczak / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

How does the young generation of artists, shaped by electronic media, perceive the world? How do art universities react to the changes of culture, caused by widespread application of the, so called, information technologies? How does the media reality (mediated experience) influence perception? Which new competences does new operational perception, necessary for establishing a relation with the artifact, require from the artist and the interactor? The author’s educational experience, acquired in recent years, is the basis for reflection on Polish art after the change of political system, and above all after massive emerging of communication technologies on the cultural market.

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The Search for New Media: Early Avant-Garde Momentum for the Digital art Pioneers of Japan

Author(s): Jean M. Ippolito / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

The inspiration and momentum for pursuing digital art as concept in Japan may well have been incubated in the early avant-garde groups of the 1950s and 1960s. Early pioneers in digital media have evolved their conceptual ideas using digital technology and interactive media. Recently, there has been a burgeoning interest in documenting the history of digital media within the international art and technology movement that is so prevalent today. What was once referred to as “computer art”, has earned the new title “digital media” in the art world, but in the field of art history it is beginning to fade into the larger art category of “new media” which includes performance, installation, environmental art, and other ventures that do not necessarily include technology. In an effort to document the interest in technology within avant-garde art groups in Japan, the purpose of this paper is to show that the attitude toward the exploration of materials and processes of the 1950s and 1960s led to a continued search for new types of media. This attitude naturally led to experiments with technology and eventually opened the way toward the digital realm and the use of computer algorithms and interactivity in the fine arts in Japan.

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Instantaneously Mediated Virtual Visions: The Transmedia Circuit of Images, Body, and Meanings

Author(s): Lanfranco Aceti / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

Media interactions, based on a mix of visual iconographies that are complex and highly mediated, are often presented within a remediation framework as the product of immediacy exchanges between the object and the viewer. Within these media structures that are in flux between the real and the virtual, the transitional remediation concept of old media to new media by Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin is not sufficient to explain the interactions between technological structures, creative behaviors, emotive interactions and images. The over-layering processes and hybridizations between media that create new languages and sublanguages, both textual and visual, generate new recontextualizations that blend and blur the boundaries with the concept of “body” as a media language which also acts as an emotive filter and reflects upon the methodological media engagements characterized by immediacy as well as hypermediacy, social issues of instantaneousness, biofeedback responses and dromology. The article will conclude by discussing the necessity to recover the meaning and the emotive aspect of the interpretations and representations of the concept of reality and virtuality, together with their mythological and social implications. It will support the research for a new circuit of meanings and emotive interactions that offers an evolutionary space for the remediation of the form as well as transmediation of the content within the context of contemporary new media platforms.

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The Archivisation, Presentation, and Dissemination of Cyber Art on the Web

Author(s): Piotr Zawojski / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

One of the most important problems concerning the dissemination of cyber arts is the “variable” and “unstable” character of that kind of art. The Web offers the possibility to create archive platforms for digital works of art. Yet perhaps instead of archives, we should rather talk about expanded virtual museums. The goal of such institutions would be the archivisation, presentation and dissemination of digital data about such types of artistic activity as, for example, interactive installations, genetic art, software art, virtual art, net art, transgenic art, telematics, etc. The Database of Virtual Art, Media Art Net, ArtBase, netzspannung.org and the archives of the international festivals for new media art (Ars Electronica, transmediale, DEAF) – are examples of the different strategies of the preservation and dissemination of digital art on the Web.

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Interactive Art: Aspects, Histories and Strategies

Author(s): Ryszard W. Kluszczyński / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

The author takes into consideration the problems of interactive art. He analyzes the subject matter in a double context of social interaction and HCI, and examines the structure of interactive situations, their actors, forms of interaction and interfaces, presenting numerous examples of interactive artworks. Using as an example the oeuvre of Myron Krueger, the author then presents the development of interactive art, the conflict between artistic experience understood as contemplation and that understood as interaction, the development of the forms of interactive art understood as interpersonal interaction/communication in the technological context, the interaction with the responsive environment, and finally, the merger of both. He then presents some models of interactive art and models of the proces of interactive artistic communication. In the end, the author presents an open typology of interactive artworks, analyzing in turn an instrument work, a game work, an archive work, a labirynth work, and a rhizome work.

