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Јурај Ћулиновић, хрватски сликар XV века,

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Јурај Ћулиновић, хрватски сликар XV века,

Author(s): Artur Schneider / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 12/1932

Јурај Ћулиновић, или, како се на својим сликама сам потписивао: Sclavonus Dalmaticus Squarcioni Discipulus, или Scholaris родио се у Скрадину између 7. децембра 1433 и 7. децембра 1436 (наиме, у уговору што га поново склапа са својим учитељем по имену Francesco Squarcioni у Падови дана 7. децембра 1458, каже он »se fore etatis annorum XXII minorem tamen XXV«), али је већ зарана дошао у Шибеник, гдје су му и отац Тома а и стричеви Никола и Јурај имали посједа.

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ELITELE MEDIEVALE ROMÂNEȘTI LA ELE ACASĂ.LOCUINŢA NOBILIARĂ ÎN SECOLELE XIV-XVI

Author(s): Cristian Nicolae Apetrei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 19/2020

Using the statistical method, this paper identifies a type of medieval dwellings common to the social elites (princes, boyars, high clergy, and urban patricians) in the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia during the 14th to the 16th centuries. Built of wood, masonry or in a mixed system, the house combines a cellar partially raised above the ground level and a high ground floor, resulting in a structure with a tower-like appearance. Its origins can be traced back to medieval Hungary, whence it was brought and imposed by the Romanian and German elites who emigrated to Wallachia and Moldavia during the 14th century. The author considers that its adoption by the Romanian medieval elites resulted as a compromise between the elites’ need to assert their social prestige, the relatively low construction costs of this type of dwellings and the practical needs of everyday life.

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BİRECİK SUR KAPILARINDAN, URFA KAPISI VE MEÇAN KAPISI’NIN MİMARİ OLARAK İNCELENMESİ VE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Author(s): Mustafa Güler / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 60/2023

As is the case in many medieval cities in Anatolia, Birecik also featured a citadel surrounded by city walls. Today, however, since the fabric of Birecik old city suffered extreme destruction, the citadel lies deserted and the city walls are in ruins almost entirely. Only a few traces of the city walls that used to surround the entire city, and only two of the four gates that provide access to the city on the city walls exist today. The two gates at the city walls that have survived to the present day are Urfa Gate and Meçan Gate. Urfa Gate is located on the city walls on the east side of Birecik. The gate provides access from Urfa side. Kule Mescidi (Tower Masjid) stands adjacent to the city wall on the north side of the gate, while two rectangular spaces are present on the south side. Urfa Gate was constructed using ashlar masonry technique. The eastern facade of the gate features compositions made with large stalactites with ornaments in the form of segmented lancet arches, shell-shaped niches, rosettes and palmettes decorating the space in-between the stalactites. There are inscriptions written in extended letters on the round panels on the façade, and also at the kerb extending along the walls of the facade. The inscriptions on the gate reveal that construction of the fortification wall was completed on Ramadan 14, 888/October 16, 1483 during the reign of Kayıtbay, the Sultan of Egyptian Mamluks. Meçan Gate is located on the southeast side of the city walls. The gate constructed using ashlar masonry technique has been partially demolished. The inscription in the kerb on the upper part of the gate traverses all along the gate. The peripheral inscription describes that the construction of the gate was completed in the last ten days of the H.889 / A.D. 1484 under order by Kayıtbay, the Sultan of Mamluks. This study aims to evaluate, regarding the history of architecture, and to introduce two gates at the city walls from Mamluk period, Urfa Gate and Meçan Gate, in Birecik district of Urfa Province, from an architectural point of view, by discussing the history, the period, ornamental features as well as the original state of the gates

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Udział możnowładztwa polskiego w wyprawie Władysława Jagiellończyka po koronę czeską w 1471 r.

Author(s): Sobiesław Szybkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

This text discusses the issue of the Polish magnates; the attitude to the efforts of the dynasty, aimed at taking over the Bohemian throne, by Wladislaus Jagiellon, son of King Casimir Jagiellon, in 1471. A prosopographic analysis was made of a group of people from the magnates who personally accompanied Royal Prince Wladislaus on a military expedition to Prague in 1471. Its results indicate that these events were attended by ex- perienced advisers of King Casimir: Stanisław of Ostroróg and Mikołaj of Kutno, as well as a group of magnate youth along with armed horsemen. In terms of territorial origin, among the magnates involved in the expedition for the Bohemian crown, inhabitants of Greater Poland (11) prevailed over the magnates of Lesser Poland (7).

