Kálmán szlavón herceg és IX. Gergely pápa (Magyar királyi herceg az Apostoli Szentszék szolgálatában?

Author(s): Gábor Barabás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

This study discusses the – markedly amicable – relationship between Prince Coloman, the son of King Andrew II (1205–1235), and Pope Gregory IX (1227–1241). The relationship between the Duke of Slavonia and the Head of the Church was fairly expansive, as shown by several issues besides the matters of Coloman and the Hungarian church, like the fight against the Bosnian heretics, the papal mandate given to the duke in the matter of two widowed Polish princesses, the vow to uphold the Treaty of Bereg, the legal disputes with the Slavonian province of the Knights Templar, and the planned unification of the churches of Spalato and Zagreb.

Contextualizing the Mongol Invasion of Hungary in 1241–42: Short- and Long-Term Perspectives

Author(s): József Laszlovszky,Stephen Pow,Beatrix F. Romhányi,László Ferenczi,Zsolt Pinke / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The Mongol invasion in 1241–42 was a major disruption in the Kingdom of Hungary’s history that brought serious changes to many facets of its political, demographic, and military development. It became a long-lasting element of collective memory that influenced modern historical discourse. Nonetheless, questions remain about the level and distribution of destruction and population loss, the role that environmental factors played in the invasion, the reasons for the Mongol withdrawal, and how this episode can be used for interpreting later thirteenth and fourteenth-century phenomena. The present article aims to discuss these four issues, employing a combined analysis of the wide-ranging textual material and the newer archaeological and settlement data in their regional context. We contend that new data supports the idea that destruction was unevenly distributed and concentrated in the Great Hungarian Plain. Furthermore, we express skepticism that environmental and climatic factors played the decisive role in the Mongol withdrawal in 1242, while we acknowledge the evidence that long-term climate change had substantial effects on Hungary’s settlement patterns and economy as early as the mid-thirteenth century. We conclude that a nuanced multi-causal explanation for the Mongol withdrawal is necessary, taking greater consideration of local resistance and the military failures of the Mongol army than has previously been represented in international literature. Lastly, we uphold a viewpoint that the Mongol invasion brought many catalysts to Hungary’s rapid development in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries.

The Chapter of Bärdi Bäk khan in the Čingiz-nāmä of Ötämiš Ḥāǰǰī Tolu Bay, ämīr of the Golden Horde

Author(s): Csaba Göncöl / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

In the past few years researchers of the history of the Golden Horde devoted considerable attention to formerly neglected chronicles written in Turkic in the successor states of the Ulus of J̌uči, particularly to the so called Čingiz-nāmä of Ötämiš Ḥāǰǰī. Though this collection of genuine oral tradition is an indispensable source, a critical approach is oftentimes overlooked by the scholars using it. This paper aims to demonstrate how the historical consciousness of the populace of the Golden Horde altered the stories behind certain events. For this purpose, the story of Bärdi Bäk khan in the Čingiz-nāmä will be subjected to criticism.

Eretnekek, kalózok és legátusok. A boszniai eretnekség, a Magyar Királyság és a pápák a 13. század elején

Author(s): Gábor Barabás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The study examines a special aspect of the relations between the Papacy and the Hungarian Kingdom in the first half of the 13th century: the fight against the so-called heretics of the Balkans. The question of the heresy is not investigated from a dogmatic, or a legal point of view; the analysis is focusing on the taken papal and Hungarian actions. Pontifical legates were entrusted with tasks concerning the heresy and the piracy in Bosnia and Dalmatia since the very beginning of the century, while the Hungarian rulers and several prelates took part in the struggle as well. The presentation starts with the investigation against Ban Kulin of Bosnia led by the papal chaplain John of Casamari, whereas among other topics the problem of the Dalmatian pirates, the Bosnian campaign of Duke Coloman of Slavonia and the integration of the diocese of Bosnia into the Hungarian church are touched upon too.

Sienai ötvösből szepesi alispán. Olaszok és itáliaiak a Druget-nádorok szolgálatában

Author(s): Attila Zsoldos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The paper examines those retainers of the three consecutive Druget palatines who certainly, or presumably, were foreigners in Hungary. An inquiry into the castellans retained by Philip Druget, who had arrived to Hungary with prince Charles of Anjou in 1301, has clearly demonstrated that his retinue was built up parallel to the establishment of his power base in northeastern Hungary. John Druget and his son William, on the other hand, already followed in the footsteps of Philip when they moved to Hungary, so it would be less than a miracle if at least some of their close associates followed them. It is at least clear that those among the Druget retainers who did in fact come from Italy – the Sienese brothers, Peter the goldsmith and Nicholas certainly, Gery and Perotto very probably, and Valter possibly – must have arrived in the second half of the 1320s. The career of Peter and Nicholas, sons of Simon of Siena, was truly unique, for in Hungary they rose to become alispáns of Szepes, and later called themselves of the estate of Jamnik, which they had received as a royal grant.

