Посланията на кирилицата

Author(s): Axinia Dzurova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article follows the issue of the spiritual outlook of Europe in the context on the continental literary traditions, the role of the saintly brothers Cyril and Methodius and their disciples, of Prince Boris and Tsar Simeon, coming to the conclusion that, if we try to ask ourselves what is Europe today, what defines it most precisely is Graeco-Roman Antiquity, Christian culture and the three main alphabets - Latin, Greek and Cyrillic - by means of which our Old World has carried its heritage and memory through the centuries.

Симеоновият "Златоструй" - пътят към истината

Author(s): Dimitar Kenanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study summarises the author's way of finding the initial contents of the famous translated anthology of homilies by and excerpts from John Chrysostom. It was compiled by educated Bulgarian ruler, Tsar Simeon the Great (893-927) and was translated in the 9th century, after 893. The exceedingly apt title of 'Zlatostruj' (literary 'Golden Stream') is a symbolic expression of the blessed word of Chrysostom and the book surely has the objective to transform the unenlightened Bulgarian people by means of persuasion, not by force, as it was until 893. The initial translation features 45 homilies. This thesis is confirmed by two Vilnius copies of the 'Zlatostruj' from the Monastery of the Annunciation in Suprasl, currently located at the library of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Sur les cités byzantines aux XIe — XIIe siècles

Author(s): Petar Tivchev / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Byzantine and Turkish Glazed Pottery Finds from Aphrodisias

Author(s): Muradiye Öztaşkın / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study consists of initial observations made upon Byzantine, Seljuk, Begliks and Ottoman pottery finds from the Aphrodisias excavations since 2013. Chronology of the pottery finds uncovered in the North Avenue, South Agora, Hadrianic Baths, Theatre and Temple of Aphrodite will be presented briefly. To resolve the contexts in which the potteries belong to, the emphasis is on the history of the city and political events that could have potentially caused considerable changes to the economy. By establishing analogies and considering the chronology of the city, an attempt is made herein to put the pottery finds into their possible contexts.Through the end of the 9th century in Aphrodisias, a sudden rise in the quantity of Byzantine potteries is observed. The city was in commercially connected to Constantinople and centers such as the Adriatic Coasts or Corinth. Pieces of Fine Sgrafitto Ware, Green and Brown Painted Ware and Slip Painted Ware produced from the middle of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century have been found in many areas of the city. Very few pottery finds belonging to the Seljuk period have been uncovered. In Aphrodisias, glazed pottery production probably started during the Byzantine or Begliks period.There was a period of growth in Aphrodisias from the first quarter of 15th century to the mid 16th century. In excavated areas, a large number of pottery finds have been found. With the change of commercial routes in the 17th century, the city was increasingly reduced into a rural settlement and has subsisted to the present day.

Клинковое оружие XII—XV вв. с территории междуречья Верхнего Прута и Среднего Днестра

Author(s): Igor P. Voznyj / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the most popular among the warriors offensive melee facilities weapons, especially swords, medieval sabres, falchions and their components found in the northern part of the Dniester-Prut interfluvial area.The territory of the Northern Bukovina knows 11 swords. The above analysis of blade weapons made it possible to distinguish among them some types of XIIa, XVIа, XVII, and XX according to E. Okshott, dating to 14th—16th centuries. The proposed typology is not exhaustive and definitive, and perhaps further research and new finds will be able to clarify it more.The fragments of the sabre, as well as the saber guards, were found on the studied area. The latter refers to types I, II according to A. Kirpichnikov. The guards are dated by the analogies of the 11th—13th centuries. Among the weapons found in the investigated territory, there are also known two falchions, of cross-guard shape and pommel shape. The falchions are type 1 and 2 according to A. Nadolsky. They are dated by the middle of the 15th — the beginning of the 16th centuries.Thus, it is obvious that the local population from the investigated territory was quite sufficiently armed. Evolution of these weapons was mainstreamed with the general development of the military art in Europe. The territory of the Northern Bukovina in the 12th—16th century was involved into the pan-European political events. And the finds of the advanced weapons of that time serves as evidences to the fact.

К изучению закономерностей формирования русско-кочевнического пограничья в Среднем Подонье в IX—XVII вв.