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Discussion on the existence of universals in Paul of Pyskowice’s autonomous question Utrum universalia subsistant preserved in cod. BJ 1900

Author(s): Hanna Wojtczak,Krystyna Krauze-Błachowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The problem of the ontological status of universals is one of the most important topics of the medieval discussion, which was also attended by Paul of Pyskowice, a scholar from Krakow in the first half of the 15th century. He addressed this question in his very extensive commentary on Isagoge (preserved in Krakow, Biblioteka Jagiellońska, cod. BJ 1900, mostly in Paul’s hand- writing), whose authorship was for years wrongly attributed to Benedict Hesse. In this com- mentary, 9 questions were devoted to the so-called difficult Porfrian questions. Two of them bear the title Utrum univeralia subsistant. The same title is also given to the stand-alone ques- tion (written in Paul’s handwriting but loosely attached to cod. BJ 1900) which is the subject of this paper. Although it repeats the matter of two questions belonging to the commentary, it definitely differs from them — not only in substance but also in form. At the beginning, Paul presents three realistic positions: two extreme ones, i.e. Platonic and Wyclifist, and a moderate one — Aristotelian. Referring to them, he adopts the Aristotelian solution, according to which there is no universal in essendo separated from individual things. Paul analyses universals on two levels: the metaphysical or epistemological, and the logical.

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Edition of Paul of Worczyn’s commentary on De respiratione et inspiratione from Aristotle’s Parva naturalia

Author(s): Małgorzata Kowalewska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Paul of Worczyn (1380–1430) was a mediaeval scholar, master at the Faculty of Liberal Arts of the University of Krakow in the years 1416–1430. He was the first Polish commentator on the Parva naturalia collection. This paper presents the edition of his commentary on De res piratione et inspiratione — one of the treatises from Parva naturalia preceeded by a substantial introduction.

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Paul of Pyskowice’s Autonomous Question Utrum universalia subsistant

Author(s): Hanna Wojtczak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The subject of the present article is a critical edition of an autonomous question Utrum universalia subsistant by Paweł of Pyskowice († ca. 1467), an eminent Kraków scholar. The question is preserved on a loose two-leaf fold and is now attached to Paul’s commentary on Isagoge contained in cod. BJ 1900, held in the manuscript collection of the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow. This question, however, does not form a coherent part of cod. BJ 1900. On the basis of the hand testimony and taking into account the fact that the quire was not bound together with the codex, the probable time frame of the quaestio with its accompanying glosses is 1423–1445. The degree of originality of this autonomous question cannot be determined at the present stage of research, nor has a text been found that may have been a direct source for Paul.Only two fragments incorporated by Paul without any references have been identified. Their ultimate source is Albert the Great. There are two apparatuses in the edition: fontium, which contains the identification of direct and indirect quotations of the source texts; editorial, which shows corrections, deletions, additions, marginal glosses and lacunae due to paper decay.

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Nicholas Tempelfeld of Brzeg’s two redactions of Principia in Tractatum Petri Hispani

Author(s): Maciej Stanek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Nicholas Tempelfeld of Brzeg (ca. 1400–1471) was a distinguished Silesian figure among the scholar of the University of Krakow: he was a professor of theology educated there, a dean of the Faculty of Arts, a canonic of St. Florian’s Chapel, a preacher in St. Mary’s Church in Krakow and St. Elisabeth’s Church in Wroclaw, and even a politician, if we may call the author of the treatise against Czech king George of Podiebrad so. His philosophical output remains unknown since he seems to have written a single commentary on Aristotle (Parva naturalia) and is to be discovered on the basis of research into his university sermons. The paper presents the edition (preceded by a substantial introduction) of two redactions — a draft and a proper redaction — of such a sermon: his opening lectures on Summulae logicales by Peter of Spain, composed during his activity at the University of Krakow. The draft consists of seven notabilia only, dealing primarily with some general problems concerning logic. The proper redaction is a deeply elaborated introduction to Peter’s work, that — according to Nicholas — should be entitled: The treatise by Peter of Spain dealing with the argumentation and some other things relating to it, compiling views of the other philosophers, composed because of the love for young students to these students obtain the way of argumentation, as well as the possibility to discern the truth from the false. It contains the recommendation of logic, some general logical problems, like the causes and subject matter of commented text, and the accessus to the first part of the Tractatus. Both versions of the sermon are preserved in Ms. Wroclaw, University Library, cod. I Q 380.

