Obraz islámu v textu řeholníka z 1. poloviny 15. století

Author(s): Jan Stejskal,Michaela Antonín Malaníková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 50/2016

The presented text is an attempt to contribute with the translation of littleknown source of the Bohemian origin to the history of the Holy Land in the 15th century. The text of the “miracle” was written by the monk John Jerome of Prague (c. 1370–1440) soon after the year 1430. John Jerome travelled to the eastern Mediterranean most probably during the years 1428–1430. He visited territories settled by orthodox Greeks mainly and also the Holy Land. The both visits were mentioned in John Jeromes’ texts (sermon and the miracle) and both text should be understood in context – fierce criticism (with no mercy) for “Greek schismatics” together with the strong hopes in mysterious Arabic converts. Translation into the Czech language (based on the Florentine manuscript and the transcription made by W. P. Hyland) is an attempt to introduce this text to the Czech public and contribute to debate on interaction between Christianity and Islam during tumultuous 15th century.

Majetkové strategie šlechty v pozdním středověku na modelovém příkladu Haška z Valdštejna

Author(s): David Papajík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 59/2020

The text analyses the property strategies of an important nobleman of the first half of the fifteenth century, Hašek of Valdštejn. The study demonstrates that Hašek was focused on acquiring royal property lien (Ostroh, Víckov,Orlovice, Nový Hrad, Bludov). Although Hašek of Valdštejn is often mentioned in the documents as the owner of the property, Hašek managed all his property along with his brother Beneš. This includes the allod estateof Veliš, which, as written records maintain, had been acquired by Hašek of Valdštejn, but was actually governed by Hašek of Valdštejn and his brother Beneš. Hašek made a strategic decision before 1410 and moved all hisoperations from Bohemia to Moravia. He switched the base for his principal activities between Moravia and Bohemia several times during his life. After 1437 he seemed to leave Moravia not only due to property ownership, but also because of politics.

Příspěvek k notářským instrumentům veřejného notáře Materny

Author(s): Petr Sedláček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 59/2020

The paper maps out all the notarial instruments of Materna, an imperially authorized notary public and the son of the physician Martin of Kladsko. This cleric of the Prague diocese was one of the six notaries from the county of Kladsko. He wrote six of these specific texts of Medieval diplomacy between 1412 and 1421. The paper studies Materna’s instruments from the palaeographic and the diplomatic perspective. The diplomatic description includes both, the external description of the archived material and its content and an analysis of the document formulas and Materna’s style. The comparison of his entire production was focused on deviations in stereotypical parts of the instruments. The study also describes the notary’s seal. Future research could compare the production of another notary – the “imperialiauctoritate” – from the same period and from Kladsko and another area.

Renaissance humanism in the age of the Jagiellonian kings in Hungary (1490–1526)

Author(s): Farkas Gábor Kiss / Language(s): English Issue: Spec.Issue/2022

The present study offers a re-evaluation of literary production in Hungary under the Jagiellonian kings Wladislas II and Louis II. Traditionally, the literary works produced in this period have been contrasted to the blossoming of humanist literature under King Matthias, and disregarded in many respects. The aim of this study is to make a survey of the main authors and other agents of the literary culture of this period and to stress that this age experienced an unseen growth and expansion in late medieval and humanist scholarly and lay culture. While János Horváth called the authors of this period “humanists with party allegiances”, I argue that their stronger “party allegiance” is, in fact, the direct result of the steady growth in the number of intellectuals with a modern, humanistic educational outlook, and of a less centralized state.

Studenci z Wadowic w świetle Metryki Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego z lat 1400-1508

Author(s): Tomasz Graff / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2008

W oparciu o metryki, do których wpisywano studentów rozpoczynających naukę na Uniwersytecie Krakowskim od Wydziału Sztuk Wyzwolonych, autor ustalił nazwiska czterech wadowiczan studiujących w Krakowie w XV i na początku XVI w.