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Art and Life in Second Life

Author(s): Martha Carrer Cruz Gabriel / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

One of the many virtual worlds inspired by the cyberpunk literature movement, Second Life has attracted global attention since 2006 and counts millions of residents today. Aligned with the Web 2.0 trends and considered by many as the best digital life at the present moment, the SL Metaverse1 gives flow to cybrid processes. Despite not being a complete novelty – since 3D MUVEs (Multi User Virtual Environments) and social networks have existed on the Web for more than a decade – Second Life brings several new questions and possible influences in language and personal relationships that cannot be ignored. The objective of this paper is to briefly explore the new possibilities for expression and interaction provided by Second Life and other virtual worlds on the Web, especially in art, and to present reflections about their probable influence on the future navigation interfaces on the web. Some selected artworks in Second Life will be pointed out to illustrate the paper.

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The Electronically Incarnated Human

Author(s): Michał Ostrowicki / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

The article concerns the description of various phenomena connected with identity, which human can be subjected to in the Net. Accordingly, the processes have been presented which take place mainly within 3D electronics environment. These environments possess an ability to cause a strong immersion, which „engages” human intentionality, and also provides possibility for self-creation. For a description of the phenomena of translocating human activity to the Net, two processes have been indicated: incorporation process, i.e. receiving of an electronic body, e.g. of avatar, and existential process, i.e. human involvement in electronic environment which exceeds the utilitarian aspect. Both processes lead to the state of electronic incarnation, which is not related to any cause of being in the electronics environments, and becomes an autonomous value. Electronic incarnation combines with cultural and anthropological aspects, and has reflection in electronic art. Interrelation between common everyday activity with Net, influences a range of human involvement in the electronic environment, i.e. sometimes changing a user into a participant of immaterial events. On the one hand, such processes reach deeper in human, and secondly, electronic worlds, such as Second Life, create possibilities for finding there spiritual values, emotional life, and the sphere of feelings. Human subjected to immersion can begin specific „journey”, starting in front of computer’s interface, and ending in the rising of electronic personality – finding oneself in the reality alternative to the physical world, in the electronic reality.

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Hybrid Spaces of Human-Computer Interaction in View of Ubicomp Postulates

Author(s): Marcin Składanek / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

This paper examines the heterogeneous nature of the interaction space in mixed/hybrid reality systems, i.e. the systems that merge everyday, real spaces and virtual worlds, to produce new kind of environments where physical and digital objects can interact in real-time. Hybrid reality systems, in this paper, are analyzed in a theoretical framework provided by a new paradigm in human-computer interaction research (HCI), which is called Ubicomp – ubiquitous computing. One of the main goals of Ubicomp is to investigate, both theoretically and practically, the possibility of “seamless integration between real and virtual domains “. After analyzing this project I attempt to point out how the concept of hybridity is defined and what general strategies of designing interaction it may lead to.

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Observing Observation: Visions of Surveillance in Media Art

Author(s): Maciej Ożóg / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2008

Surveillance can be perceived as one of the most important features of the world in the time of globalization. Many authors (Foucault, Deleuze, Virilio, Bauman, Lyon, to name just a few) have analyzed its influence on the development of the global media society. As surveillance systems are nearly everywhere and invade both public and private spaces, they are an inevitable factor in constructing a new form of post-optic society. The social structure and the representation of social processes have been changing according to the development of technologies, which allow optical, digital and biological methods of scanning and observation. The oppressive society of control and punishment has turned into the society in which we are facing the “global democratization of exhibitionism” (Virilio), and surveillance itself becomes “the spectacle of entertainment” (Weibel). Thus it is a complex and ambivalent phenomenon: it is terrifying and attractive at the same time; it controls and discloses, it restricts our freedom and offers the possibility of a new insight into our personal and public issues; it places us under control and offers us possibilities of personal expression.