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AD ANNOS DISCRETIONIS. DORASTANIE W MIASTACH PÓŹNOŚREDNIOWIECZNEJ POLSKI

Author(s): Agnieszka Bartoszewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The article aims to analyse issues related to the perception of the age of majority in Polish towns in the fifteenth and first decades of the sixteenth century. Attaining the age of majority, i.e. the age of discretion (Latin: anni discretionis) was reg- ulated by law, and the term appears regu- larly in the registers of municipal courts and higher courts of German law. Therefore, the analysis of the source material makes it pos- sible to reconstruct the process of coming of age together with the rights and obligations related to it and allows us to observe differences and similarities in treating adolescent girls and boys.

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Przyczynek do biografii Wawrzyńca Kaszuby Krokowskiego (zm. 1497)

Author(s): Agnieszka Nalewajek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2023

Wawrzyniec Kaszuba Krokowski (Laurentius Cashuba Krokowski), so far better known, based on the family tradition, as Lorenz der Starke or Lorenz Mocny (the Strong), went down in history as the owner of Krokowa in the Puck district, and was a courtier of King Jan Olbracht. According to genealogical reports, he participated in the war of Jan Olbracht for the Hungarian throne in the years 1490–1492. Information concerning this could not be found in document sources and accounting books. The documented ties of Wawrzyniec Kaszuba Krokowski with the royal court of the Polish rulers date back to the end of 1485, when he received a receipt for the payment of 100 florins from Kasimir Jagiellon during the Sejm in Piotrków. On the basis of information obtained from Jan Olbracht’s accounting records, we learn that Wawrzyniec Kaszuba Krokowski was admitted to the royal court in March 1494, before the Jagiellonian dynastic congress in Levoča. He was a court member and served with a 6horse retinue until the Moldovan expedition in 1497. Krokowski took part in it with an 8horse retinue. After the expedition, in the light of the royal documents from the end of 1497, he was declared dead. Most likely, he lost his life in the Bukovina forests during the retreat of Jan Olbracht’s military forces from Suceava. Later, in 1504, as compensation, King Alexander Jagiellon bequeathed to the Krokowski family the sum of 500 florins in the royal villages of the Pomeranian land.

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Reforma protestantă şi românii transilvăneni – câteva observaţii

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Reforma protestantă şi românii transilvăneni – câteva observaţii

Author(s): Ioan-Aurel Pop / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2023

The study analyzes how the Protestant Reformation was implemented in Transylvania, with reference to the Orthodox Romanians. Most of the analyzes of the Transylvanian Reformation overlook the majority of the population of Transylvania, i.e. the Romanians. Naturally, for that end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Modern Age, only the privileged ones, according to the law, mattered, i.e. “the three nations and four religions”. The Romanians, not being accepted as a nation, nor their faith considered as an official one, were somehow outside the “legal” society. An attempt was also made to attract them to the Reformation and for political reasons, the teachings of the Reformation were also adapted for the Orthodox. The leaders of the Hungarian nation, which became predominantly Calvinist in the 17th century, would have wanted the Romanians to convert to Calvinism, but also gradually become Hungarians. For this purpose, around 1640, the Calvinist superintendent managed to introduce some innovations in Romanian churches. However, this „reformation” – after some failures and vague successes among the elite – ran into the deaf ears and steady resistance of the low class, who kept the old faith.