Stema familiei Huniade pe unele arbalete din secolul al XV-lea. Noi date

Author(s): Augustin Mureșan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXVI/2021

The author presents the coat of arms of the Huniade family on crossbows from the 15th century made in Sibiu and the possibility in Vienna. The coat of arms on the crossbows of Sibiu looks like this: in the shield, in the golden field, a black raven, holding a ring in its beak and sitting on a fragment of a thick shaped branch. The crossbows with this coat of arms belonged to the family of Ioan (Iancu) from Hunedoara (1441–1456). The crossbow executed in Vienna is from the time of Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary (1458–1490). It has represented the coat of arms of Hungary must be included and the coat of arms of the Huniade family, the raven with a ring in its beak. The coat of arms of Dalmatia and Bohemia were represented on both sides. Through their antiquity, valuation and artistic and heraldic representations, these crossbows are national and universal heritage values.

Zrzeczenie się sum zastawnych w piętnastowiecznej Polsce – gest filantropii czy wyrachowania?

Author(s): Bożena Czwojdrak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 83/2022

In the fifteenth century, even before the Executionist movement, after the actions of King Jagiełło and especially his son Władysław of Varna, the Polish state was heavily in debt. Five noblemen from the ruling elite of the era decided to renounce the sums bequeathed to them by the king on royal estates and to return these lands to the monarch. What were their motives? Was it a gesture of philanthropy or calculation?

Paul of Pyskowice’s autonomous question Utrum universalia subsistant

Author(s): Hanna Wojtczak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The subject of the present article is a critical edition of an autonomous question Utrum universalia subsistant by Paweł of Pyskowice († ca. 1467), an eminent Kraków scholar. The question is preserved on a loose two-leaf fold and is now attached to Paul’s commentary on Isagoge contained in cod. BJ 1900, held in the manuscript collection of the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow. This question, however, does not form a coherent part of cod. BJ 1900. On the basis of the hand testimony and taking into account the fact that the quire was not bound together with the codex, the probable time frame of the quaestio with its accompanying glosses is 1423–1445. The degree of originality of this autonomous question cannot be determined at the present stage of research, nor has a text been found that may have been a direct source for Paul.Only two fragments incorporated by Paul without any references have been identified. Their ultimate source is Albert the Great. There are two apparatuses in the edition: fontium, which contains the identification of direct and indirect quotations of the source texts; editorial, which shows corrections, deletions, additions, marginal glosses and lacunae due to paper decay.

Zur Realisierung der standardsprachlichen und dialektalen Innovationen des Frühneuhochdeutschen im Text Hic notanter proscripti (1412–1450) aus Jauer/Jawor. Eine phonematisch-graphematische Studie

Author(s): Piotr A. Owsiński / Language(s): German Issue: 16/2022

The article presents the results of the phonemic-graphemic analysis of the proscription entries from 15th century, which come from the book of city Jauer and were written down in the Silesian dialect of the Early New High German. Due to the analysis it could be proved, the text contains the standard Early New High German features as well as the dialectal structures and the sound changes, which are characteristic for the Silesian dialect. All the results of the exploration are supported with with the appropriate examples.

Descoperiri monetare medievale din campania arheologică 2020 de la Remetea Mare (jud. Timiș) – punctul Gomila lui Gabor

Author(s): Raoul Septilici,Octavian-Cristian Rogozea,Dorel Micle / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

During preventive archaeological excavations in the area of Remetea Mare commune (Timiș County) in 2020, several medieval vestiges came to light, including nine coins (all silver alloy): Banat of Severin - Nicolae Redwitz (1429-1435?), 1 coin (coin no. 1), Hungary - Wladislav I (1440-1444) 2 coins (coins no. 2-3), Iancu of Hunedoara (1446-1453), 3 coins (coins no. 4-6), Matia Corvin (1458-1490), 2 coins (coins no. 7-8), Ferdinand I (1526-1564), 1 coin (coin no. 9). The preventive research from August-September 2020 completed the series of research in the perimeter of Remetea Mare-2/Gomila lui Gabor site, where several areas were excavated in the late 70s and early 80s of the 20th century. The coins enrich the repertoire of findings of this kind and establish, with high accuracy, a date for the medieval cemetery where they were uncovered.