A „mohó farkas” utóda. Egy Kőszegi Habsburg szolgálatban

Author(s): Renáta Skorka / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The name of count (comes) Iban von Bernstein sounds familiar in both Hungarian and Austrian medieval studies. Yet opinions diverge as to the ties of kinship that linked the count, who stood in the service of the Habsburg dukes from 1339 to 1382, to the famous oligarch, palatine János/ Iván Kőszegi, a person notorious in Austrian, Styrian and Hungarian sources alike. The present paper, alongside making an attempt to solve this problem, also explores the circumstances in which Iban was turned into an infidel and broke with the king of Hungary, and his activities in his new homeland. Moreover, it seeks an answer to the question of what traditions for an alliance with the Habsburg dukes were already at hand within the Kőszegi family, owning extensive lands along the western border of the Hungarian Kingdom, and among the direct ancestors of Iban himself

Minden a kapcsolatokon múlik?

Author(s): Veronika Rudolf / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017

Gramsch, Robert: Das Reich als Netzwerk der Fürsten. Politische Strukturen unter dem Doppelkönigtum Friedrichs II. und Heinrichs (VII.) 1225–1235. Ostfi ldern, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2013. 456 p

A „Kutya” árnyékában. A tatárok és a délszláv országok a 13. század második felében

Author(s): Sándor Szmutkó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2017

Uzelac, Aleksandar: Pod senkom Psa. Tatari i južnoslovenske zemlje u drugoj polovini XIII veka. Beograd, Utopija, 2015. 324 p.

A tuniszi keresztes hadjárat, 1270

Author(s): Bernadett Opre / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Lower, Michael: The Tunis Crusade of 1270. A Mediterranean History. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018. 240 p

О ПОВЕЉИ КРАЉИЦЕ ЈЕЛЕНЕ АНЖУЈСКЕ ЗА СЕЛО ЗАТОР (1276‒1306)

Author(s): Miljan Gogić / Language(s): Slavic (Other) Issue: 1-2/2021

This paper analyses the contents of the text of the charter issued by Queen Helen of Anjou to the village of Zator‒which is in the immediate vicinity of Kotor –during her reign in Zeta (1276‒1306). The charter has been preserved in multiple transcripts, as well as Italian translations.The charter states the boundaries of the village, as defined by Queen Helen,which were established on the site. Penalties are prescribed in the case of any unlawful use of this area by the surrounding population. The charter stipulates legal norms which determine the pecuniary tributes paid by the inhabitants of the village, in relation to court proceedings. A fine is prescribed for any breach of these norms. The paper concludes that a part of the border of the village of Zator had corresponded with a part of the border of the Kotor district since the first half of the 14th century.

A békebírság

Author(s): Éva B. Halász / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

The fine of peace (iudicium pacis) was paid by the parties in a lawsuit to their ordinary judge in case they petitioned for and received permission, before judgement was pronounced, to make an agreement by arbitration or otherwise. The term itself emerged in the sources in the course of the fourteenth century, but the fine had certainly had to be paid to the judge already in the late thirteenth century if the case ended with an agreement instead of a judgement. From 1435 the judges were disallowed to exact it in acts of might (actus potentiarii), and the ban was extended from the end of the fifteenth century to all suits that ended with agreement prior to judgement. The fine of peace was generally shared by the parties: they either paid equally, or the defendant took on itself the payment of the bigger part. While few sources give precise sums, on the basis of the surviving evidence the amount of the fine was in the range between 3 and 5 florins. Higher sums only occur before the law of 1351.

I. (Nagy) Lajos és Mária uralma

Author(s): Máté Urbán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

Csukovits Enikő: Az Anjouk Magyarországon. II. köt. I. (Nagy) Lajos és Mária uralma (1342–1395). Bp., Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet, 2019. 178 p. (Magyar Történelmi Emlékek. Értekezések.)

Magyarországi Anjouk és avignoni pápák

Author(s): Gábor Barabás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2021

Maléth Ágnes: A Magyar Királyság és a Szentszék kapcsolata I. Károly korában (1301–1342). Pécs, Pécsi Tudományegyetem BTK TTI Középkori és Koraújkori Történeti Tanszék, 2020. 497 p. (DeLegatOnline Könyvek, 2.)

A székelyek megtelepedésének kérdései

Author(s): István Botár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 12/2021

Although in the last decade more important monographs were published about the formation of the early Székely (or Szekler) settlement system, there are more important aspects that still need to be revisited. First of them is the question regarding the original locations where the Székelys lived previously. The traditional historiography based on dialect teleconnections, toponyms, anthropological data and written sources presumes that the initial main Székely territories were in the southern and western part of Transdanubia (the peripheries of Hungary). From here some groups of Székelys were moved in Bihar county (the border region between Hungary and Romania) by the end of the 11th century, others in Central Transylvania, and only in a third step did they find their final home in the Eastern Carpathians in the 13th century. Lately the colonization of the Székelys is pushed even earlier back to the 12th century. The paper confronts these commonly accepted standpoints with the archaeological and historical facts. West Danubia was not populated in the 10-11th century, the South Danubian anthropological material has no connection with the medieval anthropological material of Székely Land, written sources of the early 13th century mention the Székelys still far away from their actual territories. In concordance with this archaeological data proves 11-12th century elements (settlements, castles, churches) in the Eastern Carpathians that precede the arrival of the Székely population. Székelys cannot be attested archaeologically or in any other way in the region until the early 13th century, so until then the Eastern Carpathians belonged to the counties of the kingdom and the generally known Székely Land formed only during the 13-14th centuries.