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Modeli ustroja javnih RTV servisa u pluralnim državama

Author(s): Miroslav Vasilj / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 16/2013

Rad se bavi ustrojem javnih RTV servisa u pluralnim europskim državama. Kakvi su modeli ustroja javnih RTV servisa kada u državi ne postoji jedna javnost nego više njih? Postavljeno je sedam osnovnih kriterija prema kojima se ogledava o kakvom je ustroju riječ: U Europi su se profilirala tri potencijalna modela ustroja javnih RTV servisa u pluralnim društvima: integrirajući, konsocijacijski i dezintegrirajući.

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Prikazi

Author(s): Anđelka Aničić,Lazar Cvijić,Iris Vidmar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2013

Dan Ariely, Predvidljivo iracionalninevidljive sile koje upravljaju našim odlukama. Zagreb: V.b.z. d.o.o., 2009 Gordana Đorđević, Informacione tehnologije u digitalnoj ekonomiji. Beograd: Beogradsko trgovaĉko društvo-BTO, 2011 Berys Gaut, A Philosophy of Cinematic Art. (Cambridge University Press, 2010)

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Screens in Waiting Rooms of Gynaecology Clinics: Exploitation of a Trusted Place

Author(s): Zuzana Skřepská / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2013

This paper is focused on a specialized commercial television programme screened in waiting rooms of gynaecology clinics and specifically on the ways in which this programme is received by viewers/patients. The objectives of the study are achieved by analysis of interviews with viewers/patients. Reception of the programme is seen as an intersection of advertising discourse and medical discourse whilst the latter becomes a tool for legitimization of the programme.

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Invisible Audiences: Structure and Agency in Post-socialist Media Studies

Author(s): Irena Reifová,Tereza Pavlíčková / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2013

The study of media audiences was not assigned an especially prominent place in Central and East European (CEE) academia after ‘the big bang’ in 1989. Even now, almost 25 years later, the audience research is not performed in a consistent manner and pronounced in a firm voice in this region. We could say that media audiences – people who receive, co-create, interpret, understand and appropriate media messages – were rendered almost invisible in the post-socialist study of media.1 This state of affairs may seem like a coincidence of idiosyncratic factors but it is in fact a repercussion of larger socio-political logics which established themselves as unquestioned mainstream discourses underlying the period of post-socialist transformation. The trifling, petty problem of media audiences (from the societal perspective, not for us) thus becomes an access point which enables us not only to understand the reasons for its suppression but also to gain a deeper insight into the character of the post-socialist times in general.

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Evaluation of Political Regimes, Personal Predispositions, and Political Information Processing (Case of Bulgaria)

Author(s): Alina Dobreva / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2013

The paper is focused on the micro level processes of democratisation, namely the perception of political information and the consequent perception and evaluation of the political regimes of the past and the present. Illustrated by the case of Bulgaria, it reveals mechanisms that can be observed in other transition countries as well. The study examines the influence of party affiliation and political socialisation on how people process political information and evaluate political regimes, both present and past. The data, collected by quasi-experimental focus groups and analysed by employing quantitative content analysis, provides evidence that people with different political affiliations and with different political socialisation vary not only in their evaluation of the political regimes, but also in the way they reach their evaluations. This is mostly due to their attachment to one of the regimes and the cognitive closure effect. As a whole, the new liberal democratic regime is embraced. However, there are certain aspects of the regime perception and evaluation that raise concerns about the sustainability of this support.

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Television News Preferences and a Sense of Belonging among the Russian-speaking Minority in Post-Communist Latvia: the Case of Panorāma and Vremya

Author(s): Jānis Juzefovičs / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2013

Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative audience research and drawing on the case study of two long-running evening news television programmes – Latvian-language Panorama, the flagship news programme of Latvian ex-state and current public television, and Russian-language Vremya, the main news programme of the former Soviet Central TV and today’s Russian state channel, also available in Latvia – this article demonstrates the interplay between news media preferences and broader sentiments and identity formation processes among the large Russian-speaking minority in the post-Communist Baltic country of Latvia. The results show that what can be seen as immersion of the Russian-speaking viewers in transnational television from Russia is not evidence of their lack of interest in the national life of Latvia, nor absence of their national allegiance to Latvia. The paper is part of a larger doctoral research investigation into responses of publics towards public service television as a nation-building project in Latvia.

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