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Крымский контекст золотоордынской архитектуры в научных трудах современных исследователей

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The chronological scope of the study encompasses the years 1946-2016. The period is characterized by a gradual revival of interest in the Golden Horde sites present in the region and consolidation of th this field of studies. In 1978, archaeological excavations were resumed, alongside with a purposeful architectural study of construction remains of individual structures and selective publication of results. Besides sporadic publications on the architecture of the Crimea, where the Golden Horde component was usually fragmentarily treated on the basis of outdated and often erroneous information, there also appear works of generalizing character, where this component, despite the differing degree of elaboration, is already present as an integral part of the building culture of the Ulus of Jochi as a whole. The majority of field research materials have not been involved in scientific circulation, the access to them being restricted for experts. A significant event of the period was the publication of the monograph “Architecture of the Golden Horde. Part I. Cult architecture” (Zilivinskaya 2014), which provides a clear understanding as regards the current state of the topic elaboration.

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Топография гончарного производства Азака

Author(s): Svetlana A. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article offers data on pottery production topography, based on the results of archaeological excavations of the Golden Horde city of Azak in 1961—2015. The material studied made it possible to single out several pottery production districts located in the north-eastern, south-western, central and south-eastern parts of the city; to establish their approximate borders and preliminary dating, as well as to reveal location peculiarities of the workshops that had belonged to 1st and 2nd group potters, who differed according to technological production level and their genetic origins.

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Северо-Восточное Приазовье и среднее течение Северского Донца в XIII—XIV вв. (влияние природно-географического фактора на заселение территории)

Author(s): Eduard E. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

A study of the Golden Horde sites in Donbass territory revealed that they had been formed in close connection with the natural and geographical situation in some parts of the region. The steppe region used to serve as the nomadic pastoralism domain. In the middle reaches of the Seversky Donets River, peopled by sedentary population since ancient times, large settlements had been established which served as trade, craft, and administrative centers.

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Топография городских могильников золотоордынского Азака и их влияние на общегородскую планировку

Author(s): Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Excavations of Azak are held in every district of the city. That’s why now it is possible to study some questions of planigraphy of big city of the Golden Horde. The paper contains information about 38 discovered burial sites of 13th—14th cc. Short data about these sites origin is also given. Mapping of the objects shows certain logic in their location. Burial sites appear nearly at the same time. Each of two arc-like burial zones appears as a result of an administrative policy, which ordered to place graves outside from the habitable districts. But soon sites of an earlier period became surrounded by residential estates. The second arc-like zone of burials appeared as a result of this process.

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Военная организация кочевников Крыма в XII—XIV веках

Author(s): Victor N. Chkhaidze / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The report presents differentiate according to the degree of arms 49 male burials kochevnikov medieval (12th—14th centuries), which were identified in 56 cemeteries in the Crimea. Based on the analysis of materials, three groups of military burials of nomads: 1. Heavily armed cavalry with metal protective arms and a full set of weapons and melee; 2. Cavalry without defensive arms, or with a non-metallic armor, also with a full set of chopping weapons and ranged weapons; 3. Light cavalry armed only with bows and arrows, swords rarely. The picture presented of the military organization of the Polovtsian society in Crimea, which existed until the inclusion in the composition of the Polovtsian troops of the Golden Horde.

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Новые данные по исторической географии золотоордынских поселений Нижнего Подонья и Северо-Восточного Приазовья

Author(s): Nikita I. Iudin,Alexander P. Minaev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The authors present new data, obtained by collecting stray finds and their fixation with the GPS device, as well as by means of trial excavations, which allows clarifying the boundaries of the Lower Don and North-Eastern Azov region settlements and raising the question about their either urban or rural status. A classification of the examined sites into three major categories — small cities, large and small rural settlements — is proposed. The main criterion is the dimension of the area occupied by the latter, while the finds attesting to the predominance of certain types of economic activity are also taken into account.