Author(s): Mikhail V. Tcybin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to revealing regularities of formation of the Russian-nomadic frontier in the Middle Don region based on the analysis of the geographical location of the archaeological sites of the 9th—17th cc. The sites of Slavic Borshevskaya culture (the end of the I Millennium AD) are located in the lower reaches of the Voronezh river and on the right Bank of the Middle Don (Central Russian upland). The sites of the Saltov culture are located on the right bank of the Middle Don, to the North of the Tikhaya Sosna river. The left bank of the Middle Don (the Oka-Don plain, Kalacska hill) was not an area of active colonization by the bearers of the Borshevskaya and Saltov cultures.In 12th — first half 13th centurie, the Russian population is documented in the lower reaches of the Voronezh river, Semiluki area reaches of the Don. Polovtsian nomads used to camp on the right bank of the Middle Don and do not spread beyond the South of the Tikhaya Sosna river and on the left bank of the Middle Don to the Bityug river.In the Golden Horde period, the Russian population colonized the left bank of the Middle Don. There is archaeological evidence of the coexistence of different ethnic groups. Nomadic sites do not extend to the North of the Tikhaya Sosna river, on the right bank of the Don river, and the mouth of the Voronezh river, on the left bank.Belgorod defensive line reproduces the line formed by the fortified settlements of Slavic Borshevskaya cultures on the rivers Don and Voronezh, and fortified settlements of the Saltov-Mayaki culture on the Tikhaya Sosna river. The left bank of the Middle Don in the 17th century, just like in the time before that, was still the region of the original colonization by the Russian population.

Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара

Author(s): Djamil G. Muhametshin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The city of Bolgar situated 50 km south from the Kama river mouth occupied an advantageous geographical position. Starting from 10th century, the territory, which had been closely connected with Bolgar throughout the entire period of its existence up to the early 15th c., began to develop around the city. This territory occupied both the left and the right bank of the Volga. After the Mongol invasion, the number of settlements in the area considerably reduced. The remaining ones, closely connected with Bolgar, gained further development and actively participated in the commodity-money relations of the Golden Horde Bulgar ulus.

Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в.

Author(s): Ayrat G. Sitdikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses features of the Middle Volga region historical development in the second half of the 14th to first half of 15th c., in the Golden Horde decline period. The specificity of the three climatic zones of the Middle Volga region, which determined the economic structure and the originality of the population’s material culture, is taken into account. Following the economic boom and the growing number of urban and rural settlements in the first half of the 14th century, a decline and urban life degradation are traced later, as well as the population migration to the north due to military conflicts and climatic changes. On the other hand, new settlements, cities included, emerged in the Middle Volga in the late 14th to first half of the 15th century as a result of the influx of the Golden Horde servicemen, the Volga Finns and the Russians. In the first half of the 15th century, independent Tatar fiefdoms, or beilyaks are established here, and simultaneously prerequisites for the emergence of independent states — Kasimov and Kazan Khanates — are formed.

Władza kobiet w czasach anarchii, czyli rządy regencyjne księżnych wdów w dynastii Piastów mazowieckich na przykładzie Perejasławy, wdowy po Siemowicie I

Author(s): Jan Jeż / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author presents the subject of the regency of Duchess Pereyaslava after the tragicdeath of her husband Siemowit I of Mazovia, which took place in June 1262. Hedescribes the circumstances forcing her to sweep to power and the activities undertakenby her to bring order to the Duchy of Mazovia. The article also includes a review of theliterature discussing this issue.

Relacje małżeńskie Henryka Brodatego i Jadwigi Śląskiej w świetle „Legendy świętej Jadwigi”

Author(s): Marta Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main purpose of the text is to analyse the vitae (the Lives) of the Polish princessHedwig (Jadwiga, 1178/80–1243) who was commonly recognised as a saint. This is anattempt to show how the marriage of Henry the Bearded and Hedwig of Silesia wasdescribed in the Lives of the saint. The aim of the research was to examine the specificperception of social relations between sexes and especially the problem of the reversal ofsocial order and the issue of the autonomy of the princesses.

Elżbieta Granowska jako zła królowa. „Epistola taxans matrimonium Vladislai regis cum Elisabeth Granowska contractum”

Author(s): Kalina Słaboszowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to analyse how Elżbieta Granowska and her marriage toWładysław Jagiełło are presented in the lampoon “Epistola taxans matrimoniumVladislai regis cum Elisabeth Granowska contractum” by Stanisław Ciołek. The piece waswritten as an animal tale at the beginning of the 15th century. The first part of the article isfocused on animal representations of Elżbieta Granowska andWładysław Jagiełło and theirsymbolism, the second on the image of Elżbieta Granowska and her marriage toWładysław Jagiełło created by Stanisław Ciołek and on his possible inspirations.

Maria, królowa Anglii. O postrzeganiu Marii I Tudor jako monarchy w czasach jej panowania

Author(s): Magdalena Makówka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to present Mary I Tudor as the queen regnant. She wasthe first English female ruler who wielded authority over England, which causednumerous problems related to the scope of her power. The Queen was perceivedas a monarch and as a woman. A particularly interesting issue is the perceptionof Mary after her marriage to Philip of Habsburg.