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Silver and Spices in the Runtinger Trade with Prague

Author(s): Isabel Scheltens / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

In the late medieval period, a prominent trade route led from Prague through Regensburg to Venice. Silver mined in the Bohemian hinterland was traded for luxury items from the Near East. The Regensburg merchant house of Runtinger made vast profits by buying cloth and luxuries cheaply in Venice—in particular spices from India—and selling them in exchange for comparatively large quantities of silver in Prague. This study treats their ledger, Das Runtingerbuch (1383–1407), as a case study for an analysis of the Prague economy. The Runtingers sold the same types of spices and cloth in Regensburg and in Prague during the same span of years, which makes it possible to use their records as sources with which to compare the two markets. The Runtingers are shown to have market power in the Prague spice market but no market power in the Prague cloth market or the Regensburg markets. The reasons for these market differences are theorized in reference to the socioeconomic positions of the Regensburg and Bohemian elites. Luxury items were traded for silver or silver coins, constituting a continuous drain of silver from Bohemia towards Regensburg, which led to a degree of stagnation in the local economy in Bohemia.

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Tender Contracts, Speculation, and Monopoly: Venice and Hungarian Cattle Supply between the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Author(s): Andrea Fara / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The livestock production and trade structures that connected the Italian peninsula and, in particular, the city of Venice with the vast Hungarian lands have been the subject of various inquiries in the secondary literature. Nevertheless, many questions remain. In this essay, I analyze the meat market in Venice (where the complex supply chain and slaughterhouse activities had considerable economic and social importance) in relation to the production and exchange structures of meat in the Hungarian lands (where the breeding of livestock and, in particular, cattle underwent considerable growth and specialization over the course of the centuries). I contend that Venice was an important end market for Hungarian beef exports. In other words, growing Venetian demand and the similarly growing Hungarian export of beef met and connected with mutual satisfaction, although not always in an entirely efficient way, giving rise to several cases of shortage and sometimes starvation and famine on the lagoon city markets. And this is a second point to investigate. If the individual and institutional Italian and Hungarian intermediaries that were interested in beef as an item of commerce can in a large part identified, many questions still surround the involvement of these economic operators in food crisis phenomena and economic practices aimed to give rise to famines in order to obtain greater profits (such as hoarding, raising prices, speculation, and export to more profitable markets). In this sense, I seek to clarify the link between the activities of operators and companies involved in the cattle trade from Hungarian territories and the famines (understood as “high price phenomena”) created in part by the lack of beef on the Venetian markets. I also examine the causes and functions of legislation and practices adopted in response to (and to prevent) starvation and/or famine and the roles of the attitudes of specific groups and economic actors involved in the meat market. Ultimately, I seek to further a more nuanced assessment of the connections between the Hungarian markets and the Italian markets between the late Middle Ages and early modern period.

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„Nie wszytko to prawda jest“. Čtenáři staročeského Nového zákona z polského Tarnova

Author(s): Kateřina Voleková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 53/1-2/2023

The article deals with the Old Czech New Testament stored in the Seminary Library in Tarnow, Poland. The manuscript from 1460 contains all the New Testament books, including the apocryphal Epistle to the Laodiceans, and is supplemented by an list of the mass readings. The author of the article complements the existing limited information about the manuscript with a thorough description of its contents in comparison with other sources of Old Czech Bible translation. The article also discusses the owners of the manuscript in the following two centuries, who left numerous traces of their study of the text in the form of Latin, Czech and Polish glosses and marginal notes.

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„Carmen de triumpho Christi” Macaria Muzia

Author(s): Elżbieta Górka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

This article presents one of the most famous Renaissance Latin epyllions dealing with the motif of the Harrowing of Hell – Carmen de Triumpho Christi by Macario Muzio (a. 1440–a. 1523), a nobleman from Camerino. Written at the end of the 15th century, the work gained popularity and was eagerly imitated by other humanists (including Erasmus of Rotterdam and Eobanus Hessus). The epyllion, constructed according to the rules of ancient epic, is an example of the Christianisation of classical genres in the Renaissance. The article presents the life of the author and his views on Christian poetry, as well as a thorough analysis of the work. It provides the Latin text of Carmen, accompanied by similia, and its Polish translation, supplemented by a commentary.