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Восточные и византийские традиции в комплексе украшений женского костюма Руси (по материалам средневековых городов Беларуси)

Author(s): Kristina A. Lavysh / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The development of a complex of ornaments for women’s costume in Rus’ in the 11th — 13th centuries was taking place under the significant influence of samples from the Oriental and Byzantine world. Many types of ornaments, the way of wearing them, motifs, as well as the techniques of their manufacturing (cloisonné enamel, filigree, granulation, niello) were borrowed from there. Temple pendants (kolty) with enamel and niello, suspension chains (ryasny), three-bead temple rings, princes’ diadems, neckpieces-humerals, hinged bracelets (consisting of two semicircular sections), twisted and plaited bracelets with terminals decorated with filigree and granulation refer to the remaking of the Byzantine samples in the Old Russian ceremonial attire. Archaeological finds from the excavations of medieval towns оf Belarus related to the Byzantine and Eastern traditions are not as numerous and diverse as finds from the South Rus’, Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod lands, but they demonstrate the same process of adaptation and elaboration of the Byzantine and Eastern artistic and cultural traditions. This process can be traced both in the items of ceremonial attire, and in the ordinary ornaments of urban women.

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О некоторых изобразительных источниках по средневековому костюму сербской знати

Author(s): Anna E. Zhabreva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes several pictorial sources — monuments of medieval Serbia fresco painting, allowing to get some idea of the rulers and nobility costume of the 11th—14th centuries. These are mainly reproductions of clerical compositions from the churches and monasteries paintings, identified in historical and art literature, which are analyzed in detail. The author comes to the conclusion that rich costumes and jewelry, changed several times over a certain period, are reliably captured in explicit monuments. Having taken over a century Slavic, Byzantine, Eastern and European influences, the costumes of the Serbian aristocracy were distinguished by originality and deliberate representativeness.

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Фибула как инсигния в западноевропейском костюме

Author(s): Natalia V. Zhilina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In Byzantium, brooches lost the meaning of insignia because of other regalia in development and of a rational design of clothing. But in Western Europe, the status role of large fibula remained during the developed Middle Ages. This is evidenced by all kinds of sources: written, graphic, material. Large, expensive, luxuriously ornamented brooches had the value of insignia.In preserving of the role of central brooches as status ones, one can see the striking feature of the ceremonial dress of the rulers and the higher social stratum of Western Europe. But here the brooches shared the fate of this jewelry category: they transit from the function of fastening to the decorative role and transmit their decorative form to large buttons.

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Драгоценные украшения на древнерусских иконах по «свидетельству» резных и литых образков XIII века

Author(s): Irina A. Sterligova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The iconography of a number of small Old Russian icons from the first third of the thirteenth century, made of stone, clay or copper alloy, confirms the tradition, known from written sources, of votive ornaments in the form of gold and silver collars, both wound and sickle-shaped, on particularly venerated icons. The paper examines the sources of this tradition and the influence upon it of international contacts: similar ornaments on sacred images may be traced in Western Europe and among the Cumans. The miniature icons that have been discovered, which reproduce the form of the most venerated icons, supplement our idea of the religious art of Old Rus’, the canon of which was received from Byzantium, but was realised in an original manner, reflecting local realities and artistic tastes.

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Горны на курганах (открытие средневекового металлургического квартала в Пскове при раскопках 2016—2019 гг.)

Author(s): Elena V. Salmina,Sergey A. Salmin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The rescue archaeological excavations, held on the territory of the former thermal electric power plant in Pskov prior to its renovation, revealed a medieval “metallurgy quarters” which existed on this territory in the 13th—16th centuries beyond the fortification walls. The manufacturing center occurred on the site of the burial grounds of the 10th — first half of the 11th cc. thus having destroyed many burial mounds. It is indicative that the raw materials used by the local metallurgists contained a significant amount of fragmented and deformed jewelry, some of which may have highly likely come from the destroyed burials. To date, no clusters of industrial complexes that occupied such an area in the absence of residential development have been found on the territory of Medieval Pskov. The discovery of such a production quarter in Pskov allows us to revise both the history of urban development and the organization of production processes in one of the largest urban centers of North-Western Russia.

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Śmierć, pogrzeb i upamiętnienie władców (nie tylko) w dawnej Polsce

Author(s): Marek Walczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The book examines the problem of death, burials and commemoration of male and female rulers (not only Polish ones) since the late Middle Ages until the beginnings of the 20th century. The articles concern, on the one hand, the private sphere of monarchs’ lives, their religiousness and attitude to death and, on the other, the organisational, political and symbolic aspects of their deaths and funerals.