Az 1272. évi székesfehérvári „palotaforradalom”

Author(s): Tamás Kádár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

Around the turn of August and September 1272, probably a few days or weeks before the coronation of King Ladislas IV, a group of Hungarian aristocrats launched an armed attack near Székesfehérvár against the manor house of Queen Elizabeth, the widow of King Stephen V. Their attempt was unsuccessful, but the incident, beyond highlighting the deep internal divisions of the baronial elite, had important consequences. The leaders of the attack have long been identified as Egyed and Gregory of the kindred Monoszló, however, opinions are divided concerning the background, motive and purpose of the attack. Based on contemporary German sources among others it was suggested that the violent deposition of King Ladislas IV aimed at the ascension of his cousin, Duke Béla of Macsó to the throne. This is highly unlikely in our opinion, and it is not clear from the precise interpretation of the sources that Egyed and Gergely had such intentions. Far more plausible is the explanation that the purpose of the "palace revolution" was to oust the heir to the throne, Joakim of the kindred Gut-Keled, who was kidnapped in Slavonia that summer, and his allies, and possibly to punish and execute them, as well as taking over the government by obtaining control over the Queen Mother and King Ladislas IV. In addition to the above issue, we also examine whether there are any traces – in extant medieval sources – of the rumors mostly appearing in literature that Elisabeth and Joakim maintained an adulterous affair around 1272.

„nos tuis supplicationibus inclinati, auctoritate tibi presentium indulgemus”. IV. Ince pápa és a szentszéki küldöttbíróság rendszerének magyarországi visszaszorulása a 13. század közepén

Author(s): Gábor Barabás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

The paper discusses a special aspect of the papal-Hungarian relations, namely the operation of the delegated jurisdiction after the Mongol invasion of 1241–42. The focus of the study is on the revival of the system in the 1240s and on certain measures of Pope Innocent IV in 1252 and 1254. The first measure of this kind is traditionally considered to be a papal allowance, which was granted to King Béla IV in order to avoid his ecclesiastical and lay subjects being cited outside of the realm. This prohibition, according to the opinion of the Hungarian legal-historian, György Bónis, was annulled as early as 1259. In the present study we argue that, although the charters of Innocent IV and Alexander IV are indeed of great importance, but its impact should not to be overrated, even though the number of the known cases, which were supervised by papal judges significantly dropped in the 1250s. However, the reason behind this decrease cannot be explained solely with the above-mentioned papal charter, but other factors should also be considered in investigating this question.

Egy prépostállítás buktatói. A Drugetek és a Sztriteiek konfliktusa a leleszi konvent körül

Author(s): Tibor Szőcs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

Az elit és a mongolok. Érdek és bűnhődés a 13. századi Magyar Királyságban

Author(s): Zoltán Szolnoki / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

Radulović, Jennifer: La grande invasione. Il regno d'Ungheria nel Duecento tra congiure e intrighi. L'arrivo dei mongoli. Res Gestae, Milan, 2015. 234 oldal

МАРИЈА, СЕСТРА СРПСКЕ КРАЉИЦЕ ЈЕЛЕНЕ

Author(s): Nebojša Porčić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 70/2021

Relatively numerous source data about Mary, the sister of Serbian queen Helen, the wife of King Uroš I, proved to be crucial for resolving the long-elusive issue of Helen’s origins. However, Mary was in her own right an important historical personality, whose family links and life course mirror the complexity of political and religious relations in southeastern Europe in the 13th century. The paper begins by readdressing the issue of Mary’s and Helen’s origins, which has not met with an appropriate response in historiography. Then, following in the path of several studies recently published abroad, it sheds light on Mary’s life course, from her marriage to Anselm of Cayeux, a prominent baron of the Latin Empire, through her stay in the Kingdom of Sicily, France and Serbia, to the data on her offspring.

Magyarok a Moreai Krónikában

Author(s): Ábel Török / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

The study examines the role and perception of Hungarians in the Chronicle of Morea (Τό Χρονικόν του Μορέως). It presents the passages in which the Chronicle mentions the Hungarian people or the Kingdom of Hungary, and compares them with passages in other contemporary literary and historical works in Old French and Byzantine Greek that also mention Hungarians. It proposes a solution to the question of why the Chronicle - which records the history of the hostile Crusader states - speaks of the Hungarians - who were generally close to Byzantium and helped the successor states of the Byzantine Empire - in a more laudatory tone and in more praiseworthy terms than other contemporary sources closer to the Hungarians: the reason for this is to be found primarily in the reputation of Béla Ill’s daughter Margaret and her grandchildren, the Saint-Omer brothers. The study also examines the literary and historical role of the Saint-Omer brothers and presents a detailed philological analysis of the excerpt from the Chronicle in which the author discusses the succession of the Barony of Akova.