ANKARA SAVAŞI SONRASI DARP EDİLEN SİKKELER ÇERÇEVESİNDE ANADOLU’DA SİYASİ HAKİMİYET MÜCADELESİ: İKİNCİ VASALLİK DÖNEMİ

Author(s): Sıddık ÇALIK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 59/2023

After the Battle of Ankara, the Anatolian lands of the Ottoman Empire were shared among many principalities. Timur not only divided the Ottoman lands among Yıldırım's sons, but also allowed the Turkmen principalities to continue their reign by returning the lands they had taken from the Ottomans. In other words, Timur, instead of a strong political structure in the Ottoman geography, set up a disintegrated but subordinate principality to rule, and after staying in Anatolia for eleven months, he returned to his homeland, Turkistan. Thus, while Timur formed a political structure suitable for his own benefit, he also secured the eastern borders of his Khanate.In this study, rather than focusing on the political environment that took place after the Ankara War, it is aimed to examine the relations between the political forces of the period from a different perspective by considering the coins minted in Anatolia in this process. Although the coins minted by the states and principalities in Anatolia, which is a sign of loyalty to Timur after the Ankara War, are briefly emphasized, it will not constitute the basis of this research. After the Ankara War, in the process that Çelebi Mehmet re-established the Ottoman Empire, the policy of dominating the principalities in Anatolia did not emerge suddenly, although it was mostly the result of military actions. In the first quarter of the 15th century, in this period when the Timurid winds had not yet subsided, these principalities were first subject to the Ottoman Empire with vassaagel ties as of 1410, and after 1428 they were directly subordinated to the central administration. These political facts were intended to be documented with minted coins.

Heretics as devil’s servants. The construction of religious otherness in Silesian historiographical sources from the late Middle Ages

Author(s): David Radek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Since the times of St Augustine, the medieval society was firmly convinced about the connection between heresy and the devil, and heretics were often considered members of the civitatis diaboli. In the Silesian milieu, a similarly constructed religious identity can be more often encountered in the late Middle Ages, when the society was facing the threat of Hussitism. This was reflected in the works of contemporary chroniclers (e.g., Peter Eschenloer, Caspar Borgeni, Johannes Froben, etc.). The descriptions of heretics were created in accordance with the already existing Christian tradition and predominantly consisted of stereotypes and topoi associated with heresy. The paper focuses on the analysis of narrative strategies used by Silesian chroniclers and endeavours to explain how the image of heretics was created, with an emphasis on the role the devil played in these descriptions, therefore it analyses the relationship between heretics and the devil.

THE CRAFT OF THE LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN TIMES IN THE ACADEMIC WRITINGS OF MARIA BOGUCKA

Author(s): Marcin Grulkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 127/2023

Maria Bogucka (1929–2020) is one of Poland’s most outstanding representa- tives of historiography in the period after the Second World War. She dealt with a myriad of areas, such as the history of trade, everyday life, the problem of the position of the bourgeoisie in the social structure of pre-partitioned Poland and various aspects of the history of early modern culture. In the earliest period of her academic career (the 1950s and 1960s), under the guidance of Marian Małowist, she took up the subject of the development of crafts in the late Middle Ages and early modern times, with her research focusing primarily on Gdańsk, the largest city in pre-partition Poland. In her research, she sought to isolate the features of early capitalism in the relations of production of the city’s craftsmen, and she also focused her interest on artisans operating outside the guild system. Bogucka explained the changes in the economic situation in crafts, examining the relationship between this form of production and agricultural production and trade development.

The Sack of Turku in 1509 Recovering from a Catastrophe

Author(s): MARKO LAMBERG / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

In August 1509, the town of Turku (Swe. Åbo) in southwestern Finland, then a part of the Swedish realm, was attacked by a Danish fleet. The sources tell of great material devastation and loss of life. However, although the sack of 1509 has been mentioned in numerous works treating the history of medieval Turku or medieval Finland in gen- eral, historians have not so far analysed how the recuperation process actually looked and which individuals and institutions involved in it were the crucial actors. Con- temporary sources, especially the correspondence between higher authorities, cast light on Turku’s urban recovery. Such sources may exaggerate the role of ecclesiastical authorities as leaders of the process, we get only sporadic glimpses of the actions of the town council. But it seems there were no plans to send material relief – at least not foodstuff – to Turku. Instead, the authorities were more interested in prevent- ing further attacks and maintaining societal peace. The higher clergy focused on the restoration of the cathedral and retrieving stolen cult items. It is also possible that the translation of a local saint in the summer of 1514 was utilised as a unifying and healing event for spectators and participants.