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Śmierć władcy jako zakłócenie naturalnego porządku rzeczy

Author(s): Urszula Augustyniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the death of a king as a possessor of power, which is seen as political death. The author attempts to present how posthumous images of Polish kings: Sigismund II August, the last from the Jagiellonian dynasty, and Sigismund III, the first from the Vasa dynasty, were created. She assumes that creating a model image of death can be considered the main factor differentiating death of a ruler as a political leader from death of ordinary people. She distinguishes three phases of political death: 1. the impossibility of personal ruling and its transfer to favourites; 2. focusing on the successor, 3. the media mourning after king’s death, 4. oblivion of the ruler’s death and return to current matters. The author concentrates on observing the evolution of Polish nobility’s attitude to king’s death, seen as political change of quasi-religious character; on questioning immortality of God’s Anointed and in the secular dimension, on questioning his indispensability to the functioning of state and legal order. The interregna were treated not only as disasters, but also as a chance to restore the natural order by the nobility which assumed the majesty of Poland.

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Od pomnika niespełnionych ambicji do pamiątki narodowej. Dzieje nagrobka Władysława Białego w kościele Saint-Bénigne w Dijon

Author(s): Wojciech Sowała / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Władysław Biały (Władysław the White, died in 1388), was the last prince of the Kuyavian Piast dynasty. At the beginning of his career it was believed that he would become the successor of king Kazimierz Wielki (Casimir III the Great). After king’s death, Władysław tried to take the crown twice, albeit unsuccessfully. He spent the last years of his life in Saint-Bénigne monastery in Dijon, where he was buried. The article examines the iconography and history of the tomb of Władysław Biały. The inscriptions, attire, heraldic programme, spatial context and references to the tombs of the French elites clearly indicate prince’s royal ambition and confirm that the tomb was built straight after Władysław’s death. The second part of the paper presents the history of prince’s memoria, which became one of the attractions of the monastery. The monks cultivated his memory and proudly presented his tomb to visitors. Finally, the presence of Władysław’s monument in 19th century Polish historical literature, popular press, poetry and paintings is analyzed. In that time, the tomb played a certain role as a notional memento in maintaining national identity and in the fight for independence.

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Umieranie, śmierć i pogrzeb w liturgii późnośredniowiecznego Krakowa

Author(s): Jakub Kubieniec / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the course and character of the rites connected with dying and burial of the dead as conveyed by medieval Cracow codices. The texts and liturgical formulae connected with these ceremonies and used in Polish local tradition did not single out rulers as special category persons who would be entitled to extraordinary funerary ceremonies. Symbolic gestures and elements of “court liturgy” connected with political theology were incorporated into funerary ceremonies of the rulers. The most spectacular of them, the widely commented fall of a horse rider during the mass for the dead king, is discussed in the article in the context of the remarks passed by Cracow mass liturgists from the 15th century.

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Śmierć, pogrzeb i upamiętnienie polskich królowych w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Bożena Czwojdrak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The funeral of Polish rulers, one of the most important royal ceremonies, is fully described with reference to the period from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century. As far as the 14th and the 15th centuries are concerned, our knowledge is limited to chronicles of that time. It was after Sigismund I the Old died, when the need to formalise the ceremony was acknowledged. Samuel Maciejowski wrote “Ordo pompae funebris serenissimi Sigismundi Regis Poloniae”, which became the model for preparing funerals of Polish rulers. Against this background, the lack or only laconic descriptions of the funerals of Polish queens are particularly striking. There was no due ceremonial until the end of the Commonwealth of Poland, the course of the funerary ceremony is not known, the annalists record deaths of the queens very shortly, not mentioning the ceremonies themselves. This is why the article analyses the deaths, burials and commemoration of late medieval queens, the wives of Władysław Jagiełło: Jadwiga Andegaweńska, Anna Cylejska, Elżbieta Granowska and Zofia Holszańska, as well as Elżbieta Rakuska, the wife of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and Helena Moskiewska, the wife of Aleksander Jagiellończyk.