Kobiety rządzą. Walki na dworze perskim za Artakserksesa II według Plutarcha z Cheronei

Author(s): Radosław Domazet / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Plutarch’s Life of Artaxerxes II presents the character and the ruling style of the Persianking, focusing on the moral aspect of his attitudes and actions. As an experiencedbiographer, he shows history through people controlled by emotions and experiences.Artaxerxes II for the most part of the work is exposed as a weak ruler, subjected to theinfluence of his mother and of his wife, who fight each other. Based on their struggle,Plutarch creates a war of good, represented by Stateira, versus evil, personified byParysatia.

Kobiety a władza ustawodawcza w II Rzeczypospolitej – wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Katarzyna Jóźwik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an introduction to the issue of the presence of women in the politics of theSecond Polish Republic at the parliamentary level. The activities of women in the Sejmand Senate of the interwar period have been discussed with particular emphasis on thechanges in the legislation on women. The most important provisions limiting women’srights have also been presented. Although Polish women had received full electoralrights in 1918, they had to fight for total equality in the legal system for many years.

Krwawe i przebiegłe? Kobiety władzy w wybranych państwach socjalistycznych

Author(s): Martin Gumiela / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Julia Brystygier, Elena Ceauşescu, and Margot Honecker were in positions of power instate socialist dictatorships. Compared to many other representatives of the AnciénRegimes, the images of these women became extraordinarily negative after 1989. Thisarticle discusses their careers and their public image post 1989 and considers the role ofgender in the way these women are currently perceived.

„My rządzim światem, a nami kobiety”. Wpływ kobiet na konfederację barską na przykładzie działalności Marii Amelii z Brühlów Mniszchowej

Author(s): Natalia Młodzińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper is an evaluation of female activity in the Bar Confederation in the 18thcentury using the example of Maria Amelia Brühl Mniszchowa. The main goal of thepaper is to introduce Mniszchowa and her activity within the Confederation based onhistorical sources and scholarly literature. The query showed that the activity of womenin the Bar Confederation, and especially that of Maria Amelia Mniszchowa, had not beenfully explored until now.

„Mistrzyni i Matka” – autorytet i charyzmat siostry Marii Franciszki Kozłowskiej w kierowaniu zgromadzeniami mariawickimi

Author(s): Artur Jemielita / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article intends to present the profile of Maria Franciszka Kozłowska. The paperfocuses on the process of her growing charisma among her subordinates. In the first part,the author presents the sister’s biography, next he analyses the specificity of hercharisma. Historical sources which had been omitted so far, have been analysed alongwith the diaries of the nun’s closest partners. As a result, it was possible to present thefoundations on which the authority of the spiritual guide was built.

Irena Kosmowska (1879–1945). Sylwetka niestrudzonej działaczki ruchu ludowego

Author(s): Tomasz Sumara / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

During the interwar period, many colourful women’s personalities appeared. Such figuresinclude undoubtedly Irena Kosmowska (1879–1945), activist of the people’s movement,social and member of parliament representing the Polish People’s Party’s “Wyzwolenie”club in the years 1919–1930. This text presents the character of Kosmowska. Thepresented bibliographical sketch discusses the social and political initiatives undertakenby her, as well as the problems discussed in the forum of the parliament.

Margarete Himmler jako żona, matka i zwolenniczka narodowego socjalizmu. Próba biografii

Author(s): Paulina Fronczak-Chruściel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to present the figure of Margarete “Marga” Himmler – the wifeof Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler. In the beginning, information about Marga’sbackground and education has been presented. Afterwards, issues mentioned in the titleof the article have been described – the marriage with Heinrich Himmler, her approachto maternity and relations with children – her own daughter and adopted son. In the end,Marga’s attitude to National Socialism has been described.

The Irish “Deer” Series of Cheek-Pieces

Author(s): Brian G. Scott / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ireland has nearly one hundred and seventy examples of cheek-pieces, two examples dating from the Later Bronze Age, the rest from c. sixth to seventeenth centuries AD, the great majority of which are of insular design and manufacture. There is a highly distinctive class that has been categorised as “horse pattern,” by far the greatest number being in the collections of the National Museum of Ireland, It is clear, however, from the basic anatomical details depicted that the animal incorporated into the design is a male deer, a red deer stag or a fallow deer buck. It is a distinct group, but one without immediate parallels, datable provenances or associations, and it is very difficult to find any convincing precursor inside or outside Ireland, or to use stylistic features to provide a reasonably close date-range. Metal analysis would tend to indicate later rather earlier mediaeval, a view that might be supported by ceramic motif parallels and, by the dating of the introduction of fallow deer to Ireland at the start of the thirteenth century AD.