How to Reject a King and to Marry a Bishop

Author(s): Zuzana Bolerazká / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Elisabeth of Görlitz, granddaughter of Charles IV, married Anthony, Duke of Brabant. After his death at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, she was forced to take care of her own well-being while being yet again embroiled in Luxembourg’s politics. This study will therefore focus on the period of time the young widow attempted to cope with her new life situation, maintain a good political and economic position and find a new husband.

Battle for Silver

Author(s): Enes Dedić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Mutual relations between the Bosnian Kingdom and the Serbian Despotate can be observed in the period between 1402, when Prince Stefan Lazarević received the title of despot from John VII Palaeologus, until the Ottoman conquest of the Despotate in 1459. The most significant conflicts between Bosnian rulers and nobles with Serbian despots were fought over the rich Srebrenica silver mine. This town, with the fortress of Srebrenik, was located in the Middle Podrinje region, near the river Drina, which in this area represented the border between the two countries. The stronger economic rise of Srebrenica was followed during the 14th century when it gradually developed and became one of the most important mines in Southeast Europe. The seeds of the conflict around Srebrenica were sown by the Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxembourg. The Hungarian king first managed to get Srebrenica for himself, and then in the period 1411–1413, he handed it over to his vassal, despot Stefan. From this time until the end of the existence of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, Srebrenica changed its owner several times. Bosnian kings, nobles, and Serbian despots took part in the conflicts around Srebrenica, and in certain periods specific agreements were established regarding the ownership of this place, which brought in large revenues. A solid number of sources about Srebrenica have been preserved in the State Archives in Dubrovnik due to the fact that the Ragusan merchants and craftsmen saw great economic potential in this place and established a large colony. The interests of the Ragusan authorities were moving in the direction of obtaining timely information from this place, and they often sent delegations to conduct diplomatic negotiations with the local authorities regarding the status of their citizens in this place.

Albán migrációs hullám a görög területeken a 14‒15. században

Author(s): Ádám Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Körkapcsolás ötszáz év távlatából: az európai haderők és fejlődésük a 15–16. században

Author(s): Márton Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2021

Új korszak határán. Az európai államok hadügye és hadseregei a mohácsi csata korában. Szerkesztette B. Szabó János – Fodor Pál. MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont, Budapest, 2019. 295 oldal

Batumi in European Sources of the 15th Century

Author(s): Irakli Baramidze / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The article discusses the reports of European travelers about Batumi in the late Middle Ages. German (Bavarian) warrior and traveler Johann (Hans) Schiltberger tells about Batumi in the 20s of the 15th century, who calls Batumi the capital of Samegrelo. An interesting fact is the attack of 200 Burgundian pirates on Batumi in 1445 under the command of the famous knight Geoffrey Toyse, a relative of Duke Philip III (1419-1467). The Europeans who came to loot were met here by Gurieli with a detachment of 600people. The captured Toyse was released only at the request of the Emperor of Trebizond.In the 70s of the 15th century, the Venetian merchant and Diplomat Giosafat Barbaro and the Venetian ambassador to the courtof Uzun Hassan - Ambrogio Contarini attributed Batumi to a part of Samegrelo, however, the first one called the head of Samegrelo “Bendiani”, the second – “Gorbola”. Based on the above-mentioned, we think that at the beginning of the 15th century, Batumi was subordinate to the leader of Samegrelo, in the middle of the 40s, Gurieli repulsed the Burgundian pirates in Batumi, which indicates his certain legal status. In the late 1450s, Batumi was part of the Principality of Samtskhe (South Georgia), and in the 1470s it was already part of Sabediano, which was ruled by Bediani, also known as Dadian-Gurieli

A Plea for Chivalry in Hašt Bihišt VI: Restoring Sermon 11 of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib

Author(s): MUSTAFA DEHQAN / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The important role that the Hašt Bihišt VI of Idrīs Bidlīsī (1457–1520) and the detailed accounts he devoted to the reign of Murād II (1421–1444; 1446–1451) played in the development of early modern Ottoman historiography cannot be denied. Although the work was popular in the Ottoman world, especially its court circles, where its handsome copies were avidly produced, it was never prepared as a critical edition in its original Persian in the modern Ottoman studies departments. The following discussion concentrates on an editorial emendation that shows the carelessness of Bidlīsī in the transmission of his quotations. The formation of the Sufi and Shiite elements within Book VI of Hašt Bihišt is only briefly discussed.