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Wiersze na śmierć króla w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce

Author(s): Marcin Starzyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the 15th-century epicedium, composed by a Silesian humanist thinker, Wawrzyniec Korwin (before 1440-1527) to commemorate the death of king Kazimierz Jagiellończyk (1447-1492). This work was known in literature, but it was not analysed in depth in the context of other works of this kind, which were written in connection with deaths of Polish monarchs. The author uses the unknown until now manuscript from the collection of Niedersächsiche Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen (the oldest of the recognised). The manuscript contains two other works by Korwin, the description of the funeral ceremony of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and a verse epitaph. Together they from the largest group of texts written at the time of Polish monarch’s death in the late Middle Ages. Although their topic is still medieval, the phraseology is undoubtedly renaissance. The appendix contains the edition of epicedium.

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Memoria króla Jana Olbrachta w katedrze na Wawelu

Author(s): Barbara Świadek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article attempts to describe Jan Olbracht’s memoria in the Wawel Cathedral in the context of late medieval or early modern cultural memory. After the death of the monarch, his mother, Elżbieta Rakuszanka, decided to erect the tomb of her son in a separate chapel. At her command, the chapel of bishop Jan Grot, founded before 1344 and dedicated to John Evangelist and Saint Martha, was chosen; in its western part the tomb of the direct successor of Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk was erected. The author of the article tries to reconstruct not only the architecture and art decoration of the new space, but also its portable equipment. Most objects commissioned by the Jagiellonians were lost, but the cathedral inventory from 1563 confirms that Olbracht’s memoria did not consist of accidental artefacts. Apart from their high artistic value, most objects referred to the subject of passion, which made them ideal for the chapel and the pietas Jagiellonica policy.

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Uwagi o sensie ideowym figury nagrobnej Zygmunta I Starego

Author(s): Mateusz Grzęda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the meaning of the tomb effigy of Sigismund I the Old in his burial chapel at Cracow cathedral. It has been observed that distinctive way of posing the figure of the king in armour that represents the demi-gisant type could have been inspired by the ancient depictions of gods and heroes. Neoplatonic connotations of such an image were also underlined: a reclining monarch awakening from his sleep indicated the moment when the soul was leaving the body. According to the author appropriating the demi-gisant type for the Cracow tomb effigy was likely to demonstrate the analogy between Sigismund I and Hercules. It referred to the motive of Hercules at the crossroads (Hercules in bivio) based on the story in which the pagan hero, faced with a life choice, decided to follow path of virtue and earned himself eternal glory and salvation. Given the sepulcral context of the chapel, the formula of semi-recumbent effigy of the king must have evoked the association with Hercules as the only hero who was granted immortality. Thus, introducing the ancient pagan formula to the artistic setting of the king’s tomb did not undermine its Christian message – on the contrary, it corresponded perfectly with the eschatological views of Sigismund I, who repeatedly expressed his absolute conviction that kings were to be redeemed.

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Między historią a fantazją. Nekropolia królewska w katedrze na Wawelu w początkach wieku XX

Author(s): Marek Walczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

At he end of the restauration conducted under the supervision of Sławomir Odrzywolski (1887-1904) in the Wawel Cathedral, an attempt to reorder the local historical tradition was made. Its most important act was founding monuments to Queen Jadwiga and Władysław Warneńczyk by Karol Lanckoroński, which were commissioned from Antoni Madeyski in Rome. Both works executed in materials carrying entirely different symbolic connotations (white marble and bronze) not only become part of historical studies and reflect on the past, but also constitute national mythology and reflect the past imaginarium, still rooted in romantic tradition. The unappreciated tomb of Władysław III seems a unique work of art, executed with great diligence and embedded in literary and art tradition. The tomb was modelled on the sepulchre of Gaston de Foix, who, leading French troops against the Holy League, was killed at the age of 23 in the battle of Ravenna (1512). He was one of the best-known historical heroes in the 19th century. Władysław III, like Gaston, was killed in a battle at a young age; they were both tragic characters and their deaths could have been interpreted as punishment. Gaston led French royal armies against the pope, Władysław, convinced by the papal nuncio Giuliano Cesarini, broke the truce signed with sultan Murad II in Szeged.

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