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Acte domnești din secolul al XV-lea în dublă versiune (latină și slavonă)

Author(s): Teodora Popovici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The article focuses on a relatively rare group of documents pertaining to Wallachian and Moldavian diplomatics: princely acts issued simultaneously in Latin and Slavonic originals. They are exclusively external acts, such as political agreements, commercial privileges and land charters with foreign beneficiaries. By comparing the contents, structure and stylistic features of each pair of documents, cases of independently composed versions as well as translated ones can be highlighted. The translated variants exhibit varying degrees of fidelity to the initial ones, and some can be considered adaptations rather than rigorous translations. The comparative analysis of the Latin and Slavonic vocabulary reveals the scribes' effort to culturally transpose foreign social and political realities into familiar ones. Besides practical reasons, originals were sometimes doubled as a means for the issuer’s chancery to become actively involved in the act’s creation, preferring to make its own Slavonic version in addition to sealing the Latin one brought by the beneficiary. Still, the scarcity of evidence makes it difficult to determine the extent to which issuing external acts in both Latin and Slavonic was a common practice in the Wallachian and Moldavian chanceries during the 15th century.

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Late Medieval Plague Waves in Eastern Germany and Bohemia: Combining Narrative, Administrative, Epigraphic, and Pictorial Sources with Quantitative Approaches

Author(s): Martin Bauch,Christan Oertel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This paper aims to enhance our knowledge about late-medieval epidemic outbreaks in specific parts of Eastern Central Europe. The first part on modern-day Eastern Germany discusses narrative evidence and its use in the current research on plague history, before bringing in municipal records on testaments and conveyances from Görlitz and Stralsund for the reconstruction of seasonality and mortality rates, as well as funeral inscriptions and pictorial evidence from Erfurt as indirect indicators of plague waves. After a brief discussion of the scarce narrative sources, the second part of the paper concerning Bohemia works with the evidence of the Libri Confirmationum, a source originating from the chancellery of the archbishops of Prague. Every new appointment to a benefice was supposed to be approved by one of the vicars general of the archbishop, and this confirmation usually gives the reason for the vacancy. Expanding on Eduard Maur’s research, death statistics and their frequency are analyzed statistically. The paper provides insight into new evidence for the reconstruction of plague waves, mortality rates and seasonality, and thereby highlights the characteristics of the plague in Eastern Central Europe.

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Resistance in the borderland: The expeditions of prince Casimir and prince John I Albert into the Kingdom of Hungary and the fates of their allies

Author(s): Pavol Maliniak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

While the expeditions of prince Casimir and later prince John I Albert took place in different political situations, they share some similarities. Both military campaigns had the same background in the regions of north-eastern Hungary. The study focuses on the power support of two members of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Hungary. Prince Casimir’s expedition of 1471–1472 and Prince John I Albert’s expedition of 1490–1492 were characterised by continuous Hungarian support. Due to intensive contacts in the borderlands, the Polish party was supported by members of several generations of the magnate families, as well as local landowners. The Jagiellonians were mainly supported by the Rozgonyi and Perényi families in the regions of Šariš and Zemplín. The reasons for this multi-generational support can be attributed to the proximity of the magnates and their estates to Poland, and in the personal, economic and cultural ties in the borderlands. It is significant that, despite the failure of the expeditions, the rebellious magnate families were not stripped of their status, unlike lower-ranking nobles.

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An Alternative Proposal Explaining the Origin of the Word and Social Group ‘Székely’

Author(s): Tamás Keszi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The word ‘Székely’ or ‘Szekler’ was formed from the Hungarian verb szökik (jump, move fast, escape, run away) using the suffix ‘-l/ly’ creating deverbal nouns. The original meaning of the word is fast-moving (person), fugitive, or runaway. The formation of the social group began in the eleventh century. The process was brought about the establishment of the landlord system and frequent wars which led to the escapes and ‘wanderings’ of slaves and free people coerced into bondage. The refugees mainly settled in the sparsely populated border region, where the institutional vacuum offered them favourable conditions to avoid the control of the feudal state. Here, the groups of different ethnic origins acquired a unified identity. We can understand the process of the formation of the community by using the conceptual frameworks of ‘unintended consequences, self-organization, spontaneous order, and exaptation.’ The spontaneous process may have been replaced by the conscious organizational efforts of the Hungarian kings only around 1100. This was followed by the first mention of the Székelys in the Battle of Olšava in 1116.

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The Late Medieval Cult of the Saints. Universal Developments within Local Contexts. By Carmen Florea.

Author(s): Dorottya Uhrin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The Late Medieval Cult of the Saints. Universal Developments within Local Contexts. By Carmen Florea. London–New York: Routledge, 2022. 326 